2.1.2 carbohydrates Flashcards
what are the elements that make up carbohydrates?
C H O
what is the monomer for a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
what is the bond in a carbohydrate polymer?
glycosidic bond
what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
alpha glucose has hydroxyl group below first carbon
beta glucose has the hydroxyl group above the first carbon
what are other monosaccharides?
galactose
fructose
ribose
deoxyribose
name two hexose sugars
galactose
fructose
name two pentose sugars
ribose
deoxyribose
how do you make a disaccharide?
a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides
what is maltose made up of?
2 alpha-glucose monosaccharides
what is lactose made up of?
an alpha- glucose and a beta-galactose monosaccharide
what is sucrose made up of?
an alpha-glucose and a fructose monosaccharide
what is cellobiose made up of?
two beta-glucose monosaccharides
what type of bond does maltose have?
1, 4 glycosidic bond
what type of bond does lactose have?
1, 4 glycosidic bond
what is starch a polymer of?
alpha-glucose
what type of polysaccharide is starch?
a storage polysaccharide
where is starch found?
roots and leaves of plants
what is starch made up of?
amylose and amylopectin
what is the structure of amylose?
liner chain of alpha glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds which all face the same direction so can coil to form a highly compact globular structure
how does the structure help amylose?
highly compact globular structure can store large number of glucose molecules in a small volume of space
what is the structure of amylopectin?
alpha- glucose chain
joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
1,4 bonds are the linear chain
1,6 bonds are the side chain
how is starch broken down and what is it broken down into?
amylase hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in amylopectin into maltose
what is glycogen a polymer of?
alpha-glucose
what is glycogen used for?
storage
where is glycogen found?
animal cells
liver and muscle
what are the differences between glycogen and starch?
plant/animal cells
glycogen is made of one type of molecule
glycogen has 20x more side chains than starch
what type of bonds does glycogen have?
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
why does glycogen have more side chains than starch?
more enzyme attachment sites
faster hydrolysis to release glucose monomers
animal cells need more energy more quickly for sprinting, explosive activity and fight/ flight response
what is cellulose a polymer of?
beta-glucose
where is cellulose found?
cell walls of plants
what is the function of cellulose?
structural polymer
what does joining beta-glucose monomers together by condensation reactions form?
cellulose fibrils
what is the structure of the fibrils?
every other beta-glucose is rotated by 180 degrees
why can’t beta-glucose form compact structures in cellulose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds face opposite directions which forms rigid, linear structures which are fibrils
what are the fibrils joined by?
hydrogen bonds which make macrofibrils that are embedded in the cell wall
what pattern are the microfibrils embedded into the cellulose cell wall in?
criss-cross pattern which prevents any points of failure/ weakness in the structure
what does the criss-cross pattern of the microfibrils in the cell wall do?
gives cellulose high tensile strength to prevent the cell from bursting when it takes in water by osmosis
allows cells to support weight of other cells on top so plants can grow in height
