2.1.2 carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what are the elements that make up carbohydrates?

A

C H O

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2
Q

what is the monomer for a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide

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3
Q

what is the bond in a carbohydrate polymer?

A

glycosidic bond

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4
Q

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

alpha glucose has hydroxyl group below first carbon
beta glucose has the hydroxyl group above the first carbon

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5
Q

what are other monosaccharides?

A

galactose
fructose
ribose
deoxyribose

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6
Q

name two hexose sugars

A

galactose
fructose

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7
Q

name two pentose sugars

A

ribose
deoxyribose

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8
Q

how do you make a disaccharide?

A

a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

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9
Q

what is maltose made up of?

A

2 alpha-glucose monosaccharides

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10
Q

what is lactose made up of?

A

an alpha- glucose and a beta-galactose monosaccharide

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11
Q

what is sucrose made up of?

A

an alpha-glucose and a fructose monosaccharide

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12
Q

what is cellobiose made up of?

A

two beta-glucose monosaccharides

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13
Q

what type of bond does maltose have?

A

1, 4 glycosidic bond

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14
Q

what type of bond does lactose have?

A

1, 4 glycosidic bond

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15
Q

what is starch a polymer of?

A

alpha-glucose

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16
Q

what type of polysaccharide is starch?

A

a storage polysaccharide

17
Q

where is starch found?

A

roots and leaves of plants

18
Q

what is starch made up of?

A

amylose and amylopectin

19
Q

what is the structure of amylose?

A

liner chain of alpha glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds which all face the same direction so can coil to form a highly compact globular structure

20
Q

how does the structure help amylose?

A

highly compact globular structure can store large number of glucose molecules in a small volume of space

21
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin?

A

alpha- glucose chain
joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
1,4 bonds are the linear chain
1,6 bonds are the side chain

22
Q

how is starch broken down and what is it broken down into?

A

amylase hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in amylopectin into maltose

23
Q

what is glycogen a polymer of?

A

alpha-glucose

24
Q

what is glycogen used for?

25
Q

where is glycogen found?

A

animal cells
liver and muscle

26
Q

what are the differences between glycogen and starch?

A

plant/animal cells
glycogen is made of one type of molecule
glycogen has 20x more side chains than starch

27
Q

what type of bonds does glycogen have?

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

28
Q

why does glycogen have more side chains than starch?

A

more enzyme attachment sites
faster hydrolysis to release glucose monomers
animal cells need more energy more quickly for sprinting, explosive activity and fight/ flight response

29
Q

what is cellulose a polymer of?

A

beta-glucose

30
Q

where is cellulose found?

A

cell walls of plants

31
Q

what is the function of cellulose?

A

structural polymer

32
Q

what is the beta-glucose that is joined by condensation reactions called?

A

cellulose fibrils

33
Q

what is the structure of the fibrils?

A

every other beta-glucose is rotated by 180 degrees

34
Q

why can’t beta-glucose form compact structures in cellulose?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds face opposite directions which forms rigid, linear structures which are fibrils

35
Q

what are the fibrils joined by?

A

hydrogen bonds which make macrofibrils that are embedded in the cell wall

36
Q

what pattern are the microfibrils embedded into the cellulose cell wall in?

A

criss-cross pattern which prevents any points of failure/ weakness in the structure

37
Q

what does the criss-cross pattern of the microfibrils in the cell wall do?

A

gives cellulose high tensile strength to prevent the cell from bursting when it takes in water by osmosis
allows cells to support weight of other cells on top so plants can grow in height