1.4: Analyzing interactions among species

Question 1

How do populations interact together?

Answer 1

Directly and indirectly

Question 2

What are the three types of direct interaction?

Answer 2

Predation
Competition
Symbosis

Question 3

What is a population?

Answer 3

Populations of species interact with each other and also with individuals from other species who live in the same habitat.

Question 4

What are communities?

Answer 4

The combined interactions of species together in an area form communities.
form when populations of different species interact.
are formed at the next level when individuals of the same species combine.

Question 5

What are ecosystems?

Answer 5

Groups of communities interact together to form ecosystems.
Ecosystems are formed when communities interact with each other, and with other biotic and abiotic processes

Question 6

Define habitat

Answer 6

the space in which individuals of a species carry out their daily lives.

Question 7

Define niche?

Answer 7

How an organism uses its habitat, and the way it utilizes the resources within it, is called its ecological “Bold text startnicheBold text End.”

Question 8

The interactions among organisms in an ecosystem can be broadly divided into two groups:

Answer 8

Interactions between two organisms (or species)
Community-level interactions

Question 9

three main types of interactions that occur between two species:

Answer 9

1. Competition
2. Predation
3. Symbiosis

Question 10

A competitive relationship occurs when:

Answer 10

two or more organisms are using the same set of resources in the same area to the disadvantage of each.
the interaction results in a negative outcome for each organism.

Question 11

Competition can be defined as:

Answer 11

Interspecific: between members of different species.
Intraspecific: among members of the same species.

Question 12

Competition can be further categorized into two types:

Answer 12

1. Interference competition: occurs when individuals are directly interacting with each other over access to the resource.
2. Exploitative competition is indirect competition (for example, when one organism eats all of the fruit off a tree a day before another organism can arrive to feed on it). Each organism is exploiting the resource that could be used by the other, even if they are never in the same place at the same time.

Question 13

Who was above and who was low (Ichthammols and Semi Balanus)

Answer 13

Ichthammols- Above
Semi Balanus - Below

Question 14

What is the fundamental niche?

Answer 14

is the entire niche that it is capable of using, based on its physiological requirements.

Question 15

What is the realized niche?

Answer 15

is the actual niche that it occupies, based on the local competitive conditions.

Question 16

Why do most species are restricted to existing in just their realized niche?

Answer 16

because of the actions of other species with which they share the habit

Question 17

What is Gause’s principle of competitive exclusion?

Answer 17

Gause concluded that when resources are limited and two species share similar requirements, they can’t coexist in the same community.

Question 18

Similar species that share the same area usually divide up the resources using a method called

Answer 18

resource partitioning This means that each species specializes in harvesting one particular subset of the resource.

Question 19

Fighting among community members over a resource

Answer 19

Interference

Question 20

Harvesting of the same resource by multiple populations of a community

Answer 20

Exploitative

Question 21

Members of the same species’ population using the same resource

Answer 21

Intraspecific

Question 22

Members of the two different species’ population using the same resource

Answer 22

Interspecific

Question 23

Compare and contrast the terms “fundamental niche” and “realized niche.”

Answer 23

The fundamental niche is defined as the entire niche that a species is potentially capable of using. This includes all of the interactions a species has within its habitat and community, its pattern of living, and its use of resources. It can be described using the times and locations where the species is active, where and how it gets its energy, which other species it interacts with, and so on.

The realized niche is the actual niche that the species occupies, based on local competitive conditions. The realized niche is usually smaller than the fundamental niche because of the effect of competition with other species.

Question 24

When does predation occur?

Answer 24

occurs when a predator feeds on its prey, causing the immediate death of the prey.

Question 25

Predators may:

Answer 25

Hunt acitvely
or sit and wait for their prey

Question 26

Three of the main types of defence are described next:

Answer 26

1. Morphological: is one involving the shape or structure of an organism.
2. Chemical
3. Protective coluration

Question 27

What are the two types prey use colors?

Answer 27

1. Cryptic coloration (camouflage)
2. Aposematic coloration (such as red, yellow or blue)

Question 28

What is symbiosis?

Answer 28

Besides predation or competition, two species may live closely together and interact in ways that benefit at least one of the species

Question 29

What is Mutalism?

Answer 29

Mutualism occurs when both participating species benefit from living closely together. (for example flowering plants and the bacteria that break down fibre)

Question 30

Communalism

Answer 30

The relationship in which one species benefits while the other species does not (but is also not harmed) is called commensalism.

Question 31

What is parasitism?

Answer 31

Parasitism is a broad category of interspecific interactions in which one species benefits at the expense of another.

Question 32

Parasitic relationships can be categorized by the:

Answer 32

relative size of the parasite to its host (microparasites and macroparasites)
whether the parasites live on the outside of the host (ectoparasites) or inside it (endoparasites)
whether they parasitize the behaviour of the host (social parasitism).

Question 33

What are microparasites?

Answer 33

are those parasites that are microscopic in size

Question 34

What are social parasitism?

Answer 34

the parasite manipulates the social behaviour of the host

Question 35

What is the brood parasitism?

Answer 35

the parasitic bird manipulates the host bird into raising its own offspring or “brood.”

Question 36

Define trophic levels:

Answer 36

species are grouped into energy-flow hierarchies based on what they eat. these feeding hierarchies are called trophic levels

Question 37

Define food webs

Answer 37

the connections among species in a community are analyzed as networks. these networks are called food webs

Question 38

Define food chains

Answer 38

The linear feeding relationships through the trophic levels