2.1.3 nucleotides and nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what is DNA made from

A

deoxyribose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases (thymine, adenine, guanine and cytosine)

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2
Q

what is RNA made from

A

ribose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogenous bases (uracil, adenine, guanine and cytosine)

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3
Q

why is RNA single-stranded

A

it transfers info so doesn’t need to be replicated

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4
Q

explain the process of transcription

A

DNA helicase breaks H bonds between complimentary bases
RNA polymerase uses antisense strand as template to make mRNA
free nucleotides line up and join to complementary bases by phosphodiester bonds made by RNA polymerase
mRNA detaches and moves out nucleus by pore

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5
Q

explain the process of translation

A

mRNA attaches to ribosome
tRNA collects amino acids and transfers them from cytoplasm to ribosome
tRNA attaches to mRNA by base pairing
amino acids attached to 2 tRNA molecules join by peptide bond and tRNA detaches to leave them behind
repeats, forms polypeptide chains until stop codon

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6
Q

how many H bonds do A and T have

A

2

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7
Q

how many H bonds do C and G have

A

3

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8
Q

which bases are purines

A

adenine and guanine

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9
Q

which bases are pyrimidines

A

cytosine and thymine

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10
Q

how is a chromosome formed

A

DNA double helix
wrapped round histones to make nucleosome
nucleosome makes coil that wraps round others to make supercoil
tightly wound supercoil = chromatin fibre
chromosome made of chromatin

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11
Q

describe DNA replication

A

DNA helicase breaks H bonds between base pairs
free nucleotides bind to complementary bases
DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds
2 identical daughter molecules of DNA formed with one original parent strand and one new strand

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12
Q

what proves semi-conservative replication

A

15N and 14N centrifugation

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13
Q

what is the sense strand

A

sequence of bases that code for amino acid sequence

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14
Q

what is the antisense strand

A

used to make copies of coding strand

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15
Q

what does universal mean

A

code applies to all organisms

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16
Q

what does degenerate mean

A

multiple triplets code for same amino acids

17
Q

what does non-overlapping mean

A

each triplet read once

18
Q

what is a triplet

A

a codon (stop/start control length of sequence)

19
Q

what is ATP

A

adenine triphosphate

20
Q

what is ATP made from

A

ribose
triphosphate (makes it activated)
adenine

21
Q

what makes ATP effective

A

easily transported round cell
energy made available quickly in one step
manageable amounts of energy released

22
Q

what is needed to make ATP into ADP+Pi+energy

A

water and ATPase

23
Q

what is needed to make ADP+Pi+energy into ATP

A

ATP synthase