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Biology > 2.1.4-5 Ultrastructure > Flashcards

2.1.4-5 Ultrastructure Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a membrane bound organelle?

A

an organelle which has its own membrane such as mitochondria, golgi aperatus and endoplasmic reticulum.

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2
Q

what is on the surface of the nucleus?

A

the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane, called the nuclear envelope. there are pores in the nuclear envelope.

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3
Q

what at the surface of the nucleolus?

A

there is no membrane around it. it contains RNA.

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4
Q

state two diffrences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

A

prokaryotes dont have a nuclues unlike eukaryotes, while eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles unlike prokaryotes

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5
Q

what are the name sof free floating ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

80s, 70s(eukaryotic cells ribosomes are larger)

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6
Q

state three roles of the cytoskeleton

A

to give the cell shape, to transport and support prganelles, supports cell, creates spindlefires

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7
Q

What is the function of SER and RER

A

SER is a system of memrbanes which aids the manufacturing of lipids and charbohydrates, RER si a system of membranes which has embedded ribosomes which create proteins.

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8
Q

name the fluid inside the ER

A

in RER is citerna, SER cisternae

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9
Q

What is the role of mitochondria

A

“mitochondria are the site of ATP production during aerobic respiration
“

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10
Q

what is the structure of chloroplast

A

they have discs Called thylakoids, stacked together forming granum, these stacked are bonded together by intergranal lamallae floating within a fluid called stroma contained by a double membrane

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11
Q

describe the structure of the nucleus

A

the nucleus has a double membrane with holes called nuclar pores which allow steriods and mRNA pass through, there is a inner structure called the nucleolus which contains RNA for ribosomes and mRNA synthesis, the fuild inside the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm. there is DNA floating in the nucleoplam is the form of Chromosomes.

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12
Q

what is the function of the golgi

A

to modify and fold proteins by adding lipids or carbohydrates forming lipoproteins or glycoproteins.

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13
Q

describe Exocyctiosis

A

“mRNA is made form the completmentory bases on the coding strained of the DNA for inslulin for example, this then leaves the nucleus throuhg the nuclear pores it then binds to a ribosome in the RER, it then creates a polypeptide aswell as marker proteins which embed themselves in the mebrane of the RER, this then is pinched off and becomes a vescile which is transported to the golgi complex, the vescile then fuses with the golgi compex, the polypeptide is the folded and modified and turned into a protein, then the membrane which contains the protein is then pinched off and transported by the cytoskeleton again to the plasma membrane and fuses making the proteins leave the cell in bulk, this uses ATP and so is and active process.
“

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14
Q

What is the dark patch in the nucleus called? (1)

A

Nucleolus

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15
Q

In eukaryotes, DNA is organised by coiling it up into linear structures called? (1)

A

chromosomes

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16
Q

What is the fluid-filled cavity (the insides) of the S.E.R and R.E.R. called? (1)

A

Cisternae

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17
Q

Name the main substance that the S.E.R synthesises and transports? (1)

A

Lipids

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18
Q

What molecule do ribosomes attached to during protein synthesis? (1)

A

mRNA

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19
Q

What is the name for a specialised subcellular structure found in a cell? (1)

A

Organelle

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20
Q

Organelle

A

cellulose

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21
Q

What is the cell wall made of in Bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

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22
Q

What is the cell wall made of in Fungi

A

chitin

23
Q

What is the role of the golgi? (1)

A

Modify and package proteins adding a carbohydrate group to the protein and allowing them to fold into a 3D shape

24
Q

What enzymes are found in lysosomes? (1)

A

Hydrolytic enzymes called lysins

25
Q

Name the organelle that is the site of Aerobic respiration?

A

Mitochondria

26
Q

Name the organelle that is the site of Photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

27
Q

What is wrong with this statement mitochondria produce energy?(1)

A

Incorrect to use term produce as energy is not produced (law of physics). Fine to say energy is released/generated instead

28
Q

What does the vacuole in plants store? (1)

A

Water and solutes (solutes are dissolvable substances)

29
Q

What organelle makes the spindle fibres in a cell? (1)

A

What organelle makes the spindle fibres in a cell? (1)

30
Q

Is the cytoskeleton membrane-bound? (1)

A

no

31
Q

Inside a cell, what might the cytoskeleton move around?

A

organelles

32
Q

What do motor proteins do? (1)

A

Pull organelles along the cytoskeleton

33
Q

Name 2 roles of the cytoskeleton (2)

A

Any 2 from – maintain cells shape, movement of organelles, mechanical strength, cell movement

34
Q

Why does Golgi have to written starting with a capital G unlike other organelles? (1)

A

Named after the person who discovered it, Dr. CamilloGolgi (please note that you just need to know that when you write golgi in your exams you must use a capital G – you do not need to recall the name Dr. Camillo Golgi)

35
Q

What is the scientific name for the bulk release of a substance from a cell? (1)

A

Exocytosis

36
Q

The bulk release of a substance from a cell is an active process. What substance is required for exocytosis to happen? (1)

A

ATP

37
Q

What is a scientific word for when two membranes “join together” in this topic? (1)

A

fuse

38
Q

What organelle makes the protein? (1)

A

R.E.R (accept ribosomes)

39
Q

What organelle modifies the protein? (1)

A

Golgi

40
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Are the smallest?

A

Are the smallest? P

41
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Contain a nucleoid?

A

Contain a nucleoid? P

42
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has linear DNA?

A

Has linear DNA? E

43
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has mitochondria?

A

Has mitochondria? E

44
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has larger ribosomes?

A

Has larger ribosomes? E

45
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan?

A

Has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan? P

46
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has a less-well developed cytoskeleton?

A

Has a less-well developed cytoskeleton? P

47
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has centrioles?

A

Has centrioles? E

48
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has plasmids?

A

Has plasmids? P

49
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Has pili?

A

Has pili? P

50
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Divides its cells by mitosis and meiosis?

A

Divides its cells by mitosis and meiosis? E

51
Q

Which type of organism – prokaryotes (P) or eukaryotes (E)Divides its cells by binary fission?

A

Divides its cells by binary fission? P

52
Q

What is the name of the tail in bacteria?(1)

A

Flagellum (or flagella is acceptable – flagella is plural).

53
Q

Prokaryotes are different to eukaryotes overall because they have no __________________ and they also lack _______________________________ (2)

A

Prokaryotes are different to eukaryotes overall because they have no ____(nucleus)____ and they also lack ____(membrane-bound organelles)____ (3)

Biology (15 decks)

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