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module 2 > 2.1.6 - cell division➗ > Flashcards

2.1.6 - cell division➗ Flashcards

1
Q

cell cycle

A

the ordered sequence of events that takes place in a cell, resulting in the division of the nucleus and the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

interphase

A

long period of the cell cycle between one cell division and the nect
resting phase as the cells are not actively dividing, but instead preparing

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3
Q

g1 phase

A

first growth phase, proteins are synthesised and organelles replicate. the cell increases in size

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4
Q

s phase

A

DNA is replicated in the nucleus.

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5
Q

g2 phase

A

second growth phase, the cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased and duplicated DNA is checked for errors.

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6
Q

mitotic phase

A

stage of the cell cyle when a cell is actively dividing, including mitosis and cytokenisis

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7
Q

g0 phase

A

non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle sometimes reversibly. due to differentiation, or the fact that the DNA may be damaged

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8
Q

importance of mitosis

A

growth, repair, reproduction

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9
Q

chromatids

A

two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material

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10
Q

centromere

A

region of a chromsome where two sister chromatids attach

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11
Q

four stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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12
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

clavage furrow forms around the middle of the cell - cell surface membrane pulled inwards by the cytoskeleton until it is close enough to fuse around the middle, forming two cells.

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13
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

vesicles fuse at the equator to form a cell plate. the cell plate forms from the inside out and turns into a wall between the new cells. the membranes surroundingt he vesicle fuse to form new parts of the plama membrane.

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14
Q

diploid

A

two chromosomes of each type (one inherited from each parent)

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15
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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16
Q

zygote

A

fertilised egg

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17
Q

haploid

A

an organism or cell that has half the complete set of chromosomes

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18
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually repreoducing organisms

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19
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

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20
Q

alleles

A

differnt forms of a gene

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21
Q

prophase 1

A

chromosomes become visible
nuclear envelope breaks down
crossing over occurs

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22
Q

difference between prophase in mitosis and prophase 1 in meiosis

A

in meiosis homologous chromosomes pair up, forming bivalents. crossing over causes genetic variation

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23
Q

metaphase1

A

same as metaphase in mitosis however the homologous pairs of chromosomes assemble along the metaphase plate, instead of individual chromosomes

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24
Q

independent assortment

A

orientation of each homologous pair is random and independent of any other homologous pair
it can result in many different combinations of alleles.

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25
Q

anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles - chromatids are still joined at this point

26
Q

chiasmata

A

sections of DNA which then become entangled during crossing over, break and rejoin during anaphase 1, providing genetic variation

27
Q

telophase 1

A

essentially the same as telophase in mitosis = chromsomes assmeble at each pole and the nuclear membrane reforms as the chromosomes uncoil

cell undergoes cytokinesis.

28
Q

prophase 2

A

chromosomes condense and become visible. nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle formation begins

29
Q

metaphase 2

A

individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate like in mitosis. independent assortment takes place.

30
Q

anaphase 2

A

chromatids of individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles

31
Q

telophase 2

A

nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed

32
Q

product of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

33
Q

levels of organisation

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

34
Q

erythocytes

A

red blood cells

35
Q

adaptations of erythrocytes

A
  • biconcave shape, increases surface area available for the diffusuon of gases/ helps them pass through narrow capillares
  • haemoglobin allows them to carry o2
36
Q

neutrophils

A

type of white blood cell that engulfs ivading microbes and contributes to the non specific defences of the body against disease.

37
Q

adaptations of neutrophills

A

multilobed nucleus which makes it easier for them to squeeze through small gaps to get to the site of infections
granular cytoplasm containing lysosomes

38
Q

adaptations of sperm cells

A

lots of mitochondria so they can produce ATP
acrosome in head contains digstive enzymes to break down egg cell
long tail arrows for moving long distances

39
Q

adaptations of palisade cells

A

long and thin, large surface area, packed with chloroplasts

40
Q

adaptations of root hair cells

A

long thin ‘hair; extends from the cell to incrase the surface area

41
Q

adaptations of guard cells

A

cell wall is thicker on one side, so able to bend. has chloroplasts to provide ATP

42
Q

squamous epithelial tissue

A

forms the upper layer of the epidermis - scaly cells that are continuously shed
present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential, like lining of lungs

43
Q

ciliated epithelial tissue

A

one side covered with cilia to move fluid, goblet cells also present to produce mucus

44
Q

cartilage tissue

A

connective tissue, containing elastic fibres and collagen
firm flexible tissue, prevents the ends of bones rubbing together and causing damage.

45
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissue that is able to contract in order to move bones
skeletal muscle fibres contain mycrofibrils.

46
Q

plant tissues

A

epidermis and vascular tissue

47
Q

epidermis tissue

A

single layer of closely packed cells covering the surface of plants
waxy waterproof cuticle
stomata present
allows co2 in and water and o2 out

48
Q

xylem tissue

A

moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis

49
Q

phloem tissue

A

transports glucose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves and other parts of the plant

50
Q

differentiation

A

process in which cells become specialised in structure and function

51
Q

undifferentiated cells

A

cells that have not specialised in a particular function

52
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialised cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialised cells

53
Q

totipotent stem cells

A

stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialised cells found in organisms of that species
a fertilised egg or zygote

54
Q

pluripotent stem cells

A

can form all tissue types but not whole organisms
present in early embryos

55
Q

multipotent

A

can only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue.
haemotopoetic stem cells in bone marrow

56
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

embryonic cells which can develop into any type of somatic cell

57
Q

tissue (adult) stem cells

A

present throughout life from birth. they are found in specific areas such as bone marrow and are multipotent

58
Q

meristems

A

plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots, responsible for plant growth. contains stem cells

59
Q

heart disease and stem cells

A

damage caused by a heart attack can be mended by stem cells replacing damaged tissue in the heart

60
Q

uses of stem cells

A

potential to treat certain diseases
treatment of burns
drug trials
developmental biology

module 2 (6 decks)

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