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Biology mod 2 Foundations in biology > 2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation > Flashcards

2.1.6 Cell division, cell diversity and cellular organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three phases of the cell cycle?

A

interphase, nuclear division (mitosis), Cell division (cytokinesis)

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2
Q

What is the movement from one phase in the cell cycle to another triggered by?

A

Chemicals called cyclins.

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3
Q

What are the three phases in interphase?

A

G1, S phase, G2

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4
Q

What happens during G1 in interphase?

A

The cell grows, new organelles and proteins are made.

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5
Q

What happens in S phase in interphase?

A

Cell replicates its DNA.

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6
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase?

A

The cell continues growing and prepares to divide.

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7
Q

Does mitosis occur in all somatic cells?

A

Yes

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8
Q

How many rounds of division are in mitosis?

A

One

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9
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

growth, repair, asexual reproduction

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10
Q

What type of cells does mitosis produce?

A

2 identical daughter diploid cells.

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11
Q

How many chromosomes do the cells produced from mitosis have?

A

46

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12
Q

What type of cells does meiosis produce?

A

4 non identical daughter haploid cells

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13
Q

How many chromosomes do the cells produced from meiosis have?

A

23

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14
Q

Are the cells produced by meiosis diploid or haploid?

A

haploid

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15
Q

Are the cells produced by mitosis diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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16
Q

How many rounds of division are involved in meiosis?

A

Two

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17
Q

What is meiosis used for?

A

sexual reproduction, production of gametes

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18
Q

How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle?

A

Four

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19
Q

What is the cell checked for in G1?

A

Damage.

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20
Q

What is the cell checked for in S phase?

A

Ensure that chromosomes have been replicated.

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21
Q

What is the cell checked for in G2 phase?

A

Additional check for if DNA damage has occurred.

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22
Q

When are each of the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, Metaphase.

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23
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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24
Q

What happens in prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes condense and are visible.
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Spindle fibres begin to emerge
DNA supercoils

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25
Q

What happens in metaphase of mitosis?

A

chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

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26
Q

What happens in anaphase of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids separate at centromere.
Spindles shorten
Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles

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27
Q

What happens in telophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to recompense.
Nuclear envelope reforms
Spindle fibres break down

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28
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

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29
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

four

30
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce?

A

Two

31
Q

What is the point at which sister chromatids are joined together called?

A

Centromere

32
Q

What happens in prophase I of meiosis?

A

DNA condenses.
Homologous chromosomes line up
Crossing over
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Spindle fibres form

33
Q

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Prophase 1

34
Q

What happens in metaphase I of meiosis?

A

Bivalents line up along equator
independent assortment.

35
Q

At which stage of meiosis does independent assortment occur?

A

Metaphase I

36
Q

What happens in anaphase I of meiosis?

A

Microtubules pull chromosomes to opposite ends of the spindle
Centromeres do not divide

37
Q

What happens in telophase I of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
spindles break down
nuclear envelope reforms

38
Q

What happens in prophase II of meiosis?

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down
chrosomes condense
Spindle fibres form at right angles to previous ones

39
Q

What happens in metaphase II of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes line up in single file along the equator of the spindle

40
Q

What happens in anaphase II of meiosis?

A

Centromeres divide and individual chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

41
Q

What happens in telophase II of meiosis?

A

Nuclear membrane reofrms

42
Q

What are the three mechanisms of creating genetically different offspring in meiosis?

A

Crossing over
independent assortment
Random fusion of gametes

43
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When non-sister chromatids exchange alleles by getting entangled which places stress on the DNA molecules so a section on one chromosome will join with a section on the other chromosomes.

44
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

The production of different combinations of chromosomes in daughter cells due to the random alignment of homologous pairs along the equator of the spindle.

45
Q

What is random fusion of gametes?

A

Meiosis creates genetic variation between the gametes produced so every gamete carry’s very different alleles. During fertilisation,any male gamete can fuse with any female one to create a zygote.

46
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

a cell that can differentiate and become any type of human cell

47
Q

What are the three levels of potency?

A

totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

48
Q

What is potency?

A

the ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialised cells

49
Q

What is totipotency?

A

Stem cells which can differentiate into any cell type found in an embryo as well as the placenta.

50
Q

What is pluripotency?

A

Embryonic stem cells which can differentiate into any cell type found in the embryo however not the placenta cells.

51
Q

What is mutlipotency?

A

Adult stem cells that have lost potency. Can only produce a limited range of cell types e.g blood cells.

52
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

bone marrow

53
Q

How are red blood cells formed?

A

From adult bone marrow stem cells.

54
Q

Use of embryonic stem cells?

A

Huge potential in the treatment of disease.

55
Q

Use of adult stem cells?

A

stem cells from healthy persons bone marrow can replace faulty blood cells in patient.

56
Q

Why is the use of embryonic stem cells controversial?

A

It involves the destruction of embryos

57
Q

What shape do red blood cells have?

A

Bioconcave disc

58
Q

Function of red blood cells?

A

transport oxygen around the body.

59
Q

Which pigment is found in red blood cells?

A

Haemoglobin

60
Q

Why do red blood cells have a bioconcave shape?

A

Increase surface area.

61
Q

Why is there no nucleus in red blood cells?

A

Makes more space inside the cell for maximum oxygen carrying capability.

62
Q

Function of neutrophils.

A

phagocytosis

63
Q

What type of nucleus do neutrophils have?

A

Lobed

64
Q

Sperm cells function

A

To fertilise the egg

65
Q

What does the sperm acrosome contain?

A

Digestive enzymes to break down the outer layer of egg cell .

66
Q

What is the mid piece of sperm packed with?

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

Function of root hair cell

A

Absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

68
Q

Why do root hair cells have a large surface area?

A

To take up more water by osmosis.

69
Q

Function of ciliated epithelium

A

moving substances across the surface of a tissue

70
Q

Why do ciliated epithelium have cilia?

A

They beat in a coordinated way to shift material along the surface of the epithelium tissue.

71
Q

Function of goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucus.

72
Q

Function of guard cells

A

Opening and closing of the stomata to regulate water loss and gas exchange.

Biology mod 2 Foundations in biology (6 decks)

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