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alimentary > 2.1 headgut, pharynx, larynx > Flashcards

2.1 headgut, pharynx, larynx Flashcards

1
Q

define prehension

A

the intake of food through the mouth

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2
Q

define mastication

A

the mechanical break down of food

allow mixing with saliva

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3
Q

define deglutition

A

the act of swallowing in several phases

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4
Q

what are the phases of deglutition and what differences do they have

A

initial phase is voluntary
the remaining phases are involuntary

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5
Q

what is the 4 musculature of prehension (4)

A
  • Zygomaticus: Retracts the mouth’s angle.
  • Levator labii superioris: Elevates the upper lip.
  • Buccinator: Keeps food between molar teeth during mastication.
  • Orbicularis oris: Closes lips, assists in gathering food .
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6
Q

function of zygomaticus

A

retracts the mouth’s angle

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7
Q

function of levator labii superioris

A

elevates the upper lip

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8
Q

function of buccinator

A

keep food between molar teeth during mastication

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9
Q

orbicularis oris

A

close lips, assisting in gathering food

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10
Q

where are the location of the prehension muscles

A

look at diagram

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11
Q

location of the oral cavity

A

extends from lips to the entrance into the pharynx

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12
Q

what’s the difference between hard palate and soft palate

A
  • Hard palate has a bone with it
  • Soft palate doesn’t have a bone with it
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13
Q

function of the hard palate

A
  • separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
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14
Q

function of the nasopharynx

A

a passage from nasal cavity to the larynx and trachea

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15
Q

is the trachea dorsal or ventral to the oesophagus

A

ventral

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16
Q

function of oropharynx

A

passage for both food and air

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17
Q

function of the larynx

A

for sound production

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18
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway

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19
Q

where is the guttural pouch present

A

in horses

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20
Q

function of the guttural pouch

A
  • reduce in density of the head
  • involve in formation of horses voice
  • for thermal regulation
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21
Q

what structural difference is with brachycephalic dogs

A

very long soft palate

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22
Q

how does the structural difference in brachycephalic dogs affect them

A

the soft palate blocks the entrance of larynx and the trachea, causing snoring and breathing problems

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23
Q

what surgery helps with brachycephalic dogs

A

BOAS surgery

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24
Q

how does BOAS surgery work

A

Cut parts of the soft palate to unblock the entrance to the larynx and the trachea

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25
Q

what are the 2 muscles for swallowing (soft palate)

A

tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini

26
Q

function of the 2 muscles for swallowing

A

During swallowing, they assists in elevating the soft palate to seal off the nasopharynx from the oral cavity, preventing food from entering the nasal passages.

The elevation caused by tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini results in the caudal free edge of the soft palate pressing on the pharyngeal wall, sealing off the nasopharynx

The action of the tensor veli palatin

27
Q

the 3 divisions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

28
Q

what is monostomatic and polystomatic glands

A

Monostomatic glands - delivers saliva to a distant site through a single duct

Polystomatic glands - produce saliva locally through multiple openings adjacent to the saliva-producing glands

29
Q

what are the 4 minor salivary glands

A
  • lingual
  • labial
  • buccal
  • palatine
30
Q

what are the 4 major salivary glands (1 of them might not count as major)

A
  • parotid
  • sublingual
  • mandibular
  • zygomatic
31
Q

salivary gland innervation

A

Sympathetic:

vasoconstriction and the flow of saliva decreased

Parasympathetic (most important):

  • Facial (CN Vll)
  • Glossopharyngeal (CN lX)
32
Q

why do we release less saliva in sympathetic nervous system

A

When we are nervous, our mouth gets dry, because less saliva flow = less digestion of food as not needed

33
Q

where is the hyoid apparatus located

A

in the larynx

34
Q

5 bone type of the hyoid apparatus

A

basialhyoid
epihyoid
stylohyoid
keratohyoid
thyrohyoid

35
Q

which one of the bones are paired and which are unpaired

A

basilhyoid - unpaired
the rest of them are paired

36
Q

function of the hyoid apparatus

A

hold the larynx in place

37
Q

location of the bones of the hyoid apparatus

A

look at diagram

38
Q

what are the unpaired cartilage associated with the hyoid apparatus

A

Epiglottis, Thyroid, and Cricoid.

39
Q

what are the paired cartilage associated with the hyoid apparatus

A

Arytenoid

40
Q

4 laryngeal muscle

A
  1. ventricularis
  2. cricoarytenoideus
  3. thyroarytenoideus
  4. vocalis
41
Q

function of ventricularis

A

vocal fold adduction (bringing the vocal cords together) and glottis constriction (narrowing the spaces between vocal cords)

42
Q

function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

A

abducts the arytenoid cartilage to open the glottis

43
Q

function of thyrotenoideus

A

give rise to ventricularis and vocalis muscles

44
Q

function of vocalis

A

control vocal cord

45
Q

function of tongue

A
  • Grooming
  • Lapping
  • Prehension food in the oral cavity
  • Delugtition reflex
  • vocalisation
46
Q

what is lyssa

A

rod like structure in the middle of a dogs tongue

47
Q

how do dogs consume water

A

Dog tongue swings backward, acting like a cup holding water, pulling it into the oral cavity

48
Q

tongue intrinsic muscles

A

dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscle

49
Q

tongue extrinsic muscles

A
  1. styloglossus
  2. genioglossus
  3. hyoglossus
  4. geniohyoideus
50
Q

function of styloglossus

A
  • it retracts and elevates the tongue
51
Q

function of genioglossus

A
  • it protrudes and depressed the tongue
52
Q

function of hyoglossus

A

it retracts and depresses the tongue

53
Q

function of geniohyoideus

A

it lies below the tongue (not within it) and draws the hyoid and therefore the tongue forwards

54
Q

tongue innervation

A

Movement: hypoglossal nerve (CN Xll)

Sensory (temperature and touch)

55
Q

types of papilla (5)

A
  • conical
  • foliate
  • vallate
  • fungiform
  • filiform
56
Q

details about conical

A

Types of papillae:

  1. Conical - mechanical

a. Absent in horses
b. Present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue
c. No taste buds

57
Q

details about foliate

A
  1. Foliate (gustatory)

a. Absent in ruminant
b. Present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue
c. Taste buds present
d. 8-12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline

58
Q

details about vallate

A
  1. Vallate (gustatory)
    Taste buds and lymphatics present
59
Q

details about fungiform

A
  1. Fungiform (gustatory)

a. Red dots
b. Consists of blood vessels
c. They are involved in heat loss by panting in dogs
d. Contain taste buds

60
Q

details about filiform

A
  1. Filiform (mechanical)

a. No taste buds
Very prominent in cats

alimentary (14 decks)

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