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module 2 > 2.1.1 - cell structure🦠 > Flashcards

2.1.1 - cell structure🦠 Flashcards

1
Q

the nucleus

A

contains coded genetic info in the form of DNA molecules and directs synthesis of all proteins required by the cell

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2
Q

lysosomes

A

specialised form of vesicles, contains hydrolytic enzymes
breaks done waste material and pathogens

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3
Q

RER

A

ribosomes bound to the surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins

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4
Q

ribosomes

A

no membrane, constructed of RNA molecules made in the nucleolus of the cell
site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

golgi apparatus

A

formed of cisternae and no ribosomes
modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles

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6
Q

cellulose cell wall

A

surrounds the plant cell
substances can move in and out as it is freely permeable
gives plant cell its shape - rigid
defence mechanism

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7
Q

vacuoles

A

plant cells have large permanent vacuoles, maintains rigid framework, selectively permeable tonoplast membrane

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8
Q

chloroplasts

A

responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells

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9
Q

structure of chloroplasts

A

double membrane structure, fluid inside (stroma), several thykaloids, grana contain the chlorophyll

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10
Q

how does a light microscope work?

A

light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of a specimen - there are two lenses (eyepiece and objective), allowing for a higher magnification

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11
Q

nigrosin/ congo red?

A

negatively charged dyes and are repelled by negatively charged cytosol - these leave cells unstained, meaning they stand out against the stained background.

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12
Q

differential staining

A

can distinguish between different types of bacteria

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13
Q

gram stain technique

A

used to separate bacteria into two groups (positive and negative)
- positive will remain violet stain
- negative have thinner walls and will lose the stain

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14
Q

acid fast technique

A

used to identify members of mycobacterium - after dying with carbolfushin dye and washed with dilute acid, the mycobacterium will retain the red stain

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15
Q

resolution

A

ability to see individual objects as separate entities

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16
Q

how do you calibrate a microscope?

A
  1. stage micrometer in place and the eyepiece graticule in eyepiece
  2. get scale on micrometer slide in clear focus
  3. align the micrometer scale with the scale in the eyepiece
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17
Q

how does a laser scanning confocal microscope work?

A

moves a single spot of focused light across a specimen, causing florescence from the components labelled with a dye - light of a longer wavelength and lower energy is emitted to produce a magnified image

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18
Q

the cytoskeleton

A

present throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells - it is a network of fibres

19
Q

microfilaments

A

fibres formed from the protein actin.
responsible for cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis

20
Q

how is DNA contained in the nucleus

A

with a double membrane called a nuclear envelope - this contains nuclear pores that allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus

21
Q

nucleolus

A

area within nucleus, produces ribosomes

22
Q

mitochondria

A

site of the final stages of cellular respiration
double membrane - inner folds to form cristae
matrix in the interior
contains own small amount of dna

23
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane sacs that specialise in moving products into out of and within a cell

24
Q

centrioles

A

composed of microtubules
two form the centrosome (involved in the assembly of spindle fibres in cell division

25
Q

flagella

A

enables cells to move, in some they are used as a sensory organ

26
Q

clilia

A

stationary - role within sensory organs
mobile - beat in a rhythmic manner, creating a current and cause objects to move

27
Q

SER

A

responsible for lipid and carb synthesis, and storage

28
Q

microscope

A

an instrument that makes small objects look larger

29
Q

pros of light microscopes

A

relatively cheap and easy to use, in colour

30
Q

cons of light microscopes

A

low resolution, meaning they cannot see smaller organelles

31
Q

squash slides

A

wet mount and then lens tissue used on cover slip - for soft samples

32
Q

staining

A

increasing the contrast as different components take up stains to different degrees, which allows the components to become visible and therefore can be identified

33
Q

crystal violet/methylene blue?

A

positively charged dyes which attract to negatively charged materials in the cytoplasm

34
Q

magnification

A

how many times larger the image is that the actual size of the object being viewed

35
Q

how can resolution be increased?

A

by using beams of electrons which have a wavelength thousands of times shorter than light

36
Q

formula for magnification

A

image size/actual size

37
Q

transmission electron microscopes

A

beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen and focused to produce an image

38
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

beam of electrons is sent across a surface of specimen and the reflected electrons are collected - 3D images

39
Q

process of protein transport

A

1 - synthesised on the ribosome on RER
2 - pass into cisternae and packaged
3 - vesicles move it to golgi apparatus
4 - vesicles then take to the cell surface membrane so that the proteins can fuse with it

40
Q

purpose of cytoskeleton

A

shape and stability of the cell
holds organelles in place
controlls cell movement

41
Q

microtubles

A

globular tubulin proteins polymerise to form tubes that are used to form a scaffold like structure that determines the shape of a cell
acts as tracks for movement of the organelles

42
Q

intermediate fibres

A

fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity

43
Q

what feature of the cell would indicate that it is well adapted for producing hormones

A

lots of ribsomomes on the RER for protein synthesis

module 2 (6 decks)

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