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Chemistry > 2.1 - 7-16 > Flashcards

2.1 - 7-16 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a radical?

A

A species with an unpaired electron.

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1
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond, with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.

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2
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms.

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3
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-deficient centre or atom, where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

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4
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An atom (or group of atoms) that is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

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5
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule.
2 reactants → 1 product

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6
Q

What is a substitution reaction?

A

A reaction in which an atom (or group of atoms) is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

2 reactants → 2 products

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7
Q

What is an elimination reaction?

A

Refers to the removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
1 reactant → 2 products

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8
Q

What is radical substitution?

A

A type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces a different atom or group of atoms.

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9
Q

What are the conditions of the reaction between an alkane and a halogen?

A

Ultraviolet light or at a temperature of about 300⁰C

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10
Q

What is initiation?

A

The first step in a radical substitution in which the free radicals are generated by ultraviolet radiation.

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11
Q

What is propagation?

A

The two repeated steps in radical substitution that build up the products in a chain reaction.

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12
Q

What is termination?

A

The step at the end of a radical substitution when two radicals combine to form a molecule.
All radicals are removed.

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13
Q

How is the double bond formed?

A

A σ - bond is formed directly between two carbon atoms by the overlap of orbitals. Each carbon contributes one electron.
A π - bond is formed above and below the plane of the carbon atoms by sideways overlap of p-orbitals. Each carbon contributes one electron.

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14
Q

What is a pi-bond?

A

The reactive part of a double bond formed above and below the plane of the bonded atoms by sideways overlap of p - orbitals.

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15
Q

What is the shape and bond angle of an alkene?

A

Trigonal planar shape.

120⁰

16
Q

Which bond breaks when an alkene reacts?

A

The pi bond breaks.

The sigma bond remains intact.

17
Q

What is electrophilic addition?

A

A type of addition reaction where an electrophile is attracted to an electron-rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond.

18
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge.

19
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural arrangements of atoms.

20
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Compounds with the same structural formula, but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

21
Q

What is E/Z isomerism?

A

A type of stereo isomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C-C double bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the double bond.

22
Q

What is cis/trans isomerism?

A

A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of the C-C double bond.

23
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

The separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ in boiling point by mean ps of distillation.

24
Q

What is cracking?

A

Refers to the breaking down of long-chained hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter chained alkanes and alkenes.

24
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the process.

25
Q

What is a mechanism?

A

A sequence of steps showing the path taken by electrons in a reaction.

26
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A long molecular chain built up from monomer units.

27
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer.

28
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) react to form a polymer.

29
Q

What is an addition polymer?

A

A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules.

30
Q

What is a repeat unit?

A

A specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in the structure over and over again.

31
Q

What is biodegradable material?

A

A material that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms.

Chemistry (14 decks)

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