22.1-22.3 Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
The combination of the cardiovascular system and respiratory system
Functions:
1. Delivers oxygen
2. Removes carbon dioxide
Cardiopulmonary system
- Supplies body with O2 for cellular respiration
- Disposes CO2, waste product of cellular respiration
- Olfaction
- Speech
Closely coupled with circulatory system
Respiratory system
Movement of air in and out of lungs
Aka - Breathing
Pulmonary respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
External respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Internal respiration
Part of O2 and CO2 in blood
Transport
respiration sheet
major organs sheet
System that consists of nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
Upper respriratory system
Only external portion of respiratory system
Functions: provides airway for respiration, moistens and warms entering air, filters and cleans inspired air, serves as resonating chamber for speech, houses olfactory receptors
Has external nose and nasal cavity
Nose
Bounded laterally by alae
Aka - nares
Nostrils
Root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex
External nose
Found within and posterior to external nose
Divided by nasal septum
Lined by mucous membranes
Functions: filters air, warms air, moistens air, voice resonance
Nasal cavity
Septum formed anteriorly by septal cartilage, and posteriorly by vomer bone and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Nasal septum
Part of posterior nasal apertures Opening where nasal cavity turns into nasopharynx
Choanae
Formed by ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone
Roof
Formed by hard plate and soft plate
Floor
Nasal cavity superior to nostrils
Nasal vestibule
Lines superior region of nasal cavity and contains olfactory epithelium
Olfactory epithelium
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Contains goblet cells and rests on lamina propria that contains many seo mucous membranes
Respiratory mucosa
Have cells that secrete mucus and cells that secrete watery fluid filled with enzymes
Cilia sweep dust and particles up towards throat
Seromucosa nasal glands
Mucosa covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
Three sections
Nasal conchae
Funnel shaped muscular tube that connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Composed of skeletal muscle
Pharynx
Air passageway posterior to nasal cavity
Takes over job of propelling mucus where the nasal mucosa leave off
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Nasopharynx
Passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis
Lining consists of stratified squamous epithelium
Resists trauma from food and friction
Oropharynx
Opening to oral cavity
Isthmus of fauces
Passageway for food and air
Posterior to upright epiglottis
Made of stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
Zone in lower resp.
Site of gas exchange - pulling o2 from lungs and putting it into blood
Contains alveoli, alveolar ducts
Begins at respiratory bronchioles
Respiratory zone
Zone of lower resp.
Conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
Cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
Includes: Lobar bronchi, lobes of lungs (left 2, right 3)
Conducting zone
Inferior to pharynx; Provides patent airway, routes air and food into proper channels, voice production
Made of hyaline cartilage (except epiglottis)
Larynx
Consists of elastic cartilage; Covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing; Covered in taste buds
Epiglottis
Opening between vocal folds
Glottis
Superior to true vocal cords
No part in sound production
False
Helps close glottis when swallowing
Vestibular folds
True vocal cords
Inferior to false cords
Pitch is determined by length and tension of cords
Loudness depends on air force
Vocal folds
Inflammation of vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations
Speaking is limited to a whisper
Laryngitis
Windpipe
Wall has three layers:
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Adventitia
Trachea
True or false
Smoking inhibits and destroys cilia
True
Reinforces trachea at its branchpoint
Carina
Consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings
Trachealis
Bronchus branching
Bronchial tree
Wider, shorter, and more vertical than left primary bronchi
Right primary bronchi
Third division of bronchi
Segmental bronchi
<1 mm in diameter of a branch
Bronchioles
<0.5 mm diameter of branch
Terminal bronchioles
Sites of gas exchange
Surrounded by elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries
Alveoli
Blood air barrier
Consists of alveolar walls and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes
Respiratory membranes
Single layer of squamous epithelium
Type I alveolar cells
Alveolar walls
Connect adjacent alveoli
Equalize air pressure throughout lung
Alveolar pores
Where nerve fibers enter the lungs
Pulmonary plexus
Cause bronchoconstriction
Parasympathetic fibers
Cause bronchodilation
Sympathetic fibers
Found on mediastinal surface; Site of entry and exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels
Hilum
Concavity for heart to fit into
Cardiac notch
Smaller than right because of heart position
Superior and inferior lobes separated by oblique fissure
Left lung
Separated into superior, middle, inferior lobes
Lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissure
Right lung
Independent subsections of the lobes of a lung
10 on right
8-10 on left
Bronchopulmonary segments
Elastic connective tissue that makes the lungs stretchy and spongy
Stroma
Smallest subdivisions of lung to naked eye
Lobules
Provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue (minus alveoli)
High pressure, low volume
Bronchial arteries
Thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
Pleurae
Membrane that touches thoracic wall
Parietal pleura
Membrane that covers lungs
Visceral pleura
Fills pleural cavity; Provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
Pleural fluid
Inflammation of pleura that often results from pneumonia
Stabbing pain with each breath
May produce excess amounts of fluid, which exerts extra pressure on lungs, hindering breathing
Pleurisy
