2.1 headgut, pharynx, larynx

Question 1

define prehension

Answer 1

the intake of food through the mouth

Question 2

define mastication

Answer 2

the mechanical break down of food

allow mixing with saliva

Question 3

define deglutition

Answer 3

the act of swallowing in several phases

Question 4

what are the phases of deglutition and what differences do they have

Answer 4

initial phase is voluntary
the remaining phases are involuntary

Question 5

what is the 4 musculature of prehension (4)

Answer 5

• Zygomaticus: Retracts the mouth’s angle.
• Levator labii superioris: Elevates the upper lip.
• Buccinator: Keeps food between molar teeth during mastication.
• Orbicularis oris: Closes lips, assists in gathering food .

Question 6

function of zygomaticus

Answer 6

retracts the mouth’s angle

Question 7

function of levator labii superioris

Answer 7

elevates the upper lip

Question 8

function of buccinator

Answer 8

keep food between molar teeth during mastication

Question 9

orbicularis oris

Answer 9

close lips, assisting in gathering food

Question 10

where are the location of the prehension muscles

Answer 10

look at diagram

Question 11

location of the oral cavity

Answer 11

extends from lips to the entrance into the pharynx

Question 12

what’s the difference between hard palate and soft palate

Answer 12

• Hard palate has a bone with it
• Soft palate doesn’t have a bone with it

Question 13

function of the hard palate

Answer 13

• separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Question 14

function of the nasopharynx

Answer 14

a passage from nasal cavity to the larynx and trachea

Question 15

is the trachea dorsal or ventral to the oesophagus

Answer 15

ventral

Question 16

function of oropharynx

Answer 16

passage for both food and air

Question 17

function of the larynx

Answer 17

for sound production

Question 18

function of the epiglottis

Answer 18

a flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway

Question 19

where is the guttural pouch present

Answer 19

in horses

Question 20

function of the guttural pouch

Answer 20

• reduce in density of the head
• involve in formation of horses voice
• for thermal regulation

Question 21

what structural difference is with brachycephalic dogs

Answer 21

very long soft palate

Question 22

how does the structural difference in brachycephalic dogs affect them

Answer 22

the soft palate blocks the entrance of larynx and the trachea, causing snoring and breathing problems

Question 23

what surgery helps with brachycephalic dogs

Answer 23

BOAS surgery

Question 24

how does BOAS surgery work

Answer 24

Cut parts of the soft palate to unblock the entrance to the larynx and the trachea

Question 25

what are the 2 muscles for swallowing (soft palate)

Answer 25

tensor veli palatini levator veli palatini

Question 26

function of the 2 muscles for swallowing

Answer 26

During swallowing, they assists in elevating the soft palate to seal off the nasopharynx from the oral cavity, preventing food from entering the nasal passages. The elevation caused by tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini results in the caudal free edge of the soft palate pressing on the pharyngeal wall, sealing off the nasopharynx The action of the tensor veli palatin

Question 27

the 3 divisions of the pharynx

Answer 27

nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

Question 28

what is monostomatic and polystomatic glands

Answer 28

Monostomatic glands - delivers saliva to a distant site through a single duct Polystomatic glands - produce saliva locally through multiple openings adjacent to the saliva-producing glands

Question 29

what are the 4 minor salivary glands

Answer 29

- lingual - labial - buccal - palatine

Question 30

what are the 4 major salivary glands (1 of them might not count as major)

Answer 30

- parotid - sublingual - mandibular - zygomatic

Question 31

salivary gland innervation

Answer 31

Sympathetic: vasoconstriction and the flow of saliva decreased Parasympathetic (most important): - Facial (CN Vll) - Glossopharyngeal (CN lX)

Question 32

why do we release less saliva in sympathetic nervous system

Answer 32

When we are nervous, our mouth gets dry, because less saliva flow = less digestion of food as not needed

Question 33

where is the hyoid apparatus located

Answer 33

in the larynx

Question 34

5 bone type of the hyoid apparatus

Answer 34

basialhyoid epihyoid stylohyoid keratohyoid thyrohyoid

Question 35

which one of the bones are paired and which are unpaired

Answer 35

basilhyoid - unpaired the rest of them are paired

Question 36

function of the hyoid apparatus

Answer 36

hold the larynx in place

Question 37

location of the bones of the hyoid apparatus

Answer 37

look at diagram

Question 38

what are the unpaired cartilage associated with the hyoid apparatus

Answer 38

Epiglottis, Thyroid, and Cricoid.

Question 39

what are the paired cartilage associated with the hyoid apparatus

Answer 39

Arytenoid

Question 40

4 laryngeal muscle

Answer 40

1. ventricularis 2. cricoarytenoideus 3. thyroarytenoideus 4. vocalis

Question 41

function of ventricularis

Answer 41

vocal fold adduction (bringing the vocal cords together) and glottis constriction (narrowing the spaces between vocal cords)

Question 42

function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis

Answer 42

abducts the arytenoid cartilage to open the glottis

Question 43

function of thyrotenoideus

Answer 43

give rise to ventricularis and vocalis muscles

Question 44

function of vocalis

Answer 44

control vocal cord

Question 45

function of tongue

Answer 45

- Grooming - Lapping - Prehension food in the oral cavity - Delugtition reflex - vocalisation

Question 46

what is lyssa

Answer 46

rod like structure in the middle of a dogs tongue

Question 47

how do dogs consume water

Answer 47

Dog tongue swings backward, acting like a cup holding water, pulling it into the oral cavity

Question 48

tongue intrinsic muscles

Answer 48

dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscle

Question 49

tongue extrinsic muscles

Answer 49

1. styloglossus 2. genioglossus 3. hyoglossus 4. geniohyoideus

Question 50

function of styloglossus

Answer 50

- it retracts and elevates the tongue

Question 51

function of genioglossus

Answer 51

- it protrudes and depressed the tongue

Question 52

function of hyoglossus

Answer 52

it retracts and depresses the tongue

Question 53

function of geniohyoideus

Answer 53

it lies below the tongue (not within it) and draws the hyoid and therefore the tongue forwards

Question 54

tongue innervation

Answer 54

Movement: hypoglossal nerve (CN Xll) Sensory (temperature and touch)

Question 55

types of papilla (5)

Answer 55

- conical - foliate - vallate - fungiform - filiform

Question 56

details about conical

Answer 56

Types of papillae: 1. Conical - mechanical a. Absent in horses b. Present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue c. No taste buds

Question 57

details about foliate

Answer 57

2. Foliate (gustatory) a. Absent in ruminant b. Present in the caudal 1/3 of the tongue c. Taste buds present d. 8-12 papillae in parallel folds, one either side of the tongue midline

Question 58

details about vallate

Answer 58

3. Vallate (gustatory) Taste buds and lymphatics present

Question 59

details about fungiform

Answer 59

4. Fungiform (gustatory) a. Red dots b. Consists of blood vessels c. They are involved in heat loss by panting in dogs d. Contain taste buds

Question 60

details about filiform

Answer 60

5. Filiform (mechanical) a. No taste buds Very prominent in cats