2.1.3 Nucleotides and nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What elements do nucleotides contain?

A

C,H,O,N,P

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2
Q

Structure of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Structure of DNA nucleotide

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A,G,C,T)

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4
Q

Structure of an RNA nucleotide

A

Ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A,G,C,U)

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5
Q

What are the two different structural forms of nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyramidines and purines

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6
Q

List the purines found in DNA

A

adenine and Guanine

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7
Q

List the pyrimidines found in DNA

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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8
Q

Structure of purines.

A

double ring

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9
Q

structure of pyrimidines

A

single ring

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10
Q

Explain sugar phosphate backbone

A

DNA molecules are made up of two polynucleotide strands lying side by side running in opposite directions. The sugar links with the parallel phosphate by a phosphodiester bond.

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11
Q

What type of bond joins nucleotides together?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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12
Q

Why are fruits such as kiwi’s and strawberries good for DNA purification?

A

They have large amounts of DNA in their cells.

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13
Q

Explain the method for DNA purification.

A

-Cut up fruit into small pieces.

-Add washing up liquid to water in a beaker.

-Add some of the fruit into the beaker.

-Place the beaker in a water bath for 15 minutes.

-Move the beaker into an ice cold water bath and stir.

-Using filter paper, filter the mixture into another beaker.

-Pour the filtrate into a test tube and add 2-3 drops of protease enzyme.

-Carefully trickle ice cold ethanol down the side of the test tube and sit until the DNA precipitate forms.

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14
Q

Why do you have to place the beaker in a water bath in DNA purification?

A

Disrupts phospholipid bilayer of fruit cell membrane and nuclear membrane so DNA is released.

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15
Q

Why do you add detergent in DNA purification?

A

Disrupts phospholipid bilayer.

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16
Q

Why do you have to cool the mixture in an ice cold water bath during DNA purification?

A

Stops the DNA itself from breaking down.

17
Q

Why do you have to filter the mixture during DNA purification?

A

Removes cell debris.

18
Q

Why do you have to add protease enzyme during DNA purification?

A

Denatures and removes the proteins just leaving DNA.

19
Q

What is semi-conservative DNA replication?

A

One parental DNA splits to make 2 brand new DNA, each with a parent strand & daughter strand

20
Q

Positive of semi conservative DNA replication.

A

Ensures genetic continuity.

21
Q

How does semi conservative replication occur?

A
  • DNA helicase enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds by unwinding the double helix. This forms two strands.

-Each new strand acts as a template to form two new polynucleotide strands.

-The new strands are joined by DNA polymerase enzyme.

-Original DNA strand and new strand join together via hydrogen bonds.

22
Q

Why is the genetic code described as being degenerate?

A

More than one codon codes for one amino acid which reduces the risk of mutations.

23
Q

What are the two stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

24
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of DNA being transcribed and producing an mRNA molecule.

25
Q

What is translation?

A

The translation of an mRNA molecule and the formation of an amino acid sequence.

26
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus of cell .

27
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

ribosome

28
Q

Explain transcription.

A

-Part of a DNA molecule unwinds by the enzyme DNA helicase and the exposed gene can be translation into a single stranded mRNA molecule.

-Free RNA nucleotides pair up with their now exposed complementary bases on the template strand of the unzipped molecule.

-The sugar phosphate groups of these RNA nucleotides are bonded together by DNA polymerase to form the sugar phosphate backbone.

-When the gene has been transcribed, the hydrogen bonds break between the DNA and mRNA molecule and the mRNA leaves via a pore in the nuclear envelope.

29
Q

Explain translation.

A

-After leaving the nucleus, mRNA attaches to a ribosome.

-In the cytoplasm there are free molecules of tRNA which have a triplet of unpaired based at one end and a region where an amino acid can join to at the other.

-the tRNA molecules bind with their specific amino acids and bring them to the mRNA molecule.

-The triplet of bases on each mRNA molecule pairs with a complementary triplet in the mRNA molecule.

-Peptide binds form between the amino acid chains until a stop codon is reached.