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ECU Motor Speech Disorders > 2.1 - Models of MSDs - Terminology Revisited > Flashcards

2.1 - Models of MSDs - Terminology Revisited Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of Disease/Injury Localizations?

A

Focal

Multifocal

Diffuse

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2
Q

What is Focal Localization?

A

Single circumscribed area or contiguous group of structures is affected

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3
Q

What is Multifocal Localization?

A

More than one area or more than one group of contiguous structures is affected

(e.g., cerebellar and cerebral hemisphere)

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4
Q

What is Diffuse Localization?

A

Roughly symmetric portions of the nervous system bilaterally is affected

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of Disease/Injury Courses?

A

Acute

Subacute

Chronic

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6
Q

When is a Disease/Injury considered Acute?

A

Within minutes to a few days

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7
Q

When is a Disease/Injury considered Subacute?

A

Within days to 3-4 weeks

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8
Q

When is a Disease/Injury considered Chronic?

A

After 2.5-3 months

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9
Q

What are the 5 types of Disease/Injury Evolution of Courses?

A

Transient

Improving

Progressive

Exacerbating-Remitting

Stationary (Chronic)

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10
Q

What is a Transient Disease/Injury Evolution of Course?

A

Symptoms resolve completely after onset

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11
Q

What is an Improving Disease/Injury Evolution of Course?

A

Severity is reduced but symptoms are not resolved

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12
Q

What is a Progressive Disease/Injury Evolution of Course?

A

Symptoms continue to progress or new symptoms appear

.g., dementia, PPA

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13
Q

What is a Exacerbating-Remitting Disease/Injury Evolution of Course?

A

Symptoms develop, then resolve or improve, then recur and worsen, and so on

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14
Q

What is a Stationary (Chronic) Disease/Injury Evolution of Course?

A

Symptoms remain unchanged for an extended period of time

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15
Q

What 8 conditions do we need to rule out before diagnosing someone with a Motor Speech Disorder?

A

Aphasia

Other cognitive disorder (e.g., dementia)

Sensory (e.g., deafness)

Musculosketel defects (e.g., cleft palate)

Other organic (e.g., laryngeal tumor)

Psychogenic

Normal age-related

Dialect, style

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16
Q

What are the 5 Speech Subsystems?

A

Respiration

Phonation

Resonance

Articulation

Prosody

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17
Q

What is the Respiratory Subsystem in layman’s terms?

A

Breathing

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18
Q

What is the Phonation Subsystem in layman’s terms?

A

Sound/voice quality

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19
Q

What is the Resonance Subsystem in layman’s terms?

A

How air moves after respiration

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20
Q

What is the Articulation Subsystem in layman’s terms?

A

Precision of movement

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21
Q

What is the Prosody Subsystem in layman’s terms?

A

Rhythm of speech

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22
Q

What are 4 observable abnormalities seen in Motor Speech Disorders?

A

VOM (Velocity of Movement)

ROM (Range of Movement)

DOM (Direction of Movement)

Accuracy

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23
Q

What are 4 Physiologic Problems seen in Motor Speech Disorders?

A

Strength

Tone

Timing

Coordination

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24
Q

What are the 6 Salient Features of Motor Speech Disorders?

A

Strength

Speed

Range

Steadiness

Tone

Accuracy

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25
What is Flaccid Dysarthria? (2) Where does it originate?
Flaccid weakness Reduced muscle tone // LMN lesions
26
What is Spastic Dysarthria? (2) Where does it originate?
Spastic weakness Excessive muscle tone // Bilateral UMN lesions
27
What is Ataxic Dysarthria? (2) Where does it originate?
Incoordination Imprecise movements // Lesions to the Cerebellum
28
What is Hypokinetic Dysarthria? (2) Where does it originate?
Rigidity or reduced ROM Slow movements // Lesions to the Basal ganglia
29
What is Hyperkinetic Dysarthria? (2) Where does it originate?
Involuntary movement Quick movements // Lesions to the Basal ganglia
30
What is Unilateral upper motor neuron Dysarthria? (2) Where does it originate?
Weakness Incoordination // Unilateral UMN lesions
31
What is Mixed Dysarthria? Where does it originate?
More than one symptom More than one location
32
What is Apraxia of Speech? (2) Where does it originate?
Motor planning Motor programming // Lesions to the Left Hemisphere
33
What are the 5 Motor System/Sensory System/Motor Speech Programmer involved in speech production?
Final common pathway Direct activation pathway Indirect activation pathway Control circuits Conceptual-programming level
34
What is another name for the Final Common Pathway?
LMN System
35
What does the Final Common Pathway include? | 2
Paired cranial nerves - supply muscles involved in phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody Paired spinal nerves - involved in speech, breathing, and prosody
36
What is the Role of the Final Common Pathway?
Conducts messages “written” and controlled elsewhere to the actual muscle
37
What would happen without the Final Common Pathway? | 2
Muscles could not be activated Movement would be impossible
38
What occurs when there is damage at LMN level?
Flaccid dysarthria
39
What are the two parts of the Upper Motor Neuron System? | 2
Direct Activation Pathway (Pyramidal) Indirect Activation Pathway (Extrapyramidal)
40
What is another name for the Direct Activation Pathway?
Pyramidal Tract
41
What are the 2 parts of the Direct Activation Pathway of the UMN System (Pyramidal Tract)?
Corticospinal Tract Corticobulbar Tract
42
What does the Corticospinal Tract influence?
The activity of the spinal nerves
43
What does the Corticobulbar Tract influence?
The activities of many of the cranial nerves
44
What kind of route is the Direct Activation Pathway of the UMN System (Pyramidal Tract)?
Express Route to Final Common Pathway (FCP)
45
What is another name for the Indirect Activation Pathway?
Extrapyramidal Tract
46
What is contained in the Indirect Activation Pathway of the UMN System (Extrapyramidal Tract)? Where are these synapses located?
Multiple synapses between the cerebral cortex and its destination at the Final Common Pathway (FCP) Mostly in the brainstem
47
What are the 4 major pathways in the Indirect Activation Pathway of the UMN System (Extrapyramidal Tract)?
Corticoreticular Reticular spinal Corticorubral Rubrospinal
48
What is the Corticoreticular Tract? What does it contain?
“Seat of consciousness” Reticular formation
49
Where is the Corticoreticular Tract located? | 3
Medulla Pons Midbrain
50
What is the Corticorubral Tract? What does it contain?
“Relay to cerebellum” Red nucleus
51
Where is the Corticorubral Tract located?
Midbrain
52
What kind of route is the Indirect Activation Pathway of the UMN System (Extrapyramidal Tract)?
Local Route, with Stops en Route to the Final Common Pathway (FCP)
53
What happens when there is Unilateral damage to Trigeminal Nerve (V) alone? Bilateral damage?
Unilateral Lesions = Jaw deviates to side of weakness when jaw opens Bilateral Lesions = Jaw hangs open
54
What happens when there is damage to the Facial Nerve (VII) alone? (2)
Upper and lower facial weakness, Isolated articulatory deficit for bilabial consonants
55
What kind of lesions cause single-sided weakness of the LOWER face?
Contralateral UMN lesion to Facial Nerve
56
What do Bilateral UMN Lesions cause?
Whole body spaticity
57
What kind of lesions cause weakness to one side of the face?
Ipsilateral LMN lesion to Facial Nerve
58
What kind of lesions cause weakness of the entire face?
Bilateral LMN lesion to Facial Nerve
59
What happens when there is damage to the Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)? (6)
Difficulty swallowing Absent gag reflex Impaired taste over the posterior one-third of the tongue and palate Impaired sensation over the posterior one-third of the tongue Impaired sensation over the palate Impaired sensation over the pharynx
60
What happens when there is damage to Vagus Nerve (V)? | 4
Weakness of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx. Droop on weak side of palate Decreased gag reflex Palate pulls to strong side when phonating “ah”
61
What happens when there is UNILATERAL damage to Vagus Nerve (V)? (4) What changes when the lesion is BILATERAL?
Impaired resonance Impaired voice quality Impaired swallowing Impaired phonation (more prominently than resonance) // Bilateral lesions more severe
62
What happens when there is damage to Accessory Nerve (XI)? | 3
Weaker head rotation toward the side opposite the lesion Reduced ability to elevate or shrug the shoulder on the side of the lesion Swallowing impairments
63
What happens when there is damage to the Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) or one of its branches? (2)
Isolated tongue weakness Atrophy, weakness, and fasciculations of the tongue on the side of the lesion
64
What happens when there is UNILATERAL damage to the Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) or one of its branches? (2)
Tongue deviates to the side of the lesion when protruded Consonant (and vowel) distortion
65
What does the Cerebellum do? | 3
Receives input from cortex that plans and initiates complex + highly skilled movements Receives sensory innervations that monitors course of movements Influences movements by modifying UMN activity patterns (prominent projections to most UMNs)
66
What is the Primary Function of the Cerebellum? | 2
To detect difference or “motor error” between intended movement and actual movement To reduce error through its projections to the UMNs
67
What does the Cerebellum corrects?
“Motor error” in both real time and over longer periods, as motor learning
68
Each hemisphere of the Cerebellum is involved in controlling movement on the __________ of the body.
Ipsilateral side (E.g. left cerebral hemisphere and right cerebellar hemisphere cooperate in coordinating movement on the right side of the body)
69
What are the Major INPUTS of the Cerebellum from the Cortex? (3)
Parietal Cingulate Frontal
70
What are the Major INPUTS of the Cerebellum from Other Locations? (4)
Red nucleus Superior colliculus Spinal cord Reticular formation
71
What are the Major OUTPUTS of the Cerebellum | 5
Motor Cortex (via relay in VL nuclei of thalamus) Red nucleus Vestibular nuclei Superior colliculus Reticular formation
72
What do the Basal Ganglia Control Circuits do? | 4
Posture and tone regulation Movement scaling Set switching Movement selection and learning
73
How does the Basal Ganglia Control Circuits contribute to Posture and Tone Regulation? (2)
Regulating muscle tone Maintaining normal posture and static muscle contraction needed for voluntary, skilled movements, including speech
74
How does the Basal Ganglia Control Circuits contribute to Movement Scaling? (3)
Scaling force Scaling amplitude Scaling duration
75
How does the Basal Ganglia Control Circuits contribute to Set Switching? (2)
Interrupting ongoing behavior to prepare Facilitating appropriate non routine responses
76
How does the Basal Ganglia Control Circuits contribute to Movement Selection and Learning? (2)
Striatum builds a repertoire of movements These can be triggered in response to appropriate stimuli
77
What does the Basal Ganglia Control Circuits contribute to? | 3
Control of movements associated with goal-directed activities (e.g., the arm swing during walking), Control of automatic activities (e.g., chewing and walking) Control of movements that must be adjusted as a function of the environment in which they occur (e.g., speaking with restricted jaw movement)
78
What are the 3 Motor Principles for Motor Speech Disorders?
Separation of neural control mechanisms Peripheral dependencies Voluntary control of the speech musculature
79
What does the Motor Principle: "separation of neural control mechanisms" mean?
CNS does not control limb and individual speech systems
80
What does the Motor Principle: "Peripheral Dependencies" mean? (1+2)
Some parameters or subcomponents of speech are dependent on the... - Integrity of other parameters - Subcomponents of speech
81
What does the Motor Principle: "voluntary control of the speech musculature" mean? (1+2)
There is a common neuromuscular substrate underlying... - Control of speech - Voluntary speech movements

ECU Motor Speech Disorders (16 decks)

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