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A Level Psychology > 2.1 - Types Of Memory > Flashcards

2.1 - Types Of Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define memory

A

The process by which we retain information about events that happened in the past

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of memory ?

A

Sensory memory

Long term memory

Short term memory

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of long term memory ?

A
  • episodic
  • procedural
  • semantic
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4
Q

What is long term memory ?

A
  • psychologists believe that it’s capacity is unlimited and is theoretically permanent
  • coding is usually semantic
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5
Q

What is episodic memory ?

A
  • this is the part of the LTM that related to experienced a person has had or events from their life
  • it can contain information about the time and place , emotions felt and the details of what happened
  • these memories are declarative - they’re consciously recalled
  • eg. A birthday party, concerts etc
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6
Q

What is semantic memory ?

A

This is the part of LTM that involves knowing and recalling facts,concepts and meanings that we have learnt and can consciously recall such as :

  • capital cities
  • word meanings
  • doesn’t contain details of the time or place where you learnt the information it is just simply knowledge
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7
Q

What is procedural memory ?

A

This is the part of LTM involved in knowing how to do certain actions or skills

  • this information can’t be consciously recalled
  • eg. Knowing how to ride a bike
    Knowing how to swim
    Playing the piano
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8
Q

What is the duration of long term memory ?

A
  • research shows that people can recall facts from childhood in their later life
  • the duration of LTM is as long as a persons lifetime
  • the only part of your life that may not be recalled is early childhood
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9
Q

What is infantile amnesia ?

A

Not being able to recall episodes from their life before the age of two

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10
Q

What did Bahrick et al (1975) investigate ?

A

LTM in a natural setting

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11
Q

What was the method to Bahrick et al (1975) investigation ?

A
  • 392 people were asked to list the names of their ex classmates = Free recall test
  • they were shown photos and asked to recall the names of the people shown = photo recognition test
  • or they were given names and asked to match them to a photo of the classmate = name recognition test
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12
Q

What was the result of Bahrick et al . Investigation ?

A

Within 15 years of leaving school
- participants could recognise about 90% of names and faces
- 60% accurate on free recall

After 30 years
- free recall had declines to about 30% accuracy

After 48 years
- name recognition was about 80% accurate
- photo recognition was about 40% accurate

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13
Q

What was the conclusion of Bahrick et al. Study ?

A

The study is evidence if VLTMS in a real life setting
Recognition is better than recall so there may be a huge store of information
It’s not always easy to access all of it

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14
Q

What were some evaluation points on bahrick et al . Study ?

A
  • field experiment thus high ecological validity
  • in a real fur study like this it’s hard to control all the variables making these findings less reliable
  • showed better recall than other studies of LTM but this may be because meaningful information is stored better
  • this type of information can be rehearsed ( if you’re still in touch with classmates or if you talk to friends about memories of classmates ) increasing the rate of recall
  • thus results can’t be generalised to other types of information held in LTM
  • some may have been less social and never really knew their names to begin with
  • study doesn’t explain why recall becomes worst over time it is a side effect of old age or that there is some limit to duration which impacts the memory as we get old and continue to make more memories
  • confounding variables are not controlled in these experiments
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15
Q

Define rehearsal

A

A way of transferring information into LTM
eg. By repeating it over and over again or by attending to it

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16
Q

Define encoding

A

How the information is processed from the senses into the memory itself

This is how the information will be stored and recalled

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17
Q

What form is encoding in ?

A

Modality or one of the senses

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18
Q

How does long term memory encode ?

A

Semantically

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19
Q

Define acoustically similar

A

Words that sounded the same such as cat,bat and rat

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20
Q

Define acoustically dissimilar

A

Words that did not sound the same such as laugh,bear and pencil

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21
Q

Define semantically similar

A

Words that mean the same such as large , huge and enormous

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22
Q

Define semantically dissimilar

A

Words that do not mean the same such as police , computer and chair

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23
Q

What did baddeley (1966) investigate ?

A

Investigating coding in STM and LTM

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24
Q

What was the method of baddeley investigation ?

A
  • participants were given 4 sets of words that were either acoustically similar , acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar or semantically dissimilar
  • the words were presented visually on a screen as part of a slideshow
  • they had to be recalled in the order presented - free recall was not allowed
  • participants were asked to recall the words either immediately or following a 20 minute task
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25
Q

What were the results of baddeley investigation ?

A

STM = participants had problems recalling acoustically similar words when recalling the word list immediately

LTM after 20 mins = they had problems with semantically similar words , getting them in the correct order was incredibly difficult as they all meant the same thing

There was no difference in LTM for that acoustically similar and dissimilar words

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26
Q

What was baddeleys conclusion to his study ?

A

LTM relied on semantic encoding to process information

STM relied on acoustic coding

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27
Q

What are some disadvantages to baddeleys study ?

A
  • lab experiment thus lacks ecological validity
  • there are order types of LTM and other methods of coding which this experiment doesn’t consider
  • experiment used an independent groups design so there wasn’t any control over participant variables
28
Q

What are some advantages to baddeleys study ?

A

As it was a lab experiment it is highly controlled with extraneous variables taken care of

29
Q

What is short term memory ?

A

Has the ability to hold a small amount of information for a relatively short period of time

30
Q

Who investigated the capacity of STM ?

A

Miller (1956)

31
Q

What did miller say was the capacity of STM ?

A

Seven plus or minus two

32
Q

How did miller demonstrate this experiment ?

A
  • He asked participants to recall information adding an extra bit as he moved on
  • starting participants with two or three words to recall he gradually built it up until they made a error
  • it was found that most participants struggled between 5-9 words
  • this is known as millers magic 7
33
Q

Who also studied the capacity of STM ?

A

Jacobs (1887)

34
Q

What was the method to Jacobs study ?

A
  • Participants were presented with a string of letters or digits
  • they had to repeat them back in the same order
  • the number of digits or letters increased until the participant failed to recall the sequence correctly
35
Q

What were the results of Jacobs study ?

A

Majority of the time participants recalled about 9 digits and about 7 letters

This capacity increased with age during childhood

36
Q

What was the conclusion of Jacobs ?

A
  • STM has limited storage capacity of 5-9 items
  • individual differences were found such as STM increasing with age,possibly due to the use of memory techniques such as chunking
  • digits may have been easier to recall as there were only 10 different digits to remember compared to 26 letters
37
Q

What are limitation of Jacobs study ?

A
  • artificial and lacks ecological validity
  • meaningful information may be recalled better
  • previous sequences recalled but the participants might have been confused them on future trials
38
Q

What is a advantage of Jacobs study ?

A
  • Supports millers study
  • is a lab study thus extraneous variables would have been controlled
39
Q

What is the duration of STM ?

A

18-30 seconds

40
Q

Who investigated the duration of STM ?

A

Peterson and Peterson (1959)

41
Q

What was the method of Peterson and Peterson study ?

A
  • participants were shown nonsense trigrams eg. CVM and asked to recall them after either 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds
  • during the pause they were asked to count backwards in threes from a given number
  • this was an interference task to prevent them for repeating the letters internally
42
Q

What were the results of Peterson and Peterson study ?

A

After 3 seconds participants could recall about 80% of trigram’s correctly

After 18 seconds only about 10% were recalled correctly

43
Q

What was the conclusion of Peterson and Peterson study ?

A

When rehearsal is prevented very little can stay in STM for longer than about 18 seconds

44
Q

What were the limitations of Peterson and Peterson study ?

A
  • nonsense trigrams are artificial so the study lacks ecological validity
  • meaningful or real life memories may last longer In STM
  • only one type of stimulus was used - the duration of STM may depend on the type of stimulus
  • each participant saw many different trigrams this could have lead to confusion meaning that the first trigrams was the only realistic trial
45
Q

What were the advantages of Peterson and Peterson study ?

A

As its a lab study the variables can be tightly controlled

46
Q

What type of encoding is STM ?

A

Acoustically or using sound

47
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

When information comes in from the senses it needs to be stored for a very small amount of time until the body’s processing systems can decide what to do with it

48
Q

What is the duration of SM ?

A

1/2 a second up to several seconds at the every most

49
Q

What is the capacity of SM ?

A

Between 12-16 items

50
Q

What is the encoding of SM ?

A

Using all 5 modalities

51
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory memory ?

A
  • Iconic memory
  • echoic memory
  • haptic memory
  • olfactory memory
  • gustatory memory
52
Q

Define iconic memory

A

Retaining information that comes from sight or light stimulus

Eg. Remembering how the cinema looked as the Light went down

53
Q

Define echoic memory ?

A

Retaining information that comes from the sound or auditory stimulus

Eg. You can recall a song you just head in your head

54
Q

Define haptic memory

A

Retaining information that comes from touch

Eg. You can recall how it feels when rain hits your skin

55
Q

Define olfactory memory ?

A

Retaining information that comes from smell

Eg. The smell do fresh bread

56
Q

Define gustatory memory

A

Retaining information that comes from taste

Eg. The taste of something may remind you of your childhood like fish fingers and chips

57
Q

Who investigated the sensory of register ?

A

Sperling (1960 )

58
Q

What was the method of sperling (1960) study ?

A

In a lab experiment

  • participants were shown a grid with three rows of four letters or 0.05 seconds
  • they had to immediately recall either the whole grid or a randomly chosen row indicated by a tone played straight after the grid was shown
59
Q

What were the results of sperlings study ?

A
  • When participants had to recall the whole grid = only managed to recall 4 or 5 letters on average
  • when a particular row was indicated participants could recall an average of 3 items no matter which row had been selected
60
Q

What was the conclusion of sperling (1960) study ?

A
  • The participants didn’t know which row was going to be selected so = they would have been able to recall three items from any row
  • thus almost the whole grid was held in their sensory register
  • they couldn’t report the whole grid because the trace faded before they could finish recall
61
Q

What were limitations of sperling study ?

A
  • artificial setting of the study = low ecological validity
62
Q

What were advantages of sperling study ?

A
  • lab experiment = highly scientific
  • variables could be controlled and it would be easy to replicate the study
63
Q

What are the areas of the brain that are associated with the episodic memory ?

A
  • right prefrontal cortex
  • hippocampus
64
Q

What are the sides of brain associated with semantic memory ?

A
  • hippocampus
  • left prefrontal cortex
65
Q

What area of the brain is associated with procedural memory ?

A
  • motor cortex and prefrontal cortex
  • cerebellum

A Level Psychology (20 decks)

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