2.2 Understanding macromolecules Flashcards
What are marcomolecules?
are big molecules classified as polymers
What are polymers?
Are molecules that are created by many molecules put together
What does hydrophilic mean?
Attracted to water
State the property of hydroxyl?>
Polar and Hydrophilic
Characterized by H and O
State the properties of Sulfhydryl
Polar and hydrophilic
Characterized by presence of S
State the properties of Carbonyl
Polar and hydrophilic
Characterized by a central C and O
Bounded to 2 side groups
Soluble bond to oxygen increases polarity
State the properties of carboxyl
Acidic, polar and hydrophilic
Characterized by central C bounded to an O and OH
State the properties of Amino
Basic, Polar and hydrophilic
Characterized by the presence of N
State the properties of Phosphate
Acidic Polar and hydrophilic
Characterized by a presence of P
When building macromolecules you are …?
Performing a condensation reaction
What is condensation reaction?
Water is removed
dehydration process
anabolic (building up)
larger units are formed from smaller units
When breaking down macromolecules you are …?
Hydrolysis
Catabolic (breaking down)
water is added
What are the four macromolecules of life?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates are used as :
- Building materials for energy
- Cell identification and communication
What is the ratio of carbohydrates?
Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen 1:2:1
Carbohydrates are classified into two groups:
- Simple carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Oligosaccharides
- Complex carbohydrates: Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose, Chitin)
Monosaccharides are shimple chains that can form _____ when they dissolve in water
rings
All monosaccharides contain _____ subunit of carbohydrate?
one
What are the two types of monosaccharides?
Aldoses and ketoses (they are distinguished by the location of carbonyl group (-C=O)
What are Aldose Monosaccharides?
Ribose Glucose and Galactose
What are Ketose Monosaccharides?
Ribulose and Fructose
Glucose Galactose and Fructose are ______
isomers because they have the same chemical formula but different arrangement of atoms and different chemical properties
What are the two isomers of glucose?
Alpha and beta (C6H12O6)
What is the difference between the alpha and beta>
The alpha glucose has hydroxyl group is pointing down
The beta glucose has hydroxyl group is pointing up
Monosaccharides with five or more carbons form :
ring structure when in water and linear or chain structures when dry
What is sugar made of?
Sugar is sucrose which is made of glucose and fructose
Disaccharides are formed when :
two monosaccharides join together by a bond called glycosidic linkage from dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction
What is a glycosidic bond?
Is a covalent bond that forms between carbohydrates or carbohydrates and another group
What does oligosaccharides mean?
contain three to ten simple sugars attached to one another by glycosidic bonds that are formed by dehydration process
Equation for maltose?
Glucose +glucose –> maltose + water
Equation for sucrose?
Glucose + fructose –> sucrose + water
Equation for lactose?
Glucose + galactose –> lactose + water
What are polysaccharides?
are polymers composed of several hundred to several thousand monosaccharides subunits held together by glycosidic linkages
What are the four types of polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
Alpha (a) 1-4 glycosidic bonds means:
that the carbon-1 on the first carbohydrate and the carbon-4 on the other carbohydrate are covalently bonded and the -OH group on the Carbon-1 is below the glucose ring
Beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds means :
that the carbon 1 and carbon 4 are covalently bonded and the -OH group on the Carbon 1 is above the glucose ring
Starch is composed of
amylose (1-4 links) and amylopectin (with a 1-6 links)
Glycogen is less branched than starch?
False
Where is glycogen stored in humans?
In the liver and muscles
Cellulose is composed of
B 1-4 links and is NOT COILED OR BRANCHED
Chitin is a cellulose-like polymer of
N-acetylglucosamine
Every amino acid contains:
An amino group (NH2)
A carboxylic acid group (COOH)
A radical group (denoted by the letter “R”) which makes the amino acid polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic)
Nine of the amino acids are essential meaning that we obtain these from our diet and 12 in our cells
What does ‘polar’ mean for polar amino acids?
The covalently bonded atoms in the ‘R’ side chain have some atoms that are more electronegative than others and this causes some areas of the ‘R’ chain to be more positive and some areas to be more negative, leading to a polar side chain.
How do amino acids combine to form proteins?
- Amino acids combine using dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds
- The amino (NH2) and the carboxylic acid group (COOH) of each amino acid are the functional groups that participate in the formation of a peptide bond. The link is called a peptide linkage.
- The OH of the first COOH of amino acid combines with the H of NH2 from the other amino acid to form water
The final shape of a protein is called its
conformation which is the result of the amino acid sequence and interactions among those amino acids`
Primary structure is said when
amino acids join together by peptide bonds or a polypeptide chain.
What determines the primary structure of the protein?
By the nucleotide (DNA) sequence of a particular gene
What are secondary structures?
are formed by hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the carboxyl group and the hydrogen atoms of an amino group
What are the two types of secondary structures?
- a-helix - a tight coil produced by hydrogen bonds occurring every fourth peptide bond making it twisted
- B pleated sheets: Hydrogen bonds formed between parallel stretches of a polypeptide to form sheets
The polypeptide chain undergoes additional folding due to side chain “R group” interactions (for example when Sulphur atoms form disulphide bridges) this is called
tertiary structure
What are quaternary structure?
When two or more polypeptides join together to make a functional protein like hemoglobin
What are lipids mostly made of?
Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
What are the four families of lipids?
Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids, Waxes
Fats are composed of
one glycerol molecule
a maximum of three fatty acid chain
each fatty acid chain contains between 16 and 18 carbons and has a terminal carboxylic acid
How is glycerol and fatty acids combined?
By esterification and when the OH group in the glycerol attracts the H in the COOH in fatty acids forming an ester link
If the fat is made of one fatty acid is called?
monoglyceride
If the fat is made of two fatty acids is called?
diglyceride
If the fat is made of three fatty acids is called
triglyceride
Saturated fatty acids contain
no double bonds between carbons and are saturated with hydrogen atoms
solids at room temo
Saturated fatty acids contain
no double bonds between carbons and are saturated with hydrogen atoms
solids at room temp
Unsaturated fatty acids contain
one or many double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, and not saturated with hydrogen bonds
Liquids at room temp
Phospholipids consist of:
a hydrophilic head (phosphate group)
a hydrophobic two stranded tail (two fatty acids)
and glycerol
The phospholipid bilayer in cells is virtually impermeable to
macromolecules, charged ions
The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to:
small, lipid-soluble molecules
Sterols are a:
subgroups of steroids which are also lipids. Sterols are compact hydrophobic molecules containing for fused hydrocarbon rings
Waxes are:
hydrophobic molecules that contain long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings
Nucleic acids are found in
DNA
RNA
ATP
Nucleotide coenzymes (NAD+, NADP+ and FAD)
Nucleic Acids are composed of ____________. DNA and RNA are called nucleotide polymers and they are made up of monomers called _____________.
Nucleotides
Nucleotides consists of a
nitrogenous base
a five carbon sugar
and a phosphate group
The phosphate and ribose groups in nucleotide structure are joined together by a _______________
phosphodiester linkage
There are _________ nitrogenous nucleotide bases.
five
What are the five nitrogenous bases?
- Adenine (A)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
- Thymine (T)
- Uracil (U RNA only)
Adenine and guanine are called __________
purines (they have double ring structure)
Cytosine, thymine and uracil are called
pyrimidines and have a single ring structure
How to test for simple sugars?
By Benedicts reagent which is light blue
Light green (0.5 - 1) –> Green to Yellow (1 - 1.5) –> Orange (1.5 - 2) –> Red to brown (>2)
How to test for polysaccharides such as starch
The Iodine test turns from light brown to a deep purple- black
How to test for lipids?
Sudan IV lipid test turns from pink to red
How to test for proteins
By the Birute’s Protein test that changes from light blue to a deep purple.
