17.1-17.2 Blood Flashcards
Life sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system; Only fluid in body, and type of connective tissue
Functions: Transport, Regulation, Protection
Blood
blood sheet
Characteristics
Nonliving fluid matrix of blood; Contains formed elements; Has dissolved fibrous proteins that become visible during clotting
Straw colored, many dissolved solutes
Plasma
High O2
Scarlet red blood
Low O2
Dark red blood
Who typically has a higher blood volume? Male or female?
Male
(More muscle)
What is the typical pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
Found in blood; survive in bloodstream only for a few days; originate in bone marrow and do not divide
Formed elements
Percent of blood volume that is RBCs
Males - 47%
Females - 42%
Calculation = RBCs/total blood vol.
Hematocrit
- Plasma (top) 55%
- WBCs and platelets in (buffy coat) <1%
- Erythrocytes (bottom) 45%
3 Layers of spun blood
What does a large increase in white blood cells mean?
Infection
Too much loss of RBCs; Sign of a problem
Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, chills
Three reasons: Blood loss, not enough RBC production, too many RBCs being destroyed
Anemia
Too many RBCs
Thick blood
AKA Red blood cells
Small diameter cells that contribute to gas transport, some are larger than capillaries; Biconcave disc, no nucleus, no organelles
Erythrocytes
Functions in oxygen transport in blood; Heme pigment bound to protein globin; Gives blood red color
Can bind to 4 O2 molecules
Binds reversibly to gas (Oxygen)
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Plasma membrane protein in RBCs that provide flexibility to change shape
Spectrin
Formation of blood cells; Occurs in red marrow
Hematopoiesis
Where new blood cells enter
Blood sinusoids
Process of formation of RBCs
Erythropoiesis
Formation of white blood cells
Leukopoiesis
A.k.a hemocytoblasts
Stem cells that gives rise to all formed elements
Hormones and growth factors push cell towards pathway of blood cell development
Committed cells cannot change
Hematopoietic stem cells
Deficiency in amount of oxygen; Caused by lowered RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction, insufficient Hb, or reduced available oxygen
Hypoxia
Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on ______ and _______
Diet, hormone control
Hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
Always a small amount in blood to maintain basal rate of RBC production
Released by kidneys in response to hypoxia; Enhanced by testosterone
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Can erythrocytes synthesize new proteins, grow, or divide?
No; anucleate (no nucleus)
Yellow pigment that heme is degraded into during erythrocyte destruction
Bilirubin
Mutated hemoglobin; Crescent shaped erythrocytes when O2 is low
Rupture easily, blocks small vessels
Poor O2 delivery, pain
Positive: Do not contract malaria easily (1 copy=safe, 2 copies=SCA)
Sickle cell anemia
Abnormal excess of RBCs, increases blood viscosity, causing sluggish blood flow
Polycythemia
White blood cells; Only formed element that is complete cell with nuclei and organelles
Function: Defense against disease
Make up <1% of blood volume
Leukocytes
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
Increased WBC count
Normal response to infection
Leukocytosis
WBCs that contain visible cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
Granulocytes
WBCs that don’t have visible cytoplasmic granules
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
