2101 - Horticultural Terms Flashcards
Annual
Competes life cycle in one year.
Helianthus annuus
Candula officinalis
Perennial
Life cycle over many growing seasons.
Alchemilla mollis
Quercus robur
Botanical Differences between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms
Angiosperm - Fagus sylvatica May be Woody or Herbaceous May be annual, perennial, biennial Enclosed seed ovary/fruit, flowers for seed production insect, animal, wind, water pollination Evergreen or Deciduous Variety or leaf shape
Gymnosperm - Pinus nigra, Chamaecyparis obtusa
All are woody
All are perennial
Seeds borne naked on cones (cones for seed production)
All are wind pollinated
Most are evergreen
Scale or needle-like leaves
Difference between Monocotyledon & Dicotyledon
Monocot - Carex pendula, Stipa Gigantea, Narcissus pseudonarcissus
Strap-like leaves, parallel venation
vascular bundles scattered in stems
no vascular cambium/no secondary thickening
one cotyledon
fibrous root system
flower parts arranged in 3s
small non woody (except bamboo and palms)
Stomata both sides of leaf
no petiole
Dicot - Quercus robur, Rosa rugosa Variety of leaf shapes and margins, often net like venation Vascular bundles in rings in stem has vascular cambium/can have secondary thickening two cotyledons flower parts arranged in 4s & 5s Fiberous and Tap root systems Both large/small woody/herbaceous
Botanical Plant names
Stable & unambiguous
avoid confusion
unique name
internationally understood
common names vary greatly region to region
common names often describe more than one species
many plants don’t have common name
botanical name gives information about the plant attributes
Bionomial System
Gives plants two names. Genus and Species, which provides a unique name.
Governed by international code, making it consistent and reliable worldwide.
Genus
A group of individuals within a Family that have characteristics in common. - Fagus
Species
A group of individuals within a Genus that have characteristics in common and can breed among themselves. - Fagus sylvatica
Bionomial names in writing
Genus - initial capital letter, followed by lowercase. Italics if typed underlined if handwritten.
Species - lowercase, typed in italics or underlined if handwritten.
subspecies, varieties, forma
Loss of species name Rosa ‘Buff Beauty’ where parentage of cultivar unsure.
subsp. (non italic/not unlined) Several variations from true species, naturally occurring often in isolation.
var. one or two variations from true species
f. minor variation from try species
Cultivar
Non Italics, single quote marks, capitalised first word letters
A group within a species with minor differences from type species. Occurs and maintained in cultivation, rather than in the wild.
Helianthus annuus ‘Miss Sunshine’
Hylotelephium ‘Herbstfruede’
Rosa ‘Kew Gardens’
Life Cycle of a Plant
Seed - plant embryo, awaiting germination
Juvenile - non reproductive. Rapid vegetative growth
Adult - Plant has reached maturity, capable of sexual reproduction, produce flowers, seeds, fruit
Senescence - growth has ceased, gradual decline, can be seasonal winter colours
Death - End of lifecycle, cessation of metabolic processes
Life cycle benefits
Seed - Easy transportation, storage, can produce many plants, integral to some plant breeding ie F1 series
Juvenile - Food prodction (Daucus carrot, Beta vulgaris), spinach. Cut flower green interest. Coppicing/pollarding. Cuttings root faster. Lawns
Adult - Cut flowers, visual impact in borders, fruit produce, plant breeding, grafting adult to young rootstock for earlier flowering (Wisteria sinensis)
Senescence - Colour change in shrubs/trees, lifting herbaceous plants made easier
Death - Compost, Seed/Flower production usually better in sort lived plants. Adds dynamic to long term planting.
Ephemeral
Several life cycles in one growing season, can multiply rapidly.
Senecio vulgaris (groundsel) Stellaria media (chickweed)
Annual
Completes life cycle in one growing season.
Helianthus annuus Calendula officinalis (pot marigold)
Biennial
Life cycle that spans two growing seasons, 1st year vegetative
Digitalis purpurea
Daucus carota
Perennial
a plant living through many growing seasons
Quercus robur
Echinacea purpurea
Horticultural Annual
Biennial grown as an annual
Daucus carota
Beta vulgaris
Horticultural Biennial
Botanically perennial but short-lived. Removed after flowering
Erysimum cheri (wall-flower) Diantus barbatus (sweet william)
Herbaceous Perennial
Non woody perennial, usually looses stems and leaves at the end of growing season. Few may be evergreen. No secondary thickening.
Ajuga reptans
Alchemilla mollis
Woody Perennial
Maintain live woody framework of stems/branches at the end of growing season. Undergo secondary thickening.
Fraxinus excelsior
Quercus robur
Shrub
Multi-stemmed woody perennial, branching from near ground level.
Cornus alba
Choisya ternata
Fatsia japonica
Berberis thunbergii
Tree
Larger woody perennial, single stemmed unbranched for one distance from ground-level.
Aesculus hippocastanum Castanea sativa Juglans regia Betula pendula Acer pseudoplatanus
Deciduous
plant that sheds its leaves at once, usually at the end of growing season.
Quercus robur
semi evergreen
retains leaves throughout growing season, but may drop due to severe weather conditions
Cotoneaster horizontalis
Evergreen
retains leaves in all seasons
Ilex aquifolium
Bergenia cordiflia
Aucuba japonica
Hardy Annual
can service below -5
Hardy annual can be sown in situ early in the season
Helianthus annuus
Candula offincinalis
Half Hardy annual
Can survive between 1 and -5
Sown under protection early in the season, planted out after last frost
Tagetes erecta
Lobelia erinus
Tender perenial
Can service between 1 and 5c. Will need winter protection, glasshouse etc..
Canna indica
Dahlia ‘Bishop of Leicester’
