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A Level Psychology > 2.2 - Models Of Memory > Flashcards

2.2 - Models Of Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Who created the multi store model ?

A

Multi store model

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2
Q

What did Atkinson and shiffrin propose ?

A

Memory consists of 3 stores :

  • sensory register
  • short term store
  • long term store

Info has to move through these stores to become a memory

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3
Q

What types of information goes into the sensory register ?

A

From the environment eg. Visual and auditory

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4
Q

How much capacity and duration does STM have ?

A

Finite

If information is processed further and rehearsed it can be transferred to long term memory

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5
Q

Displacement

A

information will disappear if new information enters and pushed the original information due to STM limited capacity

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6
Q

The primary effect - supporting study

A
  • Participants are able to recall the first few items of a list better than those from the middle
  • multi store model explains this because earlier items will have been rehearsed better and transferred to LTM
  • rehearsal is prevented by an interfere task the effect disappears
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7
Q

Recency effect - supporting study

A
  • participants tend to remember the last few items better than those from the middle of the list
  • as STM has limited capacity of around 7 items the words in the middle of the list if not rehearsed are displaced from STM by the last few words heard
  • these words are still in the STM at the end of the experiment and can be recalled
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8
Q

Korasakoffs syndrome - supporting study

A
  • People with Korsakoff’s syndrome ( amnesia ) can recall the last items in a list suggesting an unaffected STM
  • their LTM is very poor
  • this supports the model by showing STM and LTM are different stores
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9
Q

Milner et al (1957) - supporting study

A
  • carried out a case study on a patient called HM who had suffered from severe and frequent epilepsy
  • his seizures were based in the hippocampus
  • doctors decided to surgically remove part of the brain around this area
  • operation reduced his epilepsy but led him to suffer from memory loss
  • he could still form short term memories but was unable to form new long term memories
  • supports the idea that different types of memory are separate systems in the brain
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10
Q

Limitation 1 of multi store model

A
  • information is transferred from the STM to LTM through rehearsal
  • in real life people don’t always spend time rehearsing yet they still transfer information into LTM
  • rehearsal is not always needed for information to be stored and some items can’t be rehearsed
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11
Q

Limitation 2 of multi store model

A
  • model is oversimplified
  • it assumes there is only one long term store and one short term store
  • this has been disproved by evidence from brain damaged patients suggesting several different short term stores and other evidence suggesting different long term stores
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12
Q

Who developed the multi store model ?

A

Baddeley and hitch

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13
Q

What did baddeley and Hitch name it ?

A

Working memory model

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14
Q

What did baddeley and Hitch propose that was different ?

A

The STM rather than being a single store is an active processor which contains several different stores

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15
Q

What is the central executive described as ?

A

Attention

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16
Q

What does the central executive control ?

A

Has limited capacity

Controls slave systems

Decides what working memory pays attention to

17
Q

Phonological loop

A
  • Holds speech based information
  • made up of phonological store ( the inner ear ) and an articulating process ( inner voice which rehearsed information by repeating it )
  • limited capacity
  • deals with auditory information and preserves word order
18
Q

Visuo- spatial sketch pad

A

Deals with temporary storage of visual and spatial information

Limited capacity

Stored in the inner ear

Visual= what things look like
Spatial = relationships between things

19
Q

Episodic buffer

A
  • Briefly store’s information from the other subsystems and integrates it together along with information from LTM to make complete scenes or episodes
  • limited capacity
  • general store
  • buffers information
  • added in 2000
20
Q

What did baddeley and hitch base their model results from ?

A

Studies that used interference tasks

21
Q

Interference tasks

A
  • if participants are asked to perform two tasks simultaneously that use the same system their performance will be affected
  • according to the working model both these tasks use the phonological loop this has limited capacity so it can’t deal with both tasks - performance will be affected
  • if two tasks involve different systems performance isn’t affected on either task
22
Q

Shallice & Warrington case study of KF - supporting study of the working model

A
  • KF was a brain damaged patient who had an impaired STM
  • problem = immediate recall of words presented verbally but not with visual information
  • suggests he had an impaired articulately loop but an intact visuo-spatial sketch pad
  • proposed STM was just one system
23
Q

Gathercole & Baddedley (1993) lab study - supporting study of working model

A
  • participants were split into 2 groups
  • all had to carry out a task where they had to follow a moving spot of light - using the visuo-spatial sketch pad
  • at the same time one group of participants also had to describe the angles on a letter - another task involving the visuo-spatial sketch pad
  • the other group of participants were given a second task that would use the phonological loop - they had to do a verbal task whilst following the light
  • Gathercole and Baddedly found that performance was much better in the participants doing tasks which used separate systems
24
Q

Supporting evidence for working model

A
  • model had less emphasis on rehearsal than the multi store model of memory
  • rather than being the key process rehearsal is just one possible process in the working model
  • thus this can help to explain why in real life some things end up in pit long term memory even though we haven’t rehearsed them - suggests other processes don’t work
25
Q

Limitation 1 of working memory model

A
  • think baddedly and hitch idea of central executive is simplistic and vague
  • model doesn’t explain exactly what the central executive is apart from being involved in attention
26
Q

Limitation 2 of working memory model

A
  • Only explains how information is dealt with in short term memory
  • it doesn’t explain how information is transferred into long term memory
27
Q

Limitation 3 of working model memory

A

Much of the research has supported the working memory model has been lab studies

This reduces ecological validity

A Level Psychology (20 decks)

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