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B1 M2 - Physics > 2.1 Matter (Lvl 1) > Flashcards

2.1 Matter (Lvl 1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Matter?

A

The substance of which any physical object is composed of, as long as weight and dimensions can be measured.

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2
Q

How many basic substances are there?

A

118

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3
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of an Element?

A
  1. Consists of only 1 atom
  2. Cannot be broken down into simpler type of matter by physical or chemical means
  3. It can exist as atoms or molecules.
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4
Q

What does an Atom consist of?

A
  1. Nuclues (Ne)
  2. Protons (+ve)
  3. Electrons (-ve)
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5
Q

Why do atoms with the same number of protons and electrons have no net electrical charge?

A

Because protons and electrons carry a charge of the same magnitude opposing each other.

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6
Q

What are the orbits around the nucleus called?

A

Shells

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7
Q

How many electrons can the first shell contain?

A

2

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8
Q

How many electrons can the second shell contain?

A

8

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9
Q

How many electrons can the third shell contain?

A

18

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10
Q

What is the formula to calculate how many electrons can be contained in each shell?

A

2n^2

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11
Q

What is the difference between the electrons in the inner most shell and the outer most shell?

A

The outer most shell has more energy than the inner most.

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12
Q

What is the valence orbit?

A

It is the outer most shell of an atom.

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13
Q

What are the electrons in the outer most orbit called?

A

Valence electrons.

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14
Q

In what state are atoms more stable?

A

When the valence orbit is full.

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15
Q

What is the composition of a conductor?

A

With fewer than half of their valence electrons.

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16
Q

What is the composition of an insulator?

A

With more than half of their valence electrons.

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17
Q

What is the composition of a semi-conductor?

A

With exactly half of their valence electrons.

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18
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Where an element is in a different variation of itself due to a different amount of neutrons, and therefore different mass numbers.

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19
Q

What is the top number next to the atomic letters called?

A

Atomic number or Proton Number.

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20
Q

What is the bottom number next to the atomic letters called?

A

Atomic mass. (mass number)

21
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom.

22
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

23
Q

What is the process called where an atom gains or loses electrons?

A

Ionisation.

24
Q

What is a negatively charged atom called?

A

Anion

25
Q

What is a positively charged atom called?

A

Cation

26
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Pure substance which results when two or more atoms share electrons (O2)

27
Q

What is the process of joining atoms or joining molecules to form a substance called?

A

Chemical Bonding.

28
Q

How many types of chemical bonding is there, and what are their names?

A

2

  1. Covalent Bonding.
  2. Ionic Bonding.
29
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Two atoms share one or more electrons to form molecules. (Usually formed between two non-metallic elements)

30
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

One atom transfers electrons to another atom. The atom losing electrons form a +ve ion and is usually metallic.
The atom gaining an electron forms a -ve ion and is usually non-metallic.

31
Q

What is a chemical compound?

A

Its a pure substance made up from two or more different elements which have been joined together by a chemical reaction.

32
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Molecules undergo spontaneous transition from the liquid phase to the gas phase.

33
Q

What variable makes it easier for boiling water?

A

Lower atmospheric pressure.

34
Q

What is meant by the process endothermic?

A

Where heat is taken in from the surroundings.

35
Q

What is condensation?

A

Change of states from gas phase to the liquid phase.

36
Q

What is the reverse of evaporation?

A

Condensation.

37
Q

What type of process is condensation?

A

Exothermic reaction.

38
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

Process that requires heat to be lost to the surroundings.

39
Q

What is the process when particles that vibrate too strongly, that they become too weak to hold the structure together?

A

Melting.

40
Q

What liquid does not freeze?

A

Helium.

41
Q

What is the process called where particles lose their kinetic energy and become strongly attracted to each, forming an ordered solid?

A

Freezing.

42
Q

What is sublimation?

A

The process where particles transition from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase.

43
Q

What is deposition?

A

The process where particles transition from a gas to a solid without passing through the liquid phase.

44
Q

What is the smallest unit of any material which can exist?

A

The Atom.

45
Q

What does the more complex and larger the atom mean?

A

The heavier the material.

46
Q

What does an element in the same column mean?

A

They have similar properties.

47
Q

What shape does a solid hold?

A

They can hold their own shape.

48
Q

What shape does liquids and gases hold?

A

The hold the shape of their container.

B1 M2 - Physics (9 decks)

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