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B1 M2 - Physics > 2.2 Mechanics - Statics (Lvl 2) > Flashcards

2.2 Mechanics - Statics (Lvl 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is force?

A

Is an interaction which tries to change a body state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line.

Its a vector quantity.

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2
Q

As force is a vector, what does it have?

A

Both magnitude and direction.

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3
Q

What is Moment?

A

A turning effect produced by a force acting at a distance with respect to an object fulcrum.

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4
Q

What is the formula for moment?

A

M = F x s

M = moment (Nm)
F  = force (N)
s = perpendicular distance (m)
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5
Q

How do moment and torque differ?

A

moment is used for static applications and torque used for dynamic applications.

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6
Q

What are opposing moments?

A

They are total moments that act against each other and are applied at points separated by a distance.

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7
Q

What is the formula for opposing moment?

A

M1 = F1 x s1 and M2 = F2 x s2

M1 (2) = anticlockwise (clockwise) moment (Nm)
F1 (2) = force on the left (Right) hand side of the fulcrum (N)
s1 (2) = perpendicular distance from the fulcrum (m)

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8
Q

What does the term “the principle of moments” mean?

A

If the total clockwise moment about any axis equals the total anti-clockwise moment about the same axis, the body will be in balance.

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9
Q

What is a couple?

A

A pair of forces that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, applied at points separated by distances perpendicular to the forces

(tap wrench).

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10
Q

What is the formula for couples?

A 
T = F x s
T = F x r x 2
T = Torque applied by a couple (Nm)
F = One of the forces (N)
s = distance between the forces (m)
r = radius (m).
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11
Q

What is a scalar quantity?

A

Quantities that have magnitude but no direction.

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12
Q

What is a vector quantity?

A

Quantities that have magnitude AND direction, acting in a straight line.

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13
Q

What is the effect that results from two or more vectors of the same type of quantity acting on an object known as?

A

Resultant.

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14
Q

When using the Pythagoras method to calculate the resultant, which length is the resultant?

A

The hyptoenuse.

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15
Q

What other methods can you use to calculate the resultant?

A

The Pythagoras Theorem and parallelogram method.

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16
Q

When using the parallelogram method to calculate the resultant, which length is the resultant?

A

The diagonal of the parallelogram.

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17
Q

What is centre of gravity?

A

An imaginary point through which all the weight of an object is said to act of on object.

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18
Q

What is stress?

A

A quantity that describes the magnitude of forces that cause deformation.

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19
Q

What is stress also known as?

A

Strain.

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20
Q

What always accompanies stress?

A

Strain.

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21
Q

What is the formula for stress?

A

Stress = Force/ area.

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22
Q

What 5 basic forms of strucural stresses are aircraft subjected to?

A
  1. Tension
  2. compression
  3. shear
  4. bending
  5. torsion.
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23
Q

What is strain?

A

The deformation of a material due to stress.

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24
Q

What is the result of a strain calculation?

A

A ratio.

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25
Q

What is the formula for strain?

A

strain = change in length/ original length.

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26
Q

What is elasticity?

A

The ability of a material to return to its original shape once external forces have been removed.

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27
Q

What is the opposite of elasticity?

A

Plasticity.

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28
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Ability of a material to changes its shape permanently when subjected to stress.

The materials remains deformed after the force applied has been removed.

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29
Q

What is tension?

A

Stress being applied which tends to increase the length of the body.

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30
Q

What is tension sometimes to referred as?

A

Axial or normal stress.

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31
Q

What does hooke’s law states?

A

That the extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it.

32
Q

What is the formula for hooke’s law?

A

Force = spring constant x extension.

33
Q

What can the elastic limit be referred to as?

A

Proportional limit.

34
Q

What is the elastic limit?

A

The point at which permanent deformation occurs and the elastic region ends.

35
Q

After the elastic limit, which does a material then enter?

A

The plastic region.

36
Q

When a small increase in force is applied in the plastic region, what happens deformation of the object?

A

A large amount of deformation.

37
Q

What is the constant known as youngs modulus?

A

The ratio of stress and strain that is a constant since hooke’s law applies.

38
Q

What is the formula for youngs modulus?

A

Youngs modulus = stress/strain

39
Q

What is compression?

A

A force applied which tends to shorten or squeeze a body.

40
Q

What is the compressive strength of a material measured in?

A

N/m^2.

41
Q

What is shear stress?

A

Where it tries to slice a body apart by sliding one layer over another.

42
Q

What is bending?

A

A stress that comprises of both compression and tension on a matieral simulatenously.

43
Q

What is torsion?

A

Applied to a material when it is twisted.

44
Q

What other forces does torsion use?

A

Compression and tension.

45
Q

How do compression and tension forces apply in torsion stress?

A

Diagonally across the body, with the one force acting at a right angle to the other.

46
Q

What is hardness?

A

Tendency to resist indentation.

47
Q

What is strength?

A

Tendency to withstand an applied load without failure or plastic deformation.

48
Q

What is toughness?

A

Tendency to resist breakage when deforming or when impact forces applied to a material.

49
Q

Wahat is brittleness?

A

Tendency to break without change of shape.

50
Q

What is vapour?

A

A gas that can be liquefied by an increase in pressure without decreasing its temperature.

51
Q

What is volatile?

A

One which readily evaporates at normal temperature.

52
Q

What is flammability?

A

Where a material will ctach fire readily.

53
Q

What is flash point?

A

The temperature at which a liquid will catch fire when exposed to a naked flame.

54
Q

What is toxicity?

A

How poisonous a susbatnce is.

55
Q

What is inert?

A

Where a substance will not chemically combine with another substance.

56
Q

What is pressure?

A

A force applied to the surface of an object.

57
Q

What is the formula for pressure?

A

Pressure = force / area.

58
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

The force exterted by the weight of the atmosphere.

59
Q

What happens to the density of air with altitude?

A

Air density decreases.

60
Q

What is the average atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

14.7 psi.

61
Q

What is the most common barometer?

A

Mecury barometer.

62
Q

What can effect the accuracy of a mecury barometer?

A

The ambient temperture as mecury expands with an increase in temperature.

63
Q

What is gauge pressure?

A

The amount of pressure by which the measured in a fluid exceeds that of the atmosphere.

64
Q

What is ambient pressure?

A

The pressure in the area immediately surrounding an object.

65
Q

How is absolute pressure measured?

A

Relative to the absolute zero pressure meaning the pressure that would occur at absolute vacuum.

66
Q

What is the formula for absolue pressure?

A

Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmspheric pressure.

67
Q

What does Archimedes principle state?

A

A body in a liquid will be subject to an upward force equal to the weight of liquid it displaces.

68
Q

What is the force called in Archimedes priciple?

A

Bouyant force.

69
Q

Where may bouyant forces be pressure?

A

Liquid and gases.

70
Q

If bouyant forces exsist in gases, how does a hot air baloon rise from the ground?

A

The air is heated making it less dense than the air they displace.

71
Q

What is it meant by positive bouyancy?

A

The bouyant forces is more than the object weighs, causing the object to float.

72
Q

What is it meant by negative bouyancy?

A

The bouyant force is less than the object weight, causing it to sink.

73
Q

What is meant by neutral bouyancy?

A

When the objects weight is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

74
Q

How would you calculate how high or low an objects float?

A

Comparing the densities of the body and fluid.

75
Q

What is the formula for calculating how high or low an object floats?

A

Ratio = density of body / density of the fluid.

76
Q

What is meant by torricellian vacuum?

A

Where the weight of the mecury creates a vacuum at nearly zero absolute pressure in the top of the tube.

B1 M2 - Physics (9 decks)

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