22 - IFR: ICAO Doc 8168 (PANSOPS) (2010 5th edition - 13. Nov. 2014 amd.) Flashcards
PANSOPS: Which different types of “alternate aerodrome” exist?
- Take-off alternate: To be used shortly after take-off when it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.
- En-route alternate: To be used if a diversion becomes necessary while en-route.
- Destination alternate: To be used if it is impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.
NOTE: The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight
(Part I, Section 1, Chapter 1)
PANSOPS: What does the DME distance indicate?
The line of sight distance (slant range)
(Part I - Section 1, Chapter 1)
PANSOPS: What obstacle clearance does Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) provide?
1000´ within 25 NM
(Part I - Section 1, Chapter 1)
PANSOPS: Which methods can be used to reverse your course and establish you on an inbound track?
- Racetrack procedure: Enable the aircraft to reduce altitude and/or establish the aircraft inbound.
- Reversal procedure: Enable the aircraft to reverse direction during initial approach segment, by using procedure turns or base turns
(Part I - Section 1, Chapter 1)
PANOPS: What is the definition of “Threshold (THR)”?
The beginning of that portion of the runway usable for landing.
(Part I, Section 1, Chapter 1)
PANSOPS: “All procedures depict _______. Pilots should attempt to maintain the track by applying ________ to heading for ___________.”
“All procedures depict tracks. Pilots should attempt to maintain the track by applying corrections to heading for known wind.”
(Part I - Section 2, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.1.3)
PANSOPS: “… for helicopters, speed should be reduced below ____km/h (___kt) only after the ____________ necessary for landing have been acquired and the decision has been made that an instrument ________________ will not be performed.”
“… for helicopters, speed should be reduced below 130 km/h (70 kt) only after the visual references necessary for landing have been acquired and the decision has been made that an instrument missed approach procedure will not be performed.”
(Part I - Section 2, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.1.8)
PANSOPS: What is the fix tolerance of a DME?
0,25 NM + 1,25% of distance to the antenna
(Part I, Section 2, Chapter 2, paragraf 2.4.2)
PANSOPS: During contruction of a turn area, which parameters are used for bank establishment time and pilot reaction time?
(Part I, Section 2, Chapter 3, Table I-2-3-1)
PANSOPS: The minimum obstacle clearence equals ____ at departure end of the runway (DER). From that point, it increases by ____ of the horizontal distance in the direction of flight assuming a maximum turn of ___.
The minimum obstacle clearence equals zero at departure end of the runway (DER). From that point, it increases by 0,8 % of the horizontal distance in the direction of flight assuming a maximum turn of 15°.
(Part I, Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.1)
PANSOPS: What is the minimum obstacle clearence in the turn initiation area and turn area?
90 m (295 ft)
(Part I, Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.2)
PANSOPS: “Unless otherwise published, a PDG of ___ per cent is assumed. The PDG is based on:
a) an obstacle identification surface (OIS) having a ___ per cent gradient or a gradient determined by the most critical obstacle penetrating the surface, whichever is the higher (see Figure I-3-1-2); and
b) an additional margin of ___ per cent.”
“Unless otherwise published, a PDG of 3.3 per cent is assumed. The PDG is based on:
a) an obstacle identification surface (OIS) having a 2.5 per cent gradient or a gradient determined by the most critical obstacle penetrating the surface, whichever is the higher (see Figure I-3-1-2); and
b) an additional margin of 0.8 per cent.”
(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.5)
PANSOPS: Pilots should not accept radar vectors during departure unless?
a) They are above the minimum altitude required to maintain obstacle clearence in the event of engine failure.
b) The departure route is non-critical with respect to obstacle clearence
(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7)
PANSOPS: When does a SID terminate?
At the first fix/facility/waypoint of the en-route phase following the departure procedure.
(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.1.2)
PANSOPS: Which types of SID exists?
- Straight departure: Departure track is within 15° of allignment of the runway centre line.
- Turning departure: Departure route requires a turn of more than 15°. Straight flight is assumed until reaching an altitude of at least 394 ft.
(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.1.3)
PANSOPS: On a turning departure: If nothing else is written in the SID, when can you, during a Cat. H procedure, make your turn?
In 295 ft AGL (90m) above the elevation if the DER and the earliest initiation point are made at the beginning of the runway/final approach take-off area (FATO)
(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 2.3.2)
PANSOPS: Where obstacles do not permit development of onmidirectional procedures, it is necessary to?
- fly a standard instrument departure (SID) route
or
- ensure that ceiling and visibility will permit obstacles to be avoided be visual means
(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.1.2)
PANSOPS: When can you initiate a turn during an omnidirectional departure for Cat. A and Cat. H?
- Cat. A: 600 m from the beginning of the runway at a altitude of 394 ft. AGL with a PDG of 3.3%
- Cat. H: at 295 ft. AGL if the DER and the earliest initiation point are at the beginning of the runway/FATO with a PDG of 5%
(Part 1 - Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2)
PANSOPS: Which 4 omnidirectional departure procedures can you encounter?
- Standard case: No obstacles penetrate the 2.5% obstacle identification surface (OIS), and 295´ of obstacle clearence prevails, a 3.3% climb to 394´ will satisfy the obstacle clearence requirements
- Specified turn altitude: Due to obstacles, perform 3.3% climb to a specified altitude where omnidirectional turns can be made
- Specified PDG: Procedure may define a minimum gradient of more than 3.3% to a specified altitude before turns are permitted.
- Sector departures: Procedure may define sector(s) for which either a minimum PDG or a minimum turn altitude is specified (e.g. “climb straight ahead to altitude…. before commencing a turn to the east sector 0°-180°)
(Part I, Section 3, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.3)
PANSOPS: Unless stated otherwise, which PDG are you at least required to climb with during an SID?
minimum 3.3% PDG
(Part I - Section 3, Chapter 4, Paragraf 4.2.2)
PANSOPS: How many segments may an approach procedure have?
- Arrival (Before IAF)
- Initial (IAF -> IF)
- Intermediate (IF -> FAF)
- Final (FAF -> MAPt)
- Missed Approach (MAPt -> Missed appraoch)
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.2.2.1)
PANSOPS: Which types of approachs exists?
- Straight-in approach: Approach track is within 30° of runway centre line.
- Circling approach
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.2.3.1)
PANOPS: What Category are helicopters classified as, when operated as aeroplanes?
Category A (less than 91 kt IAS)
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.10)
PANSOPS: Does the stall speed method of calculating aircraft category apply to helicopters?
No.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.10.1)
PANSOPS: Which techniques can be employed for vertical path control on non-precision approached?
- Continuous descent final approach (CDFA): PANSOPS defines CDFA as the preferred technique. CDFA is a continuous descent to a point approx. 50 ft above threshold. When approaching MDA only two options exist: Continue the approach or missed approach. At no time is the aircraft flown i level flight at or near MDA.
- Constant angle descent: Constant unbroken angle from FAF to a point approx. 50 ft above threshold. At MDA a decision shall be made to either continue or level off.
- Stepdown descent (dive and drive): Descend immediately to not below the minimum stepdown fix altitude/MDA. Descent gradient must be less than 15%.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7)
PANSOPS: On a continuous descent final approach (CDFA), are you supposed to go missed approach, if you reach the MAPt before descending near the MDA?
Yes.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7.2)
PANSOPS: May you fly the turning part of the missed approach before reaching the MAPt?
No.
“Regardless of the type of vertical path control on a non-precision approach, the lateral “turning” portion of the missed approach shall not be executed prior to the MAPt.”
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7.2.4)
PANSOPS: What is the maximum descent gradient during a stepdown descent (“dive and drive”)
Less than 15%
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.7.4)
PANSOPS: What is the optimum descent gradient for an approach procedure with FAF?
Optimum descent gradient: 3.0° (480ft/min with 90 kts GS)
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.9)
PANSOPS: How may you perform a reversal procedure?
- Procedure turn
- Base turn
These procedures does not permit a racetrack or holding manoeuvre to be conducted unless so specified.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2)
PANSOPS: What are the two generally recognized manoeuvres to perform a procedure turn?
- 45°/180° Procedure turn
- 80°/260° Procedure turn
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2.3)
PANSOPS: For category A, when do you start time for the 45 degrees straight leg on a 45/180 procedure turn?
From start of the turn, 1 minute.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2.3)
PANSOPS: How is the limiting factor for an outbound track of a base turn specified?
By timing or DME distance from a facility
(Part 1 - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.2.3)
PANSOPS: How may the limiting factor of an outbound track of a racetrack procedure be specified?
By timing (1, 2 or 3 minutes) or by DME distance
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.1)
PANSOPS: How may you enter an racetrack procedure?
Aircraft are expected to enter the procedure in manner similar to a holding procedure entry.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2)
PANSOPS: What is the limiting time, when flying an off-set (teardrop) entry in a racetrack/holding entry?
1 min 30 sec when flying the 30° offset track
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2)
PANSOPS: Shall you intercept the inbound track before returning to the facility during a parallel entry in a racetrack/holding?
During racetrack: Yes
During holding: No
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2)
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.4b)
PANSOPS: As far as possible, on which side shall all manoevring, during an entry into a racetrack/holding procedure, be done?
On the manoeuvering side of the inbound track
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.2.3.2)
PANSOPS: How may you enter an reversal procedure?
+/- 30° of the outbound track. If the sector does not include the reciprocal of the inbound track, the entry sector is expanded to include it.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.1.1)
PANSOPS: Which bank angle is the approach procedures based on?
Average 25° or 3°/second, whichever is less
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.3)
PANSOPS: When may you descend on the indbound track?
When established
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.4)
PANSOPS: When are you considered established on an ILS/VOR approach?
Half scale deflection
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.4)
PANSOPS: When are you considered established on a NDB approach?
+/- 5°
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.4)
PANSOPS: When is outbound timing started during a racetrack procedure.
- Procedure based on a facility?
- Procedure based on a fix?
- Procedure based on a facility:
- Abeam the facility or attaining the outbound heading, whichever comes later.
- __Procedure based on a fix:
- Attaining the outbound heading
(Part I, Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.5)
PANSOPS: What are the min/max descent rates to be used when descending on the outbound track of a racetrack or reversal procedure (Cat. A/B)?
- Max: 804 ft/min
- Min: N/A
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.7)
PANSOPS: What are the min/max descent rates to be used when descending on the inbound track of a racetrack or reversal procedure (Cat. A/B)?
- Max: 655 ft/min
- Min: 394 ft/min
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 3, Paragraf 3.3.7)
PANSOPS: When does the intermediate segment begin?
- FAF exists: When aircraft is on the inbound track of the procedure turn, base turn or final indbound leg of racetrack.
- No FAF: No intermediate segment. Inbound track is final segment.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 4, Paragraf 4.1.3)
PANSOPS: Where is FAF on a NPA normally located in relation to the threshold?
- Minimum: 3.0 NM
- Optimum: 5.0 NM
- Maximum: 10.0 NM
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.2.1)
PANSOPS: What is the optimum final approach descent gradient for a NPA with FAF?
5.2%
Equals:
- 3°
- 318 ft/NM
- 477 ft/min (@ 90 KTS GS)
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.2.2.1)
PANSOPS: How can you verify the glidepath on a precision approach?
By outer marker/DME fix
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.4.3.1)
PANSOPS: In reference to the fix, which provides glideslope verification on a precision approach, complete the following sentence:
“Descent below the fix crossing altitude ________ be made prior to crossing the fix”
“Descent below the fix crossing altitude should not be made prior to crossing the fix”
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.4.3.2)
PANSOPS: In the event of loss of glide path during a precision approach, what does the procedure become?
A non-precision approach
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.4.3.4)
PANSOPS: What defines a non-standard procedure?
Glide paths greater than 3.5°
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.4.1)
PANSOPS: On an ILS, what is the optimum glide path angle?
- Minimum: 2.5°
- Optimum: 3.0° (318 ft/NM)
- Maximum: 3.5°
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.2.2)
PANSOPS: On a NPA without FAF, when may you descend to MDA?
When established inbound on final approach track.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.3)
PANSOPS: During a precision-approach, how much can you deviate from centre line and glide-path without exceeding the protection area?
Centre line: Half-scale defection
Glide-path: Half course fly-up deflection
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 5, Paragraf 5.5.5.2)
PANSOPS: When should a missed approach be initiated during a precision approach?
It should be initiated not lower than DA
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.3)
PANSOPS: When should a missed approach be initiated in a non-precision approach?
At a specified point (DME/time) not lower than MDA
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.3)
PANSOPS: If a missed approach is initiated before arriving at the missed approach point (MAPt), what shall the pilot normally do?
The pilot will normally proceed to the MAPt and then follow the missed approach procedure in order to remain within protected airspace.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.4)
PANSOPS: If upon reaching the MAPt the required visual reference is not established, what is the pilot then required to do?
Initiate a missed approach at once in order to maintain protection from obstacles.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.6)
PANSOPS: What is the missed approach climb gradient normally based on?
A climb gradient of 2.5%
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 6, Paragraf 6.1.7.1)
PANSOPS: Are circling procedures applicable to helicopter?
No.
The helicopter pilot has to conduct a visual manouevre in adequate meteorological conditions.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.1.2)
PANSOPS: During a circling procedure, what visual reference must be kept in contact?
The runway enviroment should be kept in sight.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.2.2)
PANSOPS: During visual manoeuvring (circling), descent below MDA/H should not be made until?
a) visual reference has been established and can be maintained;
b) the pilot has the landing threshold in sight; and
c) the required obstacle clearance can be maintained and the aircraft is in a position to carry out a landing.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.3.3)
PANSOPS: If visual reference is lost while circling to land, what should the pilot do?
Initiate a climbing turn towards the landing runway, immediately followed by interception and execution of the missed approach procedure.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 7, Paragraf 7.4.1)
PANSOPS: For procedure identification, how is a helicopter approach identified?
By the navigation aid and the final approach track.
For example: “VOR 235”
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 8, Paragraf 8.5.1.2.4)
PANSOPS: What does a procedure named VOR-A (or VOR-B, NDB-C ect.) indicate?
A circling approach
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 8, Paragraf 8.5.1.2.5)
PANSOPS: How is a procedure identified, when two or more procedures to the same runway cannot be distinguished by the navigation aid type only?
A single letter suffix, starting with the letter Z.
For example: VOR Z Rwy 20, VOR Y Rwy 20, ect.
(Part I - Section 4, Chapter 8, Paragraf 8.5.1.3.1)
PANSOPS: During holding, all turns are to be made with bank angle/rate of turn of?
25° or 3°/sec, whichever requires the lesser bank.
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.2)
PANSOPS: When does outbound timing begins during holding?
Over or abeam the fix, whichever occurs later.
If the abeam position cannot be determined, start timing when the turn to outbound is completed.
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3.4)
PANSOPS: Entry to holding patterns is based on?
Based on heading.
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.1)
PANSOPS: When entering holding, which entry sectors exists?
- Sector 1: Parallel entry
- Sector 2: Offset entry
- Sector 3: Direct entry
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4)
PANSOPS: When entering holding, what is the entry zone of flexibility?
5° on either side of the sector boundaries
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.4.1)
PANSOPS: How is holding timed? (Still air condition below 14000 ft)
1 minute outbound (or to DME distance when specified)
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.5.1)
PANSOPS: What is the maximum holding speed for helicopters?
- Up to 6000 ft: 100 kt
- Above 6000 ft: 170 kt
(Part I - Section 6, Chapter 1, Table II-6-1-2)
PANSOPS: “The procedures described for noise abatement have been designed for application to _____ _______.”
“The procedures described for noise abatement have been designed for application to turbojet aeroplanes.”
(Part I - Section 7, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3)
PANSOPS: Noise abatement shall not be a determining factor in runway nomination under what circumstances?
a) RWY condition affected (e.g. by snow, slush, ice, water, mud, rubber, oil or other substances);
b) for landing in conditions:
- 1) ceiling is lower than 150 m (500 ft) and visibility 1 900 m; or,
- 2) when the approach requires vertical minima greater than 100 m (300 ft) above aerodrome elevation and:
- i) the ceiling is lower than 240 m (800 ft) above aerodrome elevation; or
- ii) the visibility is less than 3000m;
c) for take-off when the visibility is less than 1 900 m;
d) when wind shear has been reported or forecast or when thunderstorms are expected to affect the approach or departure;
e) when the crosswind component, including gusts, exceeds 28 km/h (15 kt), or the tailwind component, including gusts, exceeds 9 km/h (5 kt).
(Part I - Section 7, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.1.4)
PANSOPS: “Helicopter pilots using a Category A procedure which authorizes both straight-in and circling minima may manoeuvre at the _______ minimum descent height (MDH) if visibility permits.”
“Helicopter pilots using a Category A procedure which authorizes both straight-in and circling minima may manoeuvre at the Straigt-in minimum descent height (MDH) if visibility permits.”
(Part I - Section 8, Chapter 1, Paragraf 1.3)
PANSOPS: During straight departures, within which laterally tollerance of the centre line, is it important that helicopters cross the DER when using departure procedures designed for aeroplanes?
Cross DER within 150 m laterally.
(Part I - Section 8, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.2)
PANSOPS: When flying the procedure as a Cat. A aeroplane, what is the minimum final approach speed?
70 kt.
(Part I - Section 8, Chapter 2, Paragraf 2.3.2)
