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OCR A Biology > 2.1.2 biological molecules > Flashcards

2.1.2 biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a monomer

A

a single repeating unit that can join with others to form polymers

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2
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

making a polymer out of monomers

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3
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

breaking down polymers into monomers

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4
Q

what type of molecule is water

A

a polar molecule (hydrogen is partially positive and oxygen is partially negative) with unevenly distributed charges

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5
Q

what is cohesion

A

water molecules attracted to eachother

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6
Q

what is adhesion

A

water molecules attracted to other molecules

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7
Q

what is capillary action

A

adhesion and cohesion allow water to move up a capillary against gravity

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8
Q

what are the properties of water

A

high boiling point (strong H bonds)
ice is less dense
universal solvent

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9
Q

what do monosaccharides make and what type of reaction is it

A

polysaccharides with glycosidic bonds
condensation

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10
Q

what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

alpha glucose has H above the OH on both sides
beta glucose has OH above the H on the right and the H above the OH on the left

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11
Q

what are the hexose sugars

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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12
Q

what is the pentose sugar

A

ribose

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13
Q

what are the triose sugars

A

aldose
ketose

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14
Q

what is the disaccharide sucrose made of

A

glucose + fructose

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15
Q

what is the disaccharide lactose made of

A

galactose + glucose

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16
Q

what is the disaccharide maltose made of

A

a glucose + a glucose

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17
Q

what elements are carbohydrates made of

A

CHO

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18
Q

what are the two types of starch

A

amylopectin and amylose

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19
Q

describe amylopectin

A

a glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
branched

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20
Q

describe amylose

A

a glucose
1-4 glycosidic bond
unbranched and coiled
soluble in water

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21
Q

describe glycogen

A

a glucose
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
very branched
compact
large surface area for release of glucose

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22
Q

describe cellulose

A

b glucose (rotated 180° from eachother)
1-4 glycosidic bond
unbranched
many hydrogen bonds (strong)

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23
Q

what elements are lipids made from

A

CHO

23
Q

what are lipids soluble in

A

organic substances only (e.g. alcohol)

24
Q

what is a saturated lipid

A

no carbon-carbon double bonds
only found in animals

25
Q

what is an unsaturated lipid

A

contains carbon-carbon double bonds
only found in plants
weak intermolecular forces

26
Q

what is a triglyceride

A

1 glycerol + 3 saturated or unsaturated fatty acids joined by ester bonds
energy reserves in plants and animals

27
Q

how are triglycerides different to phospholipids

A

1 fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group

28
Q

what elements are proteins made from

A

CHON

29
Q

what are amino acids and what do they make

A

monomers that make proteins using peptide bonds

30
Q

what is an R group

A

a group in an amino acid specific to the protein

31
Q

what is a primary structure

A

order of amino acids in a protein

32
Q

what bonds are in the primary structure

A

peptide

33
Q

what is a secondary structure

A

shape taken by primary structure (either alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet)

34
Q

what bonds are in the secondary structure

A

peptide and hydrogen

35
Q

what is a tertiary structure

A

3D shape of protein

36
Q

what bonds are in the tertiary structure

A

peptide, hydrogen, disulphide and ionic

37
Q

what is a quarternary structure

A

how polypeptide chains fit to make a protein

38
Q

what are the properties of a globular protein

A

compact, spherical, soluble

39
Q

what is a conjugated protein

A

a protein containing a non-protein prosthetic group

40
Q

what are examples of globular proteins

A

insulin = regulates blood glucose levels (2 polypeptide chains joined by disulphide bonds)
haemoglobin = transports O2 around the body as it binds to the haem group (4 polypeptide chains, 2 alpha, 2 beta)

41
Q

what are the properties of a fibrous protein

A

strong, insoluble, no tertiary structure

42
Q

what are the examples of fibrous proteins

A

collagen = connective tissue that provides support as it is flexible in low stress and stiff in high stress)
keratin = strengthens hair and nails (more bonds means less flexible)
elastin = walls of vessels

43
Q

what elements make up nucleotides

A

CHONP

44
Q

what do nucleotides make and what type of reaction is it

A

nucleic acids using phosphodiester bonds
condensation

45
Q

what are the components of a nucleotide

A

phosphate group
pentose deoxyribose sugar
nitrogenous base

46
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

47
Q

what do we use chromatography for

A

analysis of substances by separation

48
Q

how do we calculate the Rf value

A

distance moved by solute/distance moved by solvent

49
Q

what is colorimetry used for

A

concentration determination

50
Q

what do we use to test for starch and what is a positive result

A

iodine
blue/black colour change

51
Q

what do we use to test for lipids and what is a positive result

A

ethanol emulsion
cloudy emulsion

52
Q

what do we use to test for proteins and what is a positive result

A

biuret test
lilac colour change

53
Q

what do we use to test for reducing sugars and what is a positive result

A

benedicts reagent
brick-red precipitate/green-red colour change

54
Q

what do we use to test for non-reducing sugars

A

acid hydrolysis using HCl and NaHCO3 powder
brick-red precipitate/green-red colour change

OCR A Biology (11 decks)

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