2.2.7 Cancer Flashcards
Tumour (2p)
- A mass of abnormally growing cells that form when cells do not respond to normal mechanisms that control the cell cycle
- Result in UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION
How do cells divide (2p)
Miosis
Mitosis
What happens when a tumor forms
Uncontrolled cell division
Types of tumors (2p)
Benign
Malignant
Benign tumor (3p)
-Stays in one place and doesn’t spread
- Doesn’t invade neighbouring tissue
- Caused by uncontrolled mitosis
Malignant tumor (3p)
- Can spread to other parts of the body
- Invade neighbouring tissues
- Caused by uncontrolled mitosis
Causes of cancer (4p)
- Inherited genetics
- Carcinogenic chemicals
- Ionising radiation
- Viruses
Inherited (cause of cancer)
- The genes that control cell growth are mutated
Carcinogenic chemicals (cause of cancer)
They damage DNA leading yo uncontrolled cell growth
Ionising radiation (cause of cancer)
Damages DNA, increasing risk of mutations that cause cancer
Viruses (cause of cancer)
Viruses can insert their genetic material into a cells DNA, disrupting cell regulation
Exampl of inherited (cause of cancer)
BRC1 and BRC2 genes increase the risk of breast cancer
Carcinogenic example (cause of cancer)
Tar is carcinogenic and increases the risk of lung cancer
Ionising radiation (cause of cancer)
Exposure to UV radiation increases skin cancer risk
Viruses example (cause of cancer)
HPV increases the chance of cervical cancer
Mutation
A change in the DNA of an organism
How does ionising radiation damage cells
Causes DNA strands to break
Types of ionising radiation (4p)
Ultraviolet
Radioactive material
X-rays
Radioactive waste
Ultraviolet
-Sun
- Parts of electromagnetic spectrum
Radioactive material
- From uranium and radium
- emits alpha,beta, and gamma radiation
X-ray
From x-ray machines
Radioactive waste(2p)
- nucleur reaction and process
- includes spent nucleur fuel
How does radiotherapy treat cancer
Uses high energy radiation to target and destroy cancer cells, preventing them from growing
How does chemotherapy work? (2p)
- Uses drugs to kill cancer cells
- They work by interfering with cancer cells’ ability to grow and divide
Why are skin,hair,blood, and stomach lining cells particularly affected by the drugs used to treat cancer?
The cells divide rapidly
Ways to prevent cancer:(4p)
- Avoiding exposure to carcinogenics
- Maintaining a healthy diet
- Regular physical activity
- Regular screening and early protection
