2.1 The Memory System (Part 2) Flashcards
What does the working memory contain?
Consists of a central control centre, known as the central executive
Name the sub-systems of the central executive
1. The phonological loop
2. The visuospatial sketchpad
3. The episode buffer
Define the phonological loop
Deals with auditory information from the sense and helps produce the memory trace
Define the visuospatial sketchpad
Used to temporarily store visual and spatial information
Define the episodic buffer
Co-ordinates the sight, hearing and movement information from the working memory into sequences to be sent to the long term memory
What are the 2 types of memory?
Working memory
Long term memory
What is the role of the working memory?
To pick up relevant information from the sporting environment and produce a memory trace.
Define long term memory
Receives information from the working memory and has an unlimited capacity for the storage of motor programmes
Characteristics of the memory system
- initiates the action by sending the memory trace
- has a limited capacity - can only deal with 7 items of information at one time otherwise it will overload
- has a limited time scale - lasts for 30 seconds until the information is used or lost
How can a coach ensure items are stored in the LTM?
- rewards (increases motivation)
- association of new actions with those already stored in the memory
- mental practice (helps store information)
- breaking the task down (prevents information overload)
- repetition
- chaining
Who made the schema theory?
Schmidt : Motor Control and Learning
What does the schema theory suggest?
That rather than using a structured set of movements to develop skills, the core principles can be taken from an existing motor programme and then adapted, using information from the environment and feedback from the senses.
What are the 2 types of schema?
Recall schema
Recognition schema
Define recall schema
Initiates movement, comes before the action
What are the 2 parameters for the recall schema?
Initial conditions
Response specifications
Define initial conditions
Information from the environment
Define response specifications
Information about what to do
What are the 2 parameters for the recognition schema?
Sensory consequences
Response outcome
Define sensory consequences
Information about the feel of the movement
Define repose outcome
Feedback about the result
What is the difference between simple reaction time and choice reaction time?
Simple reaction time is when there is one specific response to one stimulus.
Choice reaction time is when you have to choose from numerous stimuli
What factors influence response time?
Number of choices - Hick’s law
The single-channel hypothesis
The psychological refractory period
Anticipation
What is Hick’s law?
Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases.
What is the single-channel hypothesis?
States that stimuli can only be processed one at a time. So, a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed. This delay increases response time.
Define psychological refractory period
A delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed.
Define anticipation
Pre-judging a stimulus
What are the 2 types of anticipation?
Temporal
Spatial
Define temporal anticipation
When is it going happen
Define spatial anticipation
Where and what is going to happen
How can response time be improved?
1. Using mental practice
2. Training using specific stimulus expected in the game
3. Learn to improve focus and concentration
4. Improving fitness improves reaction time
5. Use anticipation to predict the stimulus
