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AQA A-Level Biology 1-4 > 1.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small single unit of an individual molecule

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A larger molecule or a chain of many monomers linked together in condensation reactions

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3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical processes that take place in a living organism

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4
Q

What is a carbohydrate made up from?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen
With the ratio of -
Hydrogen:Oxygen
2:1

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5
Q

Where are carbohydrates used in living things?

A

As a source of energy for respiration

Storage

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6
Q

In animals what are carbohydrates stored as? Where?

A

Glycogen in liver and muscles

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7
Q

In plants what are carbohydrates used for? Where?

A

Starch - for storage

Cellulose - cell walls

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8
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate called?

A

Saccharide

Posh word for sugar

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9
Q

What are simple monomers of carbohydrates called?

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

Where n = 3 to 7

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11
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Hexoses

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12
Q

What are some examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose

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13
Q

What are the types of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose

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14
Q

What rules are there for drawing alpha glucose?

A

Oxygen has to be bonded to the carbon not the hydrogen in OH

Rule for the OH's
Down
Up 
Down 
Down
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15
Q

Are all simple sugars reducing sugars?

A

No

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16
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?

A

Add an equal volume of Benedict’s reagent to the sample
Heat the mixture for 3-5 mins
A brick-red precipitate indicates the presence of a reducing sugar

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17
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

It has the power to reduce something else

The sugar itself loses electrons and oxidises but it reduces another substance that gains the electrons

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18
Q

What helps to remember oxidation and reduction?

A

OIL RIG

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19
Q

What reaction joins two monosaccharides together?

A

A condensation reaction

20
Q

What are two monosaccharides bonded called?

A

Disaccharides

21
Q

What is the bond called that holds the monosaccharides together?

A

Glycosidic

22
Q

What do you get when you react glucose + glucose?

A

Maltose

23
Q

What do you get when you react glucose + fructose?

A

Sucrose

24
Q

What do you get when you react glucose + galactose?

A

Lactose

25
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction?

A

A molecule of water is removed

26
Q

What is the reverse of a condensation reaction?

A

Hydrolysis

27
Q

How do you work out the formula of a disaccharide?

A

Add the two monosaccharides together and take away water

28
Q

What are the products of a condensation reaction?

A

A disaccharide and water

29
Q

How do you test for non-reducing sugars?

A

Add an equal volume of Benedict’s Reagent to the sample and heat in a gently boiling water bath for 5 mins
If it doesn’t change colour a reducing sugar isn’t present
Then add equal volume of hydrochloric acid to the sample (different)
Boil for 5 mins
Slowly add sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
Add Benedict’s Reagent and if brick-red you know it is definitely a sugar present

30
Q

Why is hydrochloric acid used in the non-reducing sugars test?

A

To split the disaccharides into monosaccharides using hydrolysis

31
Q

Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate used in the non-reducing sugars test?

A

To change the pH as Benedict’s Reagent only works in alkaline conditions

32
Q

What are the polysaccharides we need to know?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

33
Q

What is starch primarily made of? Where is it found?

A

Amylose - a spiral shaped molecule
Very little amylopectin

In plants - as starch grains in chloroplasts

34
Q

What monomer and bonding is used to make starch?

A

Alpha Glucose is bonded by 1,4 glycosidic bonds that make stands before coiled

35
Q

What are the coils held in place by in starch?

A

Hydrogen bonds

36
Q

Why does the coiling make amylose suitable to be a storage molecule?

A

It is compact so allows a lot of Glucose in a small space

37
Q

What are some properties if starch?

A

Compact due to coiling
Insoluble and not sweet
Doesn’t affect osmosis and doesn’t diffuse out
Hydrolysed from both ends to produce glucose

38
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add iodine solution and a positive result is blue/black

40
Q

What is the monomer and bonding used in Glycogen?

A

Alpa glucose is bonded by glycosidic bonds 1,4 and 1,6

41
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

In animal cells as granules in muscle and liver cells

42
Q

What are the properties of glycogen?

A

Compact
Insoluble
They are hydrolysed much quicker than starch because of it’s many ends

43
Q

What is the shape of glycogen?

A

Highly branched

44
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

In plant cells in the cell wall

46
Q

How do the beta glucoses bond?

A

Carbon 6 alternates to allow the 2 OH groups to fit together to remove the water when every other glucose inverts

47
Q

What is the shape of cellulose?

A

Parallel chains

Cross linked with hydrogen bonds

48
Q

What is cellulose made from? What bonds and how is cellulose bonded?

A

Beta glucose joined by glycosidic bonds 1,4
The glucose’s are able to be connected as every other glucose is reflected vertically
There are thousands of weak hydrogen bonds which make it very strong called microfibril

48
Q

What are the properties of cellulose?

A

Very strong
Used for structural purposes
Prevents cells bursting as it exerts an inward pressure

AQA A-Level Biology 1-4 (20 decks)

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