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Infection Biology 1 > 22-23 Parasites > Flashcards

22-23 Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Nematodes
1. General name (1)
2. Special fact about nematodes (3)
3. immune response (2)
4. examples (10)
5. Organs

A

1. General name (1)
Roundworm

2. Special fact about nematodes (3)
fixed number of cells for each species
3-4 larvae stages
some can see light (circadian rythym)

3. immune response (2)
IgE, t cell dependent

4. examples (10)

5. Organs
Esopharynx
Gut
Secretion system similar to our kidneys
Gonads
Ganglia
Dorsal / Ventral main nerve
Excretion porus
Anal porus
Culticula for shape

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2
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
4. Reproduction
5. Disease
6. Treatment
7. Diagnosis

A

1. Name
Giant roundworm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
Eggs ingested, small intestine > heart > lungs (pulmonary larvae 3 stage> trachea -> eggs in feces
4. Reproduction
Oviparous
5. Disease
mostly asymptomatic
impair children cognitive developement
6. Treatment
Albendazol, Mebendazol
Deworming children in endemic areas
7. Diagnosis
Eggs in feces, microscopy, morphology of parasite eggs easy to distinguish

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3
Q

Enterobius vermicularis
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
4. Reproduction
5. Disease
6. Treatment

A

1. Name
Pinworm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
Eggs ingested, small intestine > colon > lay eggs on anus
4. Reproduction
Oviparous
5. Disease
Oxyuriasis, mostly asymptomatic, but most common parsite infection in Germany
6. Treatment
Albendazol, Mebendazol

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4
Q

Trichuris trichiura
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
4. Reproduction
5. Disease
6. Treatment

A

1. Name
Whipworm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
Eggs ingested, small intestine > colon > lay eggs in feces < embryonate in soil
4. Reproduction
Oviparous
5. Disease
Colitis with diarhea, prolaps anus
6. Treatment
Albendazol, Mebendazol

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5
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Nercator americans
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
4. Reproduction
5. Disease

A

1. Name
Hookworm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
Larvae penetrates skin > small intestine > eggs in feces > Rhabditiform -> Filariform stage 3 larvae penetrates skibn
4. Reproduction
Oviparous
5. Disease
Anemia

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6
Q

Trichinella spiralis
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
4. Reproduction
5. Disease
6. factors involved in cysts developement

A

1. Name
pork worm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
Undercooked meat > small intestine > lymph > muscle > Nurse cell-larvea complex -> 6 months - 30 years multicellular cyst
4. Reproduction
Ovoviviparous
5. Disease
Trichinosis
6. factors involved in cysts developement
Apoptosis (TNFR)
Muscle regeneration (IGFR)
Cellcycle (TGFR)

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7
Q

Dracunulus mediensis
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
4. Reproduction

A

1. Name
Guinea worm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
Infected Intermediate hosts Copepodes swallowed > small intestine > subcutaneous tissue > released to watee
4. Reproduction
Ovoviviparous

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8
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages

A

1. Name
Threatworm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
small intestine

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9
Q

Toxocara canis
1. Name
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
4. Reproduction
5. Disease

A

1. Name
Dog roundworm
2. belongs to ….
Nematodes
3. Stages
up to 100k eggs/g fecal oral zoonosis (dog) > small intestine > many organs
4. Reproduction
Ovoviviparous
5. Disease
Toxocariasis, eg. Myocarditis

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10
Q

Dirofilaria repens
2. belongs to ….
3. Stages
5. Disease
6. Risk factors

A

1. belongs to ….
Nematodes
2. Stages
L3 in mosquito > subcutaneous tissue > larvae builds microfilariae that are ingested by mosquito again > L1 > L3
3. Disease
Dirofilariasis (heart, lung)
4. Risk factors
Climate changes, dogs, wolfs

endemic in Germany

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11
Q
  • Filariasis
    1. Treatment
    2. Reproduction
    3. Body sites
    4. Species and whats special
A

1. Treatment
Antibiotics like Tetracycline / Rifampicin
2. Reproduction
Ovoviviparous
3. Body sites
lymphatic, subcutaneous, serous cavity, cardial
4. Species and whats special

in general: Microfilariae taken up my intermediate host, then L3 gets into humans
Wuchereria bancrofti:
L3 larvae enters throiugh mosquito, lymphatic, peripheral blood mostly at night for mosquito bite, sleeping disease
Onchocerra volvulus:
Blackfly, subcutaneous tissue, River blindness
Loa Loa:
Eye, subcutaenous tissue, fly

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12
Q

Cestodes
1. General name and class (2)
2. Special fact about cestodes (2)
3. examples (5)

A
  1. General name and class (1)
    Monogenea: Tapeworms
  2. Special fact about cestodes (1)
    can get very big (30m) (Polygonoporus giganticus)
    proterandric hermaphrodites (male and female in one)
  3. examples (5)
    Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) cattle
    Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) swine
    Taenia asiatica (asian tapeworm) swine
    Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm)
    Echinococcus multicularis (fox tapeworm)
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13
Q
  • Taenia
    belongs to….
    1. Species
    2. Stages
    3. Disease
    4. Treatment
A

belongs to….
Cestodes, Tapeworms
1. Species
T. solium, saginata, asiatica
2. Stages
ingesting undercooked meat (cysterci) > small intestine via scolex > eggs or gravid proglottids (one segment) > cattle (saginata) and pigs (solium) ingest > Oncospheres penetrate muscle > cysticerci
3. Disease
Cysticercus in eye, brain or muscle

Treatment
Albenazole, Praziquantel

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14
Q

Echinococcus
* belongs to….
1. Species
2. Stages
3. Disease
4. Treatment

A

1. belongs to …
Cestodes, Tapeworms
2. Species
granulosus (dog) , multicularis (fox)
3. Stages
adult form in dogs > eggs in feces > Eggs ingested > larvae in small intestine > penetrates to liver/other to form cysts with many larvae
4. Treatment
Albendazole + Mebendazole
PAIR: Punction, Aspiration, Injection (NaCl), Reaspiration

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15
Q

Trematodes
1. Name
2. hosts
3. Examples

A

1. Name
Flukes, most common liver flukes
2. hosts
always at least 1 intermediate hosts
3. Examples
Fasciola hepatica (Sheep liver fluke)

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16
Q

Fasciola hepatica
1. Name
2. belongs to …
3. Reproduction
4. special
5. Stages

A
  1. Name
    Sheep liver fluke
  2. belongs to …
    Trematodes
  3. Reproduction
    Hermaphrodites
  4. special
    no anal poris, respiration across skin
    anaerobic glycolysis
  5. Stages
    Metacercariae ingested by human, sheep, cattle > eggs in feces > embryonated in water, Miracidia larvae hatch and penetrate snail > Sporocysts -> Rediae > Cercariae encysts on water plants >Metacercaiae
17
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1. Name
2. belongs to …
3. Stages

A

1. Name
Lancet liver fluke
2. belongs to …
Trematodes
3. Stages
Metacercariae ingested by human or cattle > embryonated eggs in feces > snail > Mirocidia > Sporocysts > Cercariae released via slime and eaten by ant to become Metacercariae

18
Q

Shistosoma
1. Species
2. Stages
3. special about species

A

1. Species
Shistosoma haematobium, mansoni, japonicum
2. Stages
Cercariae penetrate skin > lose tail to become Shistosomula > adults in liver > worms (m/w) mate for life > eggs in stool/urine > Miracidia penetrate snail > Sporocysts > Cercariae > released into water
3. special about species
haematobium: eggs urine, urogenital Schistosomiasis
mansoni/japonicum : eggs in stool, Hepatic/Intestinal Schistosomiasis

19
Q

Opisthorchis viverrini / Clonorchis sinensis
1. Name
2. Disease

A

1. Name
Southeast Asian liver fluke, chinese liver fluke
2. Disease
can lead to cancer
3. Stages
Cercariae in fish > ingested by humans > embryonated eggs in feces > snails > Miracidia > Cercariae > release into water and penetrates fish > Metacercariae swallowed by humans

20
Q

Which parasite and how it induces cancer ?

A

Opisthorchis viverrini can lead to bile duct cancer or cholangiocarcinoma

How ?

Parasite ES products lead to cellular modification which can also inhibit DNA repair + apoptosis (Cancer Inductive State)
Inflammation leads to ROS
Wounding leads to altered cells stages through active wound repair

This leads to **DNA damage **

Fixed gentic alteration leads to malignancy

21
Q

Scabies Mites
1. Genes
2. Transmission
3. Treatment
4. Diagnose
5. Reproduction

A

Sarcoptes scabei
Demodex foliculorum (commensal)

1. Genes
loss of genes, dependent on host
2. Transmission
close contact in mammals, worldwide, skin inflammation in stratum corneum, especially immunodeficiency
3. Treatment
Insecticides topical or orally Ivermectin.
no vaccine
WHO MDA: Mass Drug Administration
4. Diagnose
Scraping of skin, microscopic

22
Q

Follicular Mites
1. Reproduction
2. Disease
3. Special

A
  1. Reproduction
    Endogamy
  2. Disease
    no, even commensal maybe
  3. Special
    Loss of genes, small genome, loss of TIM genes, only 600-800 cells, eye just one light sensor

Infection Biology 1 (20 decks)

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