2.1 Matter (Lvl 1) Flashcards
What is Matter?
The substance of which any physical object is composed of, as long as weight and dimensions can be measured.
How many basic substances are there?
118
What are the 3 main characteristics of an Element?
- Consists of only 1 atom
- Cannot be broken down into simpler type of matter by physical or chemical means
- It can exist as atoms or molecules.
What does an Atom consist of?
- Nuclues (Ne)
- Protons (+ve)
- Electrons (-ve)
Why do atoms with the same number of protons and electrons have no net electrical charge?
Because protons and electrons carry a charge of the same magnitude opposing each other.
What are the orbits around the nucleus called?
Shells
How many electrons can the first shell contain?
2
How many electrons can the second shell contain?
8
How many electrons can the third shell contain?
18
What is the formula to calculate how many electrons can be contained in each shell?
2n^2
What is the difference between the electrons in the inner most shell and the outer most shell?
The outer most shell has more energy than the inner most.
What is the valence orbit?
It is the outer most shell of an atom.
What are the electrons in the outer most orbit called?
Valence electrons.
In what state are atoms more stable?
When the valence orbit is full.
What is the composition of a conductor?
With fewer than half of their valence electrons.
What is the composition of an insulator?
With more than half of their valence electrons.
What is the composition of a semi-conductor?
With exactly half of their valence electrons.
What is an isotope?
Where an element is in a different variation of itself due to a different amount of neutrons, and therefore different mass numbers.
What is the top number next to the atomic letters called?
Atomic number or Proton Number.
What is the bottom number next to the atomic letters called?
Atomic mass. (mass number)
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons in an atom.
What is the atomic mass?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
What is the process called where an atom gains or loses electrons?
Ionisation.
What is a negatively charged atom called?
Anion
What is a positively charged atom called?
Cation
What is a molecule?
Pure substance which results when two or more atoms share electrons (O2)
What is the process of joining atoms or joining molecules to form a substance called?
Chemical Bonding.
How many types of chemical bonding is there, and what are their names?
2
- Covalent Bonding.
- Ionic Bonding.
What is covalent bonding?
Two atoms share one or more electrons to form molecules. (Usually formed between two non-metallic elements)
What is ionic bonding?
One atom transfers electrons to another atom. The atom losing electrons form a +ve ion and is usually metallic.
The atom gaining an electron forms a -ve ion and is usually non-metallic.
What is a chemical compound?
Its a pure substance made up from two or more different elements which have been joined together by a chemical reaction.
What is evaporation?
Molecules undergo spontaneous transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase.
What variable makes it easier for boiling water?
Lower atmospheric pressure.
What is meant by the process endothermic?
Where heat is taken in from the surroundings.
What is condensation?
Change of states from gas phase to the liquid phase.
What is the reverse of evaporation?
Condensation.
What type of process is condensation?
Exothermic reaction.
What is an exothermic reaction?
Process that requires heat to be lost to the surroundings.
What is the process when particles that vibrate too strongly, that they become too weak to hold the structure together?
Melting.
What liquid does not freeze?
Helium.
What is the process called where particles lose their kinetic energy and become strongly attracted to each, forming an ordered solid?
Freezing.
What is sublimation?
The process where particles transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
What is deposition?
The process where particles transition from a gas to a solid without passing through the liquid phase.
What is the smallest unit of any material which can exist?
The Atom.
What does the more complex and larger the atom mean?
The heavier the material.
What does an element in the same column mean?
They have similar properties.
What shape does a solid hold?
They can hold their own shape.
What shape does liquids and gases hold?
The hold the shape of their container.
