22 The requirement For Product design And Development Flashcards
Product development and improvement
Why do we need a PDS
Why is this 1963 robin day pp chair regarded as good design
We need a PDS (product design specification) to judge a product, not judge based on appearance only
1963 Robin Day PP chair regarded as good design as it met PDS criteria:
Easy to mass produce
Economical to purchase
Stackable
Tough, hard cuz it used low C steel and PP
Attractive cuz it used contoured shapes and various colours
Comfortable enough for institutional use
Product analysis is good to improve a pds
Specification criteria (and fitness for purpose)
What is access FM acronym or Mr Ibz one
Why is implementation of this necessary
What is Stuart Pugh’s pds
ACCESS FM
Aesthetics. Cost. Customer. Environment. Safety. Size. Function. Material
Implementation of PDS necessary to ensure fitness for purpose
Objective, measurable tests provide consistent judgement of effectiveness
Stuart Pugh’s pds:
Maintenance, size and weight, timescale, cost, performance, aesthetics, testing, safety, life span, economics, material, environment
Accuracy of production AO
How important is repeatable production and how can this be facilitated
Why are fully dimensioned drawings necessary
Suitability for accurate repeatable production is key
Can be done by using simpler geometric forms = reduced complex machining
Accurate, fully dimensioned drawings ensure effective combination of components
Dimensional accuracy of design must match that of machines available
CAD usually has greater accuracy than processes available
Critical assessment for new design development
Why do designs evolve
What can be used to inform critical assessment
Designs evolve due to new materials and processes
Current designs are therefore flawed
Designers must improve on previous p.
Consumer experience can inform critical assessment of current products
Critical analysis
What 1 thing is necessary in critical analysis to determine a products effectiveness
Aesthetics must be…… Not…..
What 3 things must be acknowledged in the design
What must be considered at every stage
Important factors relating to critical analysis of p
Direct interaction with p. necessary to determine effectiveness
Do detailed task analysis, directly assessing p. capability at each stage
Ergonomics must be carefully analysed
Aesthetics must be objective, factual not general
Use of geometric OR natural forms and use of design movements MUST be acknowledged
Consider suitability of materials to their properties
Study link between material, process and scale of manufacture
Assess suitability of methods used to assemble
Consider environmental impact at every stage
UCD
What is it
Task analysis:
When is it useful
User centered design
Means design focused around the end user
End user involvement makes p. likely to be better.
Tests with potential users in real world situations facilitate objective evaluations
Task analysis:
Useful when analysing a product
Users need to be monitored when performing tasks with a p. to see issues
How to work with a variety of materials
Concept modelling:
When modelling what is a key thing to consider about the model
What can models help with
Initial concept generation:
What can this help with
Concept modelling:
Very important
Important to choose correct modelling method which depends of function of model
Models can help make decisions and prove/disprove predictions
Initial concept generation:
Initial 2d or 3d sketches allow for early client feedback, mainly on aesthetics
Block modelling: visual appearance models and working prototypes.
What does it allow us to test
What materials used
What do we require to model mechanical elements
Visual appearance models:
What are they used for
What are they made of and why not use the materials that are gonna be on the actual product
Working prototype:
What are they used to test
Why is appearance not a high priority and what 3 things are changed to achieve optimum performance
Block modelling:
Facilitates testing of aspects eg mechanisms and intended form
Compliant materials used eg styrofoam and clay allow simple hand tool shaping
Mechanical elements ned more resistant material to test reaction to forces
Visual appearance models:
Show aesthetics
Usually made from different materials to final due to expense of making moulds for actual materials
Working prototype:
Used to test mechanisms and technical principles
Appearance not high priority as various materials, components, temporary fixings used to carry out adjustments to perfect the model
Rapid prototyping:
What process is used here and what materials
What big advantage does this provide when it comes to testing iterations and what is something valuable that can be gained from models made
Additional points
Rapid prototyping:
Black models can be 3D printed
Thermosetting polymers and resins can be used
Rapid prototyping facilitates short timescale testing of many iterations, can be also used to obtain FOCUS GROUP FEEDBACK
Additional points:
TIME constraints and COST of expensive rapid prototyping can govern choice of modelling method.
VIRTUAL modelling can predict production problems, make savings in the long term
How to consider aesthetics ergonomics and anthropometrics when designing AO
Aesthetics:
What is it
What should you assess when looking at aesthetics, 4
Symmetry and asymmetry:
What is an adv of symmetry in ergonomics
What can Sym and asym offer in terms of design
Aesthetics:
Visual appearance of p. so shape, form, size, colour, texture
Must assess the:
Shape - 2D profile of it
Form - 3D manifestation of p.
Design movements
Tangential lines and smooth curves = minimal lines with pleasing smooth surfaces. Also improves aerodynamics
Symmetry and asymmetry
Symmetrical allows left and right handed users
Sym Gives visual balance and asym can add interest or focus to the design
Proportion: What is it What can another meaning of proportion refer to What does proportion effect What is the golden ratio
Anthropomorphism:
What is it
What can it provide in terms of user interaction with products
Proportion:
The relationship between the dimensions of the product
Also key features of control elements can be proportionally laid out
This significantly effects aesthetics, golden ratio (1:16) commonly used in art design
Anthropomorphism:
The use of recognisably human characteristics in design
Provides emotional, often humorous CONNECTION to p.
Colour and texture:
What are complementary and anagous colours
Symbols and ideograms:
What are they
Why are they important
What allows for more intuitive use and recognition of symbols and ideograms
What are these colours associated with - red green blue yellow+black
Colour and texture:
Colour important in aesthetics
Complementary colours sometimes combined
Anagous colours (next to eachother on colour wheel) chosen sometimes
Symbols and ideograms:
Instructive symbols INDEPENDANT of LANGUAGE
Diverse population makes this important
Standardisation of symbols just important and promotes inclusivity for kids
Intuitive use helped by colour association: Red = stop danger heat, warning Green = go environmentally friendly Blue = cold Yellow+black = danger warning
Ergonomics
Def
What must be considered do reduce discomfort
What ergonomic factors must you consider, 7
Tip: range, senses, touch and see
What kind of stimuli might there be in a car warning and in dashboards
The scientific study of people and their working conditions
All senses must be considered to reduce discomfort
Ergonomic factors to consider:
Anthropometric data range of potential users
The full range of capabilities of all users and all senses (blind, deaf)
Shape and form touched by user
Material
Suitable colour scheme
Use of appropriate symbols
Good eg - Car dashboard
Must allow used to focus on road and vital info
Refill warning might have visual AND AUDITORY stimuli (also traffic light crossing,truck reversing)
Anthropometrics Def What do designers take into consideration What percentile would u use for: Guard mesh spacing of fan Door height Car seat adjustment Worktop height
The measurement of the human body in the context of product design.
Helps designers to take into consideration wide range of sizes eg height weight arm span, grip strength
Graphical representation of data shows spread more clearly
The extremes often ruled out. 5%. Look at distribution graph page 84
Consider which percentile u would use:
Guard mesh spacing of fan - 1%
Door height - 95
Car seat adjustment - 5 to 95
Worktop height - 50
NOT ALWAYS 5TH TO 95TH. Take into consideration USER and safety
Inclusive design
What is it
What is a key part of ID (don’t abbreviate this)
What is empathetic design
What must you consider when designing hands tools inclusively
What is precision and power grip and what are they used for, and what are their diameters
What can allow multiple gripping positions for the user
It is a key part of UCD
Inclusive design aims to meet the needs of the widest possible range of people who might interact with the product. Includes elderly, disabled and kids
EMPATHY with target is important
Empathetic design involved designer analysing tasks while emulating user restrictions. Think of the ‘third age suit”, and electric glove - restricts movement and vision.
ID of hand tools avoid problems like stress on joints and slow working?
Small intricate movements require the PRECISION GRIP - uses index and thumb which is usually between 8 and 16mm diameter
Large forces require POWER GRIP, hand wraps around handle eg hammer, screw driver 30-50mm diameter
Gentle curves with appropriate texture or multiple gripping positions for user (craft knife?)
