2.1 The Memory System (Part 2)

Question 1

What does the working memory contain?

Answer 1

Consists of a central control centre, known as the central executive

Question 2

Name the sub-systems of the central executive

Answer 2

1. The phonological loop
2. The visuospatial sketchpad
3. The episode buffer

Question 3

Define the phonological loop

Answer 3

Deals with auditory information from the sense and helps produce the memory trace

Question 4

Define the visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 4

Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information

Question 5

Define the episodic buffer

Answer 5

Co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory

Question 6

What are the 2 types of memory?

Answer 6

Working memory
Long term memory

Question 7

What is the role of the working memory?

Answer 7

To pick up relevant information from the sporting environment and produce a memory trace.

Question 8

Define long term memory

Answer 8

Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes

Question 9

Characteristics of the memory system

Answer 9

- initiates the action by sending the memory trace
- has a limited capacity - can only deal with 7 items of information at one time otherwise it will overload
- has a limited time scale - lasts for 30 seconds until the information is used or lost

Question 10

How can a coach ensure items are stored in the LTM?

Answer 10

- rewards (increases motivation)
- association of new actions with those already stored in the memory
- mental practice (helps store information)
- breaking the task down (prevents information overload)
- repetition
- chaining

Question 11

Who made the schema theory?

Answer 11

Schmidt : Motor Control and Learning

Question 12

What does the schema theory suggest?

Answer 12

That rather than using a structured set of movements to develop skills, the core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme and then adapted, using information from the environment and feedback from the senses.

Question 13

What are the 2 types of schema?

Answer 13

Recall schema
Recognition schema

Question 14

Define recall schema

Answer 14

Initiates movement, comes before the action

Question 15

What are the 2 parameters for the recall schema?

Answer 15

Initial conditions
Response specifications

Question 16

Define initial conditions

Answer 16

Information from the environment

Question 17

Define response specifications

Answer 17

Information about what to do

Question 18

What are the 2 parameters for the recognition schema?

Answer 18

Sensory consequences
Response outcome

Question 19

Define sensory consequences

Answer 19

Information about the feel of the movement

Question 20

Define repose outcome

Answer 20

Feedback about the result

Question 21

What is the difference between simple reaction time and choice reaction time?

Answer 21

Simple reaction time is when there is one specific response to one stimulus.

Choice reaction time is when you have to choose from numerous stimuli

Question 22

What factors influence response time?

Answer 22

Number of choices - Hick’s law
The single-channel hypothesis
The psychological refractory period
Anticipation

Question 23

What is Hick’s law?

Answer 23

Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases.

Question 24

What is the single-channel hypothesis?

Answer 24

States that stimuli can only be processed one at a time. So, a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed. This delay increases response time.

Question 25

Define psychological refractory period

Answer 25

A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed.

Question 26

Define anticipation

Answer 26

Pre-judging a stimulus

Question 27

What are the 2 types of anticipation?

Answer 27

Temporal
Spatial

Question 28

Define temporal anticipation

Answer 28

When is it going happen

Question 29

Define spatial anticipation

Answer 29

Where and what is going to happen

Question 30

How can response time be improved?

Answer 30

1. Using mental practice
2. Training using specific stimulus expected in the game
3. Learn to improve focus and concentration
4. Improving fitness improves reaction time
5. Use anticipation to predict the stimulus