2.2 Flashcards
What is reflux?
The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure that the reaction takes place without the contents of the flask boiling dry.
What is esterification?
The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.
What is dehydration?
An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
What is hydrolysis?
A reaction with water or aqueous hydroxide ions that breaks a chemical compound into two compounds.
What is nucleophilic substitution?
A type of substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.
Equation for percentage yield.
(Actual amount, in mol, of product / theoretical amount, in mol, of product) x 100
What is a limiting reagent?
The substance in a chemical reaction that runs out first.
Equation for atom economy.
(Molecular mass of the desired product / sum of molecular masses of all products) x 100
What is the molecular ion, M⁺ ?
The positive ion formed in mass spectrometry when a molecule loses an electron.
What is fragmentation?
The process in mass spectrometry that causes a positive ion to split into pieces, one of which is a positive fragment ion.
What is volatility?
The ease that a liquid turns into a gas.
