2.1.1 EK Cells

Question 1

What is a cell that contains a nucleus called?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic Cell

Question 2

What is a chloroplast?

Answer 2

An oval shaped flattened organelle with a double membrane
Inside it has stacks of membrane (grana) called thylakoid membrane
This is where chlorophyll is found
The stroma is a fluid filled matrix

Question 3

Function of Chloroplast?

Answer 3

The site of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and uses this energy to synthesise glucose
In the stroma the second stage of photosynthesis takes place

Question 4

What is a mitochondrion?

Answer 4

An oval shaped structure organelle with a double membrane
The inner membrane is folded to form structures called cristae
The inner fluid compartment is called the matrix

Question 5

Function of Mitochondrion?

Answer 5

The site of aerobic respiration which produces ATP

The matrix contains the enzymes involved in respiration

Question 6

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 6

A stack of fluid filled membrane bound sacks - cisternae

Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs

Question 7

Function of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 7

Processes and packages polypeptides and polysaccharides for exocytosis (movement of proteins and carbohydrates)
Also processes lipids and forms lysosomes
The vesicles transport the processed proteins and lipids to the cell surface membrane

Question 8

What is the vacuole?

Answer 8

A membrane bound organelle found in the cytoplasm

It contains cell sap (sugar and salt solution)

Question 9

Function of permanent vacuole?

Answer 9

Helps maintain pressure to keep the plant cell turgid
Contains a large volume within a plant cell and is flexible
The site of isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell

Question 10

Function of nucleolus?

Answer 10

Small spherical region in the nucleoplasm

The site of production of rRNA and ribosomes

Question 11

What is a cell wall?

Answer 11

Surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
In plants and algae it is made from cellulose with a thin layer called the middle lamella (boundary between adjacent cell walls)
In fungi it is made from chitin

Has microfibril making it strong

Question 12

Function of the cell wall?

Answer 12

Supports the cells and prevents them from losing shape giving the plant strength
Allows the cell to become turgid without bursting and with stand pressure
Allows water to pass along

Question 13

What is a nucleus?

Answer 13

A large organelle surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which contains many pores
It contains genetic material of the cell and one or more nucleoli

Question 14

Function of the Nucleus?

Answer 14

Controls the cells activities through the production of RNA and ribosomes
Retains the genetic material of the cell as DNA and chromosomes

Question 15

What is a lysosome?

Answer 15

A type of Golgi vesicle with a membrane made of phospholipids
Inside the vesicle there are enzymes such as lysozymes (hydrolytic enzymes), proteases and lipases

Question 16

Function of Lysosome?

Answer 16

Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells
Digest invading cells or worn out organelles
Break down cells after they die

Question 17

What is a cell-surface membrane?

Answer 17

A bilayer of lipids with proteins embedded in it

Some of these lipids and proteins have carbohydrates attached to them

Question 18

Function of cell membrane?

Answer 18

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
It has receptor molecules on the surface to allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones and cell regognition

Question 19

Function of cytoplasm?

Answer 19

Gel like fluid where cell organelles are found

Question 20

Function of nuclear pore?

Answer 20

Around 3000 small gaps in the nuclear membrane that allow ribosomes, mRNA and nucleotides to pass in and out of the nucleus

Question 21

Function of chromatin?

Answer 21

A complex of macromolecules found in the nucleus consisting of DNA, protein and RNA

Question 22

What is a ribosome?

Answer 22

They are very small organelles floating freely within the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum
They are made up of a small and larger subunit
Made up of proteins and RNA
They are not membrane bound

Question 23

Function of ribosomes?

Answer 23

Where amino acids are synthesised to form proteins

Question 24

What is the size of the ribosome in an eukaryotic cell?

Answer 24

80S

Question 25

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 25

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space creating passageways called cisternae
The surface is covered in ribosomes

Question 26

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 26

Provides a network of membranes for transport of polypeptides (long chain amino acids)
Main site of protein synthesis due to the presence of ribosomes

Question 27

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 27

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space

Question 28

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 28

It is the site of synthesising, storing and transporting lipids and carbohydrates

Question 29

Function of centrioles?

Answer 29

Help in the formation of spindle fibres that separate the chromosomes during cell division - mitosis

Question 30

Function of nuclear membrane/envelop?

Answer 30

Encloses the nucleus encasing the genetic material
Controls entry and exit of substances in and out of the nucleus
Made of lipids

Question 31

Function of vacuole membrane?

Answer 31

Encloses the vacuole
Can expanded rapidly to allow the vacuole more volume to hold fluids and nutrients
The surrounding vacuole membrane is called tonoplast

Question 32

Function of plasmodesmata?

Answer 32

A channel through the cell wall that allows molecules and substances to move back and forth as needed
Allows tissues and organ cells to work together to achieve a common goal

Question 33

What is a cell?

Answer 33

The smallest structural functional unit of an organism

Question 34

What is a tissue?

Answer 34

A group/aggregation of similar cells, which carry out a particular function

Question 35

What are some tissues?

Answer 35

Epithelial
Muscular
Glandular
Connective

Question 36

What is an organ?

Answer 36

An aggregation of different tissues/cells; carrying out a specific physiological function

Question 37

What is an organ system?

Answer 37

An aggregation of organs carrying out a specific physiological function more efficiently

Question 38

What is an organism?

Answer 38

Made up of different organ systems working together