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module 2 > 2.1.3 - nucleotides and nucleic acids🧬 > Flashcards

2.1.3 - nucleotides and nucleic acids🧬 Flashcards

1
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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2
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, RNA has a ribose sugar
DNA has bases A,T,C,G and RNA has bases A,U,C,G
DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded

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4
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer - contains phosphate, sugar and a base

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5
Q

purine

A

adenine and guanine, larger double ring structures

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6
Q

pyrimadine

A

thymine and cytosine, smaller single ring structures

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7
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the bond formed between phosphate group of one nucleotide and a sugar of another

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8
Q

how do nucleotides become polynucleotides?

A
  • condensation reactions
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9
Q

base pairing rules

A

A and T always pair and can form 2 H bonds
G and C always pair and can form 3 H bonds

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10
Q

antiparallel

A

subunits of the sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite directions of eachother
one runs in 3’ to 5’ direction and vice versa
necessary so bases can pair up in the middle

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11
Q

how is the structure of DNA related to its function?

A
  • coiled into a compact shape so lots of genetic info can be stored in a small space
  • specific sequence of bases acts as a genetic code
  • double stranded means that it more stable, protecting the genetic code from damage.
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12
Q

why do cells require energy?

A
  • synthesis of large molecules
  • transport
  • movement
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13
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine tri-phosphate
contains adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

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14
Q

products of ATP hydrolysis

A

forms ADP and Pi

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15
Q

semi conservative replication

A

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule and one strand is new

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16
Q

steps of DNA replication

A
  • two strands unwind and separate, exposing the bases and breaking H bonds, using the enzyme DNA Helicase
  • free nucleotides from the nucleus line up next to the exposed bases (complimentary base pairing)
  • new H bonds form, and new phosphodiester bonds form, using DNA polymerase
17
Q

movement of DNA polymerase

A

3’ to 5’ direction

18
Q

leading strand

A

the strand that is continuously replicated

19
Q

lagging strand

A

the strand that has to be copied in sections as it unwinds (ozaki fragments)

20
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

21
Q

mRNA

A

single stranded RNA molecule made in the nucleus during transcription, which carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus, to the ribosomes

22
Q

tRNA

A

has one end called an anticodon and amino acid binding site at the other end
found in ribosomes, where is involved in translation

23
Q

rRNA

A

ribosmal RNA
makes up major part of ribosomes and helps catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

24
Q

triplet code

A

each amino acid is coded for by a sequence of 3 bases

25
Q

transcription stages

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds the strands
  • template strand is used to make an MRNA copy of the DNA
  • free mRNA nucleotides join using RNA polymerase, forming the backbone
  • once enzyme has passed a section, the DNA reforms
26
Q

translation stages

A
  • mRNA attaches to ribosome
  • anticodons on the tRNA line up to codons on mRNA (base pairing)
  • other end of tRNA willl have the specific amino acid attached
  • peptide bonds form between the amino acids
  • the ribosome will move along, forming a polypeptide chain
  • happens until a STOP codon on the mRNA
27
Q

degenerate code

A

multiple codons encode a single amino acid

28
Q

non overlapping code

A

base triplets do not share their bases, each triplet is distinct from the next

29
Q

universal code

A

all known living organisms use the same genetic code

30
Q

steps of DNA extraction pag

A
  1. grind the sample in mortar and pestle (break cell walls)
  2. mix sample with detergent (disrupts membrane)
  3. add salt (breaks H bonds)
  4. add protease enzymes (breaks down proteins
  5. add layer of ehanol - the DNA will then precipitate out of solution

module 2 (6 decks)

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