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OCR A Biology > 2.1.1 cell structures > Flashcards

2.1.1 cell structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer that controls movement of substances in/out

found in all eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Cellulose cell wall

A

a cell wall made of cellulose that provides strength and support

found in plant cells

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3
Q

Peptidoglycan cell wall and where it is found

A

a cell wall made of peptidoglycan that provides rigidity

found in prokaryotic cells

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

organelle containing DNA which is surrounded by the nuclear envelope and contains a nucleolus that makes ribosomes

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

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5
Q

Mitochondria

A

double bound by an envelope and containing cristae with matrix inside to act as the site of aerobic respiration

found in all eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

bound by a single membrane and contains digestive enzymes for protein synthesis

80s in eukaryotic cells
70s in prokaryotic cells

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

site of all chemical reactions

found in all cells

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8
Q

Vacuole

A

sac filled with water, nutrients and waste products to add rigidity

found in plant cells

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

double membrane bound sacs containing stroma for photosynthesis

found in plant cells

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modifies and packages lipids and proteins into vesicles and produces lysosomes

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

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11
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

produces and processes lipids

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

covered in ribosomes and folds and processes proteins

found in all eukaryotic cells (except erythrocytes)

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13
Q

Lysosome

A

vesicles full of digestive enzymes bound by a single membrane

found in animal cells

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14
Q

Centriole

A

hollow ring of microtubules in a cylinder that is used in cell division

found in animal cells

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15
Q

Circular DNA

A

contains genetic info

found in prokaryotic cells

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16
Q

Mesosome

A

folds in the cell wall that produces ATP

found in prokaryotic cells

17
Q

Potential features of prokaryotic cells

A

flagellum
pili
plasmid
nucleoid
slime capsule

18
Q

What is magnification

A

degree to which the size of the image is larger than the size of the object

19
Q

What is resolution

A

degree to which you can distinguish between two very close points

20
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

magnification = image size / actual size

21
Q

What is a light microscope

A

a microscope that uses light to produce an image

up to 1500x magnification
up to 0.2 ym resolution

22
Q

what are the features of a light microscope

A

cheap
can view live specimens
requires staining

23
Q

what is a transmission electron microscope

A

uses electrons to source the image

up to 1,000,000x magnification
up to 0.0002ym resolution

24
Q

what is a scanning electron microscope

A

uses electrons to source image

up to 500,000x magnification
up to 0.002ym resolution

25
Q

what are the features of all electron microscopes

A

expensive
can only view dead specimens
requires metal salts
high resolution

26
Q

what image does a transmission electron microscope produce

A

2D image of the inside of a cell

27
Q

what image does a scanning electron microscope produce

A

3D image of the outside surface of a cell

28
Q

what is the stain for DNA and what colour is it

A

acetic orcein
dark red

29
Q

what is the stain for the cytoplasm and what colour is it

A

eosin
pink

30
Q

what is the stain for lipids and what colour is it

A

sudan red
red

31
Q

what is the stain for starch and what colour is it

A

iodine
blue/black

32
Q

what is the stain for the nucleus and what colour is it

A

nile blue
blue

33
Q

what are the steps for gram staining gram positive bacteria

A

apply crystal violet stain
fix dye with iodine
it will appear blue due to thick peptidoglycan cell wall

34
Q

what are the steps for gram staining gram negative bacteria

A

apply crystal violet stain
fix dye with iodine
colour won’t change
wash off with alcohol
add safranin which stains it pink

35
Q

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A

allows movement of and around cells and maintains cell shape

36
Q

what are microfilaments

A

made of actin
cell movement and contraction

37
Q

what are microtubules

A

made of tubulin
determine cell shape

38
Q

what are vesicles

A

move along microtubules by using motor proteins

39
Q

describe the process of protein synthesis and secretion

A

DNA is converted into mRNA by transcription
mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores
mRNA is processed by the RER and attaches to a ribosome to become a protein by translation
it leaves the RER in a vesicle
it is modified in the golgi and leaves via another vesicle
it fuses with the plasma membrane and leaves via exocytosis

OCR A Biology (13 decks)

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