2.2.2 Bonding and Structure

Question 1

name the 3 types of chemical bond

Answer 1

ionic
covalent
metallic

Question 2

2 or more non-metal atoms bonded together.

Answer 2

covalent bonding, simple structure

Question 3

(diamond, graphite, boron, silicon dioxide)

Answer 3

covalent bonding, giant structures

Question 4

a metal and non-metal bonded together

Answer 4

ionic bonding, giant structures

Question 5

the metal elements of the periodic table

Answer 5

metallic bonding, giant structures

Question 6

define a covalent bond

Answer 6

the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

Question 7

what are forces between molecules called?

Answer 7

intermolecular forces

Question 8

what does each atom donate in covalent bonding?

Answer 8

valence electron

Question 9

define a dative covalent bond

Answer 9

a covalent bond where only one of the bonded atoms donates both electrons being shared

Question 10

4 bonding pairs and 0 lone

Answer 10

109.5 degrees

tetrahedral

Question 11

3 bonding pairs 1 lone

Answer 11

107 degrees

pyramidal

Question 12

2 bonding pairs and 2 lone

Answer 12

104.5 degrees

non- linear

Question 13

4 bonding pairs

Answer 13

tetrahedral

109.5 degrees

Question 14

3 bonding pairs

Answer 14

trigonal planar

120 degrees

Question 15

2 bonding pairs

Answer 15

linear

180 degrees

Question 16

6 bonding pairs

Answer 16

octahedral

90 degrees

Question 17

how much does a lone pair decrease a bond angle by

Answer 17

2.5 degrees

Question 18

what leads to stronger induced dipole-dipole interactions

Answer 18

more surface contact and more electrons

Question 19

if there is no overall dipole what is the molecule

Answer 19

non polar

Question 20

if there is an overall dipole what is the molecule

Answer 20

polar

Question 21

hydrogen bonding

Answer 21

intermolecular bonding between molecules contain N,O,F and a H atom

Question 22

why does ice float on water

Answer 22

hydrogen bonds hold molecules apart in an open lattice structure

Question 23

what are the 3 types of intermolecular force

Answer 23

induced dipole-dipole
permanent dipole-dipole
hydrogen bonds

Question 24

properties of simple covalent molecules

Answer 24

held together by intermolecular forces which are relatively weak meaning they have low melting points.
they are insoluble in water and do not conduct electricity

Question 25

properties of graphite

Answer 25

bonded to 3 other carbons in hexagonal layers, large amount of energy is required to break bonds.
conducts electricity
insoluble in water

Question 26

properties of diamond

Answer 26

4 carbon atoms in tetrahedral arrangement
does not conduct electricity
insoluble in water
has a very high melting point

Question 27

properties of ionic substances

Answer 27

oppositely charged ions in a regular lattice
strong ionic bonds
high melting point
don’t conduct electricity when solid
conduct electricity when molten or in solution
soluble in water

Question 28

why do ionic substances only conduct electricity when molten or in solution

Answer 28

the ions are mobile and not in a fixed position

Question 29

metallic bond

Answer 29

the strong electrostatic attraction between cations and delocalised electrons

Question 30

properties of giant metallic substances

Answer 30

strong attraction between cations and delocalised electrons, meaning high melting point
delocalised electrons free to move through lattice so conduct electricity
insoluble, have no interactions with water

Question 31

ionic bond

Answer 31

the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 32

induced dipole-dipole interactions

Answer 32

temporary forces

occur between non-polar molecules

Question 33

How do induced dipole-dipole interactions arise?

Answer 33

electrons in a molecule are constantly moving and at any one instant the electron distribution may be unsymmetrical
producing a temporary dipole in that molecule

Question 34

what determines the strength of an induced dipole-dipole

Answer 34

the larger the amount of electrons in the molecule the stronger the dipole

the more surface contact there is in the molecule the greater the dipole strength will be

Question 35

Permanent dipole-dipole interactions

Answer 35

intermolecular forces in simple covalent molecules occurring between polar molecules due to a difference in electronegativity

Question 36

electronegativity

Answer 36

the ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

Question 37

how does electronegativity increase on the periodic table

Answer 37

increases across the period and down the group

Question 38

symmetrical molecule

Answer 38

all atoms around the central atom are the same and there are no lone pairs on the central atom
therefore the dipoles cancel out and the molecule is non-polar

Question 39

Unsymmetrical molecule

Answer 39

the central atom has two or more different atoms and has one or more lone pairs
therefore the dipoles do not cancel out and the molecule is polar

Question 40

why do polar molecules have a higher boiling point

Answer 40

they have permanent dipole interactions which require more energy to break