2.2 Cellular Respiration Flashcards
What is the purpose of Aerobic respiration?
To convert glucose into energy in the form of ATP
What is the first stage of aerobic respiration known as?
Glycolysis
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place?
In the cytoplasm
ATP is initially used in glycolysis, what is the energy released used for?
To power cellular processes
E.G MATS
What is ATP broken down to?
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) + Pi
How many ATP are used in the first stage of glycolysis?
2 ATP
How many ATP are generated in total in Glycolysis?
4 ATP
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
2 ATP
Why is there a ‘net’ gain of ATP?
Because 4 ATP are produced but 2 ATP are used
What is removed from the intermediate molecule in glycolysis?
Hydrogen ions and electrons
What is the name of the enzyme that removes hydrogen ions and electrons?
Dehydrogenase enzymes
What is the name of the co-enzyme that picks up the hydrogen ions and electrons?
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
Where will the hydrogen ions and electrons be transported?
To the electron transport chain
What compound is formed at the end of Glycolysis?
Pyruvate (x2)
What are the two stages of glycolysis
- Energy investment stage
- Energy pay off stage
What is formed when pyruvate is broken down in aerobic conditions?
Acetyl coenzyme A
What does the acetyl group combine with in the citric acid cycle?
Oxaloacetate
What is the result of citrate being converted back into oxaloacetate?
Generation of ATP and release of carbon dioxide
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
In the matrix of the mitochondria
What role do dehydrogenase enzymes play in cellular respiration?
Remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to NAD
What is formed when hydrogen ions and electrons are passed to NAD?
NADH
Where are the hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH passed to?
The electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane
Fill in the blank: The citric acid cycle starts with the combination of _______ and oxaloacetate.
Acetyl group
What is ATP synthesis?
The process where electrons are passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy.
Where is the electron transport chain located?
Attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What does the energy released in the electron transport chain allow?
Hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What is the role of ATP synthase?
Facilitates the flow of hydrogen ions back through the membrane, resulting in ATP production.
What do hydrogen ions and electrons combine with to form water?
Oxygen.
Where does fermentation occur in the absence of oxygen?
In the cytoplasm
What is pyruvate converted to in animal cells during fermentation?
Lactate
This conversion occurs in a reversible reaction.
What are the end products of fermentation in plants and yeast?
Ethanol and CO2
This process occurs in an irreversible reaction.
How does the ATP production of fermentation compare to aerobic respiration?
Much less ATP is produced
