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550 unclass > 22 - IFR: ICAO Doc 8168 (PANSOPS) (2010 5th edition - 13. Nov. 2014 amd.) > Flashcards

22 - IFR: ICAO Doc 8168 (PANSOPS) (2010 5th edition - 13. Nov. 2014 amd.) Flashcards

1
Q

PANSOPS: Which different types of “alternate aerodrome” exist?

A
  • Take-off alternate: To be used shortly after take-off when it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.
  • En-route alternate: To be used if a diversion becomes necessary while en-route.
  • Destination alternate: To be used if it is impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.

NOTE: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight

(Part I, Section 1, Chapter 1)

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2
Q

PANSOPS: What does the DME distance indicate?

A

The line of sight distance (slant range)

(Part I - Section 1, Chapter 1)

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3
Q

PANSOPS: What obstacle clearance does Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) provide?

A

1000´ within 25 NM

(Part I - Section 1, Chapter 1)

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4
Q

PANSOPS: Which methods can be used to reverse your course and establish you on an inbound track?

A
  • Racetrack procedure: Enable the aircraft to reduce altitude and/or establish the aircraft inbound.
  • Reversal procedure: Enable the aircraft to reverse direction during initial approach segment, by using procedure turns or base turns

(Part I - Section 1, Chapter 1)

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5
Q

PANOPS: What is the definition of “Threshold (THR)”?

A

The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing.

(Part I, Section 1, Chapter 1)

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6
Q

PANSOPS: “All procedures depict _______. Pilots should attempt to maintain the track by applying ________ to heading for ___________.”

A

“All procedures depict tracks. Pilots should attempt to maintain the track by applying corrections to heading for known wind.”

(Part I - Section 2, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.1.3)

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7
Q

PANSOPS: “… for helicopters, speed should be reduced below ____km/h (___kt) only after the ____________ necessary for landing have been acquired and the decision has been made that an instrument ________________ will not be performed.”

A

“… for helicopters, speed should be reduced below 130 km/h (70 kt) only after the visual references necessary for landing have been acquired and the decision has been made that an instrument missed approach procedure will not be performed.”

(Part I - Section 2, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.1.8)

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8
Q

PANSOPS: What is the fix tolerance of a DME?

A

0,25 NM + 1,25% of distance to the antenna

(Part I, Section 2, Chapter 2, paragraf 2.4.2)

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9
Q

PANSOPS: During contruction of a turn area, which parameters are used for bank establishment time and pilot reaction time?

A

(Part I, Section 2, Chapter 3, Table I-2-3-1)

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10
Q

PANSOPS: The minimum obstacle clearence equals ____ at departure end of the runway (DER). From that point, it increases by ____ of the horizontal distance in the direction of flight assuming a maximum turn of ___.

A

The minimum obstacle clearence equals zero at departure end of the runway (DER). From that point, it increases by 0,8 % of the horizontal distance in the direction of flight assuming a maximum turn of 15°.

(Part I, Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.1)

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11
Q

PANSOPS: What is the minimum obstacle clearence in the turn initiation area and turn area?

A

90 m (295 ft)

(Part I, Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.2)

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12
Q

PANSOPS: “Unless otherwise published, a PDG of ___ per cent is assumed. The PDG is based on:

a) an obstacle identification surface (OIS) having a ___ per cent gradient or a gradient determined by the most critical obstacle penetrating the surface, whichever is the higher (see Figure I-3-1-2); and
b) an additional margin of ___ per cent.”

A

“Unless otherwise published, a PDG of 3.3 per cent is assumed. The PDG is based on:

a) an obstacle identification surface (OIS) having a 2.5 per cent gradient or a gradient determined by the most critical obstacle penetrating the surface, whichever is the higher (see Figure I-3-1-2); and
b) an additional margin of 0.8 per cent.”

(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.5)

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13
Q

PANSOPS: Pilots should not accept radar vectors during departure unless?

A

a) They are above the minimum altitude required to maintain obstacle clearence in the event of engine failure.
b) The departure route is non-critical with respect to obstacle clearence

(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7)

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14
Q

PANSOPS: When does a SID terminate?

A

At the first fix/facility/waypoint of the en-route phase following the departure procedure.

(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.1.2)

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15
Q

PANSOPS: Which types of SID exists?

A
  • Straight departure: Departure track is within 15° of allignment of the runway centre line.
  • Turning departure: Departure route requires a turn of more than 15°. Straight flight is assumed until reaching an altitude of at least 394 ft.

(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.1.3)

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16
Q

PANSOPS: On a turning departure: If nothing else is written in the SID, when can you, during a Cat. H procedure, make your turn?

A

In 295 ft AGL (90m) above the elevation if the DER and the earliest initiation point are made at the beginning of the runway/final approach take-off area (FATO)

(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 2.3.2)

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17
Q

PANSOPS: Where obstacles do not permit development of onmidirectional procedures, it is necessary to?

A
  • fly a standard instrument departure (SID) route

or

  • ensure that ceiling and visibility will permit obstacles to be avoided be visual means

(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.1.2)

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18
Q

PANSOPS: When can you initiate a turn during an omnidirectional departure for Cat. A and Cat. H?

A
  • Cat. A: 600 m from the beginning of the runway at a altitude of 394 ft. AGL with a PDG of 3.3%
  • Cat. H: at 295 ft. AGL if the DER and the earliest initiation point are at the beginning of the runway/FATO with a PDG of 5%

(Part 1 - Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2)

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19
Q

PANSOPS: Which 4 omnidirectional departure procedures can you encounter?

A
  • Standard case: No obstacles penetrate the 2.5% obstacle identification surface (OIS), and 295´ of obstacle clearence prevails, a 3.3% climb to 394´ will satisfy the obstacle clearence requirements
  • Specified turn altitude: Due to obstacles, perform 3.3% climb to a specified altitude where omnidirectional turns can be made
  • Specified PDG: Procedure may define a minimum gradient of more than 3.3% to a specified altitude before turns are permitted.
  • Sector departures: Procedure may define sector(s) for which either a minimum PDG or a minimum turn altitude is specified (e.g. “climb straight ahead to altitude…. before commencing a turn to the east sector 0°-180°)

(Part I, Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.3)

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20
Q

PANSOPS: Unless stated otherwise, which PDG are you at least required to climb with during an SID?

A

minimum 3.3% PDG

(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 4, Paragraf 4.2.2)

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21
Q

PANSOPS: How many segments may an approach procedure have?

A
  • Arrival (Before IAF)
  • Initial (IAF -> IF)
  • Intermediate (IF -> FAF)
  • Final (FAF -> MAPt)
  • Missed Approach (MAPt -> Missed appraoch)

(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.2.2.1)

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22
Q

PANSOPS: Which types of approachs exists?

A
  • Straight-in approach: Approach track is within 30° of runway centre line.
  • Circling approach

(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.2.3.1)

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23
Q

PANOPS: What Category are helicopters classified as, when operated as aeroplanes?

A

Category A (less than 91 kt IAS)

(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.10)

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24
Q

PANSOPS: Does the stall speed method of calculating aircraft category apply to helicopters?

A

No.

(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.10.1)

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25
PANSOPS: Which techniques can be employed for vertical path control on non-precision approached?
* **Continuous descent final approach (CDFA):** PANSOPS defines CDFA as the preferred technique. CDFA is a continuous descent to a point approx. 50 ft above threshold. When approaching MDA only two options exist: _Continue the approach_ or _missed approach_. At no time is the aircraft flown i level flight at or near MDA. * **Constant angle descent:** Constant unbroken angle from FAF to a point approx. 50 ft above threshold. At MDA a decision shall be made to either _continue_ or _level off._ * **Stepdown descent (dive and drive)****:** Descend immediately to not below the minimum stepdown fix altitude/MDA. Descent gradient must be _less than 15%_. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7)
26
PANSOPS: On a continuous descent final approach (CDFA), are you supposed to go missed approach, if you reach the MAPt before descending near the MDA?
Yes. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7.2)
27
PANSOPS: May you fly the turning part of the missed approach before reaching the MAPt?
No. "Regardless of the type of vertical path control on a non-precision approach, the lateral "turning" portion of the missed approach _shall not_ be executed prior to the MAPt." (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7.2.4)
28
PANSOPS: What is the maximum descent gradient during a stepdown descent ("dive and drive")
Less than 15% (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7.4)
29
PANSOPS: What is the optimum descent gradient for an approach procedure with FAF?
Optimum descent gradient: 3.0° (480ft/min with 90 kts GS) (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.9)
30
PANSOPS: How may you perform a reversal procedure?
* **Procedure turn** * **Base turn** These procedures _does not_ permit a racetrack or holding manoeuvre to be conducted unless so specified. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2)
31
PANSOPS: What are the two generally recognized manoeuvres to perform a procedure turn?
* 45°/180° Procedure turn * 80°/260° Procedure turn (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2.3)
32
PANSOPS: For category A, when do you start time for the 45 degrees straight leg on a 45/180 procedure turn?
From start of the turn, 1 minute. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2.3)
33
PANSOPS: How is the limiting factor for an outbound track of a base turn specified?
By _timing_ or _DME distance_ from a facility (Part 1 - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2.3)
34
PANSOPS: How may the limiting factor of an outbound track of a racetrack procedure be specified?
By _timing_ (1, 2 or 3 minutes) or by _DME distance_ (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.1)
35
PANSOPS: How may you enter an racetrack procedure?
Aircraft are _expected_ to enter the procedure in manner _similar to a holding procedure entry_. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2)
36
PANSOPS: What is the limiting time, when flying an off-set (teardrop) entry in a racetrack/holding entry?
1 min 30 sec when flying the 30° offset track (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2)
37
PANSOPS: Shall you intercept the inbound track before returning to the facility during a parallel entry in a racetrack/holding?
During racetrack: Yes During holding: No (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2) (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.4b)
38
PANSOPS: As far as possible, on which side shall all manoevring, during an entry into a racetrack/holding procedure, be done?
On the manoeuvering side of the inbound track (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2)
39
PANSOPS: How may you enter an reversal procedure?
**+/- 30°** of the outbound track. If the sector does not include the reciprocal of the inbound track, the entry sector is expanded to include it. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.1.1)
40
PANSOPS: Which bank angle is the approach procedures based on?
Average 25° or 3°/second, _whichever is less_ (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.3)
41
PANSOPS: When may you descend on the indbound track?
When established (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.4)
42
PANSOPS: When are you considered established on an ILS/VOR approach?
Half scale deflection (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.4)
43
PANSOPS: When are you considered established on a NDB approach?
+/- 5° (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.4)
44
PANSOPS: When is outbound timing started during a racetrack procedure. - Procedure based on a facility? - Procedure based on a fix?
* Procedure based on a facility: * Abeam the facility or attaining the outbound heading, _whichever comes later._ * _​_Procedure based on a fix: * Attaining the outbound heading (Part I, Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.5)
45
PANSOPS: What are the min/max descent rates to be used when descending on the outbound track of a racetrack or reversal procedure (Cat. A/B)?
* Max: 804 ft/min * Min: N/A (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.7)
46
PANSOPS: What are the min/max descent rates to be used when descending on the _inbound_ track of a racetrack or reversal procedure (Cat. A/B)?
* Max: 655 ft/min * Min: 394 ft/min (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.7)
47
PANSOPS: When does the intermediate segment begin?
* **FAF exists:** When aircraft is on the _inbound track_ of the procedure turn, base turn or final indbound leg of racetrack. * **No FAF:** _No intermediate segment_. Inbound track is final segment. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 4, Paragraf 4.1.3)
48
PANSOPS: Where is FAF on a NPA normally located in relation to the threshold?
* Minimum: 3.0 NM * Optimum: 5.0 NM * Maximum: 10.0 NM (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.2.1)
49
PANSOPS: What is the optimum final approach descent gradient for a NPA with FAF?
5.2% Equals: * 3° * 318 ft/NM * **477 ft/min** (@ 90 KTS GS) (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.2.2.1)
50
PANSOPS: How can you verify the glidepath on a precision approach?
By outer marker/DME fix (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.4.3.1)
51
PANSOPS: In reference to the fix, which provides glideslope verification on a precision approach, complete the following sentence: "*Descent below the fix crossing altitude ________ be made prior to crossing the fix*"
"*Descent below the fix crossing altitude _should not_ be made prior to crossing the fix*" (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.4.3.2)
52
PANSOPS: In the event of loss of glide path during a precision approach, what does the procedure become?
A non-precision approach (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.4.3.4)
53
PANSOPS: What defines a non-standard procedure?
Glide paths greater than 3.5° (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.4.1)
54
PANSOPS: On an ILS, what is the optimum glide path angle?
* Minimum: 2.5° * Optimum: **3.0°** (318 ft/NM) * Maximum: 3.5° (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.2.2)
55
PANSOPS: On a NPA without FAF, when may you descend to MDA?
When _established inbound_ on final approach track. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.3)
56
PANSOPS: During a precision-approach, how much can you deviate from centre line and glide-path without exceeding the protection area?
Centre line: **H****alf-scale defection** Glide-path: **Half course fly-up deflection** (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.5.2)
57
PANSOPS: When should a missed approach be _initiated_ during a precision approach?
It should be _initiated_ not lower than DA (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.3)
58
PANSOPS: When should a missed approach be initiated in a non-precision approach?
At a specified point (DME/time) _not lower_ than MDA (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.3)
59
PANSOPS: If a missed approach is initiated before arriving at the missed approach point (MAPt), what shall the pilot normally do?
The pilot will normally _proceed to the MAPt_ and then follow the missed approach procedure in order to remain within protected airspace. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.4)
60
PANSOPS: If upon reaching the MAPt the required visual reference is not established, what is the pilot then required to do?
_Initiate a missed approach_ at once in order to maintain protection from obstacles. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.6)
61
PANSOPS: What is the missed approach climb gradient normally based on?
A climb gradient of 2.5% (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.7.1)
62
PANSOPS: Are circling procedures applicable to helicopter?
_No._ The helicopter pilot has to conduct a visual manouevre in adequate meteorological conditions. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.1.2)
63
PANSOPS: During a circling procedure, what visual reference must be kept in contact?
The _runway enviroment_ should be kept in sight. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.2.2)
64
PANSOPS: During visual manoeuvring (circling), descent below MDA/H should not be made until?
a) visual reference has been established and can be maintained; b) the pilot has the landing threshold in sight; and c) the required obstacle clearance can be maintained and the aircraft is in a position to carry out a landing. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.3.3)
65
PANSOPS: If visual reference is lost while circling to land, what should the pilot do?
Initiate a _climbing turn_ towards the _landing runway_, immediately followed by interception and execution of the missed approach procedure. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.4.1)
66
PANSOPS: For procedure identification, how is a helicopter approach identified?
By the _navigation aid_ and the _final approach track._ For example: "VOR 235" (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 8, Paragraf 8.5.1.2.4)
67
PANSOPS: What does a procedure named VOR-A (or VOR-B, NDB-C ect.) indicate?
A circling approach (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 8, Paragraf 8.5.1.2.5)
68
PANSOPS: How is a procedure identified, when two or more procedures to the same runway cannot be distinguished by the navigation aid type only?
A single letter suffix, starting with the letter Z. For example: VOR **Z** Rwy 20, VOR **Y** Rwy 20, ect. (Part I - Section 4, Chapter 8, Paragraf 8.5.1.3.1)
69
PANSOPS: During holding, all turns are to be made with bank angle/rate of turn of?
25° or 3°/sec, whichever requires the lesser bank. (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.2)
70
PANSOPS: When does outbound timing begins during holding?
_Over_ or _abeam_ the fix, whichever _occurs later_. If the abeam position cannot be determined, start timing when the turn to outbound is completed. (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.4)
71
PANSOPS: Entry to holding patterns is based on?
Based on _heading._ (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.1)
72
PANSOPS: When entering holding, which entry sectors exists?
* Sector 1: **Parallel entry** * Sector 2: **Offset entry** * Sector 3: **Direct entry** (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4)
73
PANSOPS: When entering holding, what is the entry zone of flexibility?
5° on either side of the sector boundaries (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.1)
74
PANSOPS: How is holding timed? (Still air condition below 14000 ft)
1 minute _outbound_ (or to DME distance when specified) (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.5.1)
75
PANSOPS: What is the maximum holding speed for helicopters?
* Up to 6000 ft: **100 kt** * Above 6000 ft: **170 kt** (Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Table II-6-1-2)
76
PANSOPS: "The procedures described for noise abatement have been designed for application to _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_."
"The procedures described for noise abatement have been designed for application to _turbojet aeroplanes_." (Part I - Section 7, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3)
77
PANSOPS: Noise abatement shall not be a determining factor in runway nomination under what circumstances?
a) _RWY condition affected_ (e.g. by snow, slush, ice, water, mud, rubber, oil or other substances); b) for landing in conditions: * 1) ceiling is lower than 150 m (_500 ft_) and visibility _1 900 m_; or, * 2) when the approach requires vertical minima greater than 100 m (_300 ft_) above aerodrome elevation and: * i) the ceiling is lower than 240 m (_800 ft_) above aerodrome elevation; or * ii) the visibility is less than _3000m_; c) for take-off when the _visibility is less than 1 900 m_; d) when _wind shear_ has been reported or forecast or when _thunderstorms_ are expected to affect the approach or departure; e) when the _crosswind_ component, including gusts, exceeds 28 km/h _(15 kt)_, or the _tailwind_ component, including gusts, exceeds 9 km/h _(5 kt)_. (Part I - Section 7, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.1.4)
78
PANSOPS: "Helicopter pilots using a Category A procedure which authorizes both _straight-in_ and _circling_ minima may manoeuvre at the _______ minimum descent height (MDH) if visibility permits."
"Helicopter pilots using a Category A procedure which authorizes both _straight-in_ and _circling_ minima may manoeuvre at the **Straigt-in** minimum descent height (MDH) if visibility permits." (Part I - Section 8, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3)
79
PANSOPS: During straight departures, within which laterally tollerance of the centre line, is it important that helicopters cross the DER when using departure procedures designed for aeroplanes?
Cross DER within _150 m_ laterally. (Part I - Section 8, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.2)
80
PANSOPS: When flying the procedure as a Cat. A aeroplane, what is the minimum final approach speed?
70 kt. (Part I - Section 8, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.3.2)

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