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Biology mod 2 Foundations in biology > 2.1.2 Biological molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What molecules is water composed of?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

Why is water polar?

A

the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the 2 hydrogen atoms have a slight positive charge

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3
Q

What type of bonds join water molecules?

A

Hydrogen

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4
Q

What type of reaction joins water molecules?

A

Condensation

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5
Q

List some properties of water

A
  • high surface tension
    -cohesion
    -adhesion
    -high density
    -ice less dense than water
    -transparency
    -solvent
    -high specific heat capacity
    -high latent heat of vaporisation
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6
Q

Why does water have a high surface tension?

A

Water molecules at the surface have fewer water molecules to hydrogen bond to so they cohere to the water molecules next to them. This creates a high surface tension.

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7
Q

Why is water cohesive?

A

Like molecules of water will hydrogen bond to each other.

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8
Q

Why is waters cohesion beneficial?

A

Helps plants to take up water as the water molecules cohere together to create a continuous stream of water.

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9
Q

What is adhesion in water?

A

The attraction of different molecules to each other via hydrogen bonding.

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10
Q

What is the benefit of waters adhesion?

A

Allows water to stick to plant tissues e.g droplets on leaves which creates a ready source of drinking water for organisms.

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11
Q

How is waters high density beneficial?

A

Things can float on water and will exert less energy when floating.

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12
Q

Why does water have a high density?

A

Water molecules are packed more closely together than in some liquids of the same volume.

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13
Q

Why is ice less dense than water?

A

Hydrogen bonds in ice hold water molecules further apart than when water is a liquid.

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14
Q

Why is ice being less dense than water beneficial?

A

Means that ice can provide habitats for organisms.

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15
Q

Why is water transparent?

A

Light can be transmitted through it.

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16
Q

Why is waters transparency beneficial?

A

-Predators can see their prey through the water
-Light is needed for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Why is water a solvent?

A

Due to waters polarity and strong attraction to other molecules it can destroy the forces of attraction holding the muscles together causing it to dissolve.

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18
Q

Why is water being a solvent beneficial?

A

-Can transport a wide range of compounds
-Valuable to all living things

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19
Q

Why does water have a high specific heat capacity?

A

Due to the many hydrogen bonds present.

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20
Q

Why is waters specific heat capacity beneficial?

A

temperature of water does not fluctuate which means it can be a good habitat.

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21
Q

Why is waters high latent heat of vapourisation important?

A

Provides a cooling effect on organisms.

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22
Q

What does waters high latent heat of vapourisation mean?

A

Only little water is required to evaporate to lose a great amount of heat.

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23
Q

How does waters high surface tension benefit organisms?

A

Helps creatures to walk on water e.g water striders.

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24
Q

What molecules make up carbohydrates?

A

-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen

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25
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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26
Q

What bonds join the monomers of carbohydrates together?

A

Glycosidic bonds.

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27
Q

Glucose has two forms which makes it an ____

A

Isomer.

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28
Q

What are the two forms of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose

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29
Q

What structure do both alpha and beta glucose have?

A

Ring structure.

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30
Q

Difference between alpha and beta glucose.

A

on Carbon 1, alpha glucose has a OH group on the bottom and beta glucose has a OH group on the top

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31
Q

How many carbon atoms does glucose contain?

A

6

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32
Q

Function of glucose

A

Main energy source in plants and animals

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33
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

glucose and glucose

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33
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose and fructose

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33
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Galactose and glucose

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34
Q

How many carbons does ribose have?

A

Five

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35
Q

What is a dissacharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together in a condensation reaction.

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36
Q

What type of reaction joins monosaccharides together?

A

Condensation

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37
Q

What molecule is released in a condensation reaction?

A

Water

38
Q

What is the opposite of a condensation reaction?

A

Hydrolysis.

39
Q

Give some examples of polysaccharides.

A

-Cellulose
-Starch
-Glycogen

40
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

41
Q

Function of starch

A

Main energy storage in plants

42
Q

In starch insoluble or soluble in water?

A

Insoluble

43
Q

What happens when a plant needs glucose?

A

Starch is broken down

44
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Main energy storage in animals.

45
Q

Is glycogen soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble

46
Q

Structure of glycogen

A

Highly branched

47
Q

Function of cellulose?

A

Structural component of plant cell walls.

48
Q

Structure of cellulose?

A

Long unbranched chains of beta glucose arranged in microfibrils.

49
Q

Structure of amylose.

A

Long unbranched chains of alpha glucose joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds.

50
Q

Structure of amylopectin

A

Long branched chains of alpha glucose joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds.

51
Q

Molecules making up lipids.

A

-Carbon
-hydrogen
-Oxygen

52
Q

Do lipids or carbohydrates have more oxygen?

A

Carbohydrates.

53
Q

What are the two types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids

54
Q

Chemical formula for a fatty acid.

A

-RCOOH

55
Q

What is glycerol?

A

An alcohol

56
Q

What type of bond attach fatty acids to glycerol?

A

Ester

57
Q

Fatty acids can either be ___ or ____?

A

Saturated or unsaturated.

58
Q

What are saturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids which do not contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

59
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids which contain carbon-carbon double bonds.

60
Q

Some functions of triglycerides.

A

-Electrical insulation.
-Therman insulation
-Buoyancy
-Protection
-Energy storage

61
Q

How do triglycerides form?

A

Condensation reaction between 1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

62
Q

How do triglycerides provide insulation?

A

They are involved in the composition of the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibres.

63
Q

How do triglycerides provide buoyancy?

A

The low density of fat tissue allows animals to float easily.

64
Q

How do triglycerides provide protection?

A

The adipose tissue in humans and mammals helps to protect organs from damage.

65
Q

Structure of phospholipids.

A

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group

66
Q

Is the phosphate ion in a phospholipid hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophillic

67
Q

Why do phospholipids form a bilayer?

A

polar heads are hydrophilic, nonpolar tails are hydrophobic

68
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

69
Q

How many amino acids are present in the human body?

A

20

70
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond.

71
Q

What type of bond joins amino acids?

A

Peptide

72
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

73
Q

Define the primary structure of proteins.

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

74
Q

What are the two shapes that the polypeptide chain can take in secondary protein structure?

A

Beta pleated sheet or alpha helix.

75
Q

Why does the alpha helix formation occur?

A

When hydrogen bonds form between every fourth peptide bond.

76
Q

Why does the beta pleated sheet shape occur?

A

When the polypeptide chain folds so two parts of the chain are parallel and hydrogen bonds form between them.

77
Q

What are the bonds involved in tertiary protein structure?

A

-Hydrogen
-Ionic
-Disulphide
-Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions.

78
Q

When hydrophobic R groups are close together what happens?

A

Hydrophilic groups are pushed to the outside as hydrophobic ones clump together.

79
Q

When are disulphide bonds formed in tertiary protein structure?

A

When two molecules of the cystine amino acid come close together.

80
Q

Define quaternary structure of proteins.

A

Structure involving more than one polypeptide.

81
Q

Give an example of a protein with a quaternary structure.

A

-Haemoglobin
-Collagen
-Insulin

82
Q

Is haemoglobin globular or fibrous?

A

Globular

83
Q

How many polypeptide chains in haemoglobin?

A

Four

84
Q

What prosthetic group do haemoglobin chains have?

A

iron

85
Q

Is insulin globular or fibrous?

A

Globular

86
Q

How many polypeptide chains does insulin have?

A

Two

87
Q

Structure of globular proteins?

A

-Round
-Compact
-Soluble

88
Q

Why are globular proteins soluble?

A

The hydrophobic R groups clump together pushing the hydrophilic R groups to the outside of the molecule allowing them to interact with a solvent

89
Q

What is a fibrous protein?

A

Polypeptide chains arranged in long strands or sheets with cross linkages.

90
Q

Are fibrous proteins insoluble?

A

yes

91
Q

Why are fibrous proteins insoluble?

A

They contain a high proportion of hydrophobic R-groups.

92
Q

Examples of fibrous proteins.

A

-Collagen
-Keratin
-Elastin

93
Q

Why do mammals store glycogen instead of glucose?

A

-glycogen insoluble so will have no effect on the water potential of the cell.
-Highly branched which allows fast breakdown into glucose (free ends)
-Compact

Biology mod 2 Foundations in biology (6 decks)

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