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module 2 > 2.1.6 - cell division➗ > Flashcards

2.1.6 - cell division➗ Flashcards

1
Q

cell cycle

A

the ordered sequence of events that takes place in a cell, resulting in the division of the nucleus and the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells

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2
Q

interphase

A

long period of the cell cycle between one cell division and the nect
resting phase as the cells are not actively dividing, but instead preparing

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3
Q

g1 phase

A

first growth phase, proteins are synthesised and organelles replicate. the cell increases in size

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4
Q

s phase

A

DNA is replicated in the nucleus.

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5
Q

g2 phase

A

second growth phase, the cell continues to increase in size, energy stores are increased and duplicated DNA is checked for errors.

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6
Q

mitotic phase

A

stage of the cell cyle when a cell is actively dividing, including mitosis and cytokenisis

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7
Q

g0 phase

A

non dividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle sometimes reversibly. due to differentiation, or the fact that the DNA may be damaged

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8
Q

importance of mitosis

A

growth, repair, reproduction

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9
Q

chromatids

A

two identical chromosomes that split and contain the same genetic material

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10
Q

centromere

A

region of a chromsome where two sister chromatids attach

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11
Q

four stages of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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12
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

clavage furrow forms around the middle of the cell - cell surface membrane pulled inwards by the cytoskeleton until it is close enough to fuse around the middle, forming two cells.

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13
Q

cytokinesis in plant cells

A

vesicles fuse at the equator to form a cell plate. the cell plate forms from the inside out and turns into a wall between the new cells. the membranes surroundingt he vesicle fuse to form new parts of the plama membrane.

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14
Q

diploid

A

two chromosomes of each type (one inherited from each parent)

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15
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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16
Q

zygote

A

fertilised egg

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17
Q

haploid

A

an organism or cell that has half the complete set of chromosomes

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18
Q

meiosis

A

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually repreoducing organisms

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19
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

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20
Q

alleles

A

differnt forms of a gene

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21
Q

prophase 1

A

chromosomes become visible
nuclear envelope breaks down
crossing over occurs

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22
Q

difference between prophase in mitosis and prophase 1 in meiosis

A

in meiosis homologous chromosomes pair up, forming bivalents. crossing over causes genetic variation

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23
Q

metaphase1

A

same as metaphase in mitosis however the homologous pairs of chromosomes assemble along the metaphase plate, instead of individual chromosomes

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24
Q

independent assortment

A

orientation of each homologous pair is random and independent of any other homologous pair
it can result in many different combinations of alleles.

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25
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles - chromatids are still joined at this point
26
chiasmata
sections of DNA which then become entangled during crossing over, break and rejoin during anaphase 1, providing genetic variation
27
telophase 1
essentially the same as telophase in mitosis = chromsomes assmeble at each pole and the nuclear membrane reforms as the chromosomes uncoil cell undergoes cytokinesis.
28
prophase 2
chromosomes condense and become visible. nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle formation begins
29
metaphase 2
individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate like in mitosis. independent assortment takes place.
30
anaphase 2
chromatids of individual chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles
31
telophase 2
nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed
32
product of meiosis
4 haploid cells
33
levels of organisation
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
34
erythocytes
red blood cells
35
adaptations of erythrocytes
- biconcave shape, increases surface area available for the diffusuon of gases/ helps them pass through narrow capillares - haemoglobin allows them to carry o2
36
neutrophils
type of white blood cell that engulfs ivading microbes and contributes to the non specific defences of the body against disease.
37
adaptations of neutrophills
multilobed nucleus which makes it easier for them to squeeze through small gaps to get to the site of infections granular cytoplasm containing lysosomes
38
adaptations of sperm cells
lots of mitochondria so they can produce ATP acrosome in head contains digstive enzymes to break down egg cell long tail arrows for moving long distances
39
adaptations of palisade cells
long and thin, large surface area, packed with chloroplasts
40
adaptations of root hair cells
long thin 'hair; extends from the cell to incrase the surface area
41
adaptations of guard cells
cell wall is thicker on one side, so able to bend. has chloroplasts to provide ATP
42
squamous epithelial tissue
forms the upper layer of the epidermis - scaly cells that are continuously shed present when rapid diffusion across a surface is essential, like lining of lungs
43
ciliated epithelial tissue
one side covered with cilia to move fluid, goblet cells also present to produce mucus
44
cartilage tissue
connective tissue, containing elastic fibres and collagen firm flexible tissue, prevents the ends of bones rubbing together and causing damage.
45
muscle tissue
tissue that is able to contract in order to move bones skeletal muscle fibres contain mycrofibrils.
46
plant tissues
epidermis and vascular tissue
47
epidermis tissue
single layer of closely packed cells covering the surface of plants waxy waterproof cuticle stomata present allows co2 in and water and o2 out
48
xylem tissue
moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis
49
phloem tissue
transports glucose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves and other parts of the plant
50
differentiation
process in which cells become specialised in structure and function
51
undifferentiated cells
cells that have not specialised in a particular function
52
stem cells
unspecialised cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialised cells
53
totipotent stem cells
stem cells that can differentiate into any type of specialised cells found in organisms of that species a fertilised egg or zygote
54
pluripotent stem cells
can form all tissue types but not whole organisms present in early embryos
55
multipotent
can only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue. haemotopoetic stem cells in bone marrow
56
embryonic stem cells
embryonic cells which can develop into any type of somatic cell
57
tissue (adult) stem cells
present throughout life from birth. they are found in specific areas such as bone marrow and are multipotent
58
meristems
plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots, responsible for plant growth. contains stem cells
59
heart disease and stem cells
damage caused by a heart attack can be mended by stem cells replacing damaged tissue in the heart
60
uses of stem cells
potential to treat certain diseases treatment of burns drug trials developmental biology

module 2 (6 decks)

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