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Biology > 2.1 Cell structure > Flashcards

2.1 Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nuclear membrane made up of?

A

Nuclear envelopes (double membrane) and nuclear pores

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2
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

To produce ATP via aerobic respiration

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3
Q

What is the cytoplasm in mitochondria called?

A

The mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To hold and process proteins that have been made by ribosomes

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5
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To synthesise and process lipids

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6
Q

Describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. The surface is covered in ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins, and makes lysosomes

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8
Q

What is a Golgi vesicle?

A

A small, fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus

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9
Q

What is the function of the Golgi vesicle?

A

Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

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10
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane and is a type of Golgi vesicle

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11
Q

How big are prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

70S

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12
Q

How big are eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

80S

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13
Q

What is a chloroplast envelope?

A

Double plasma membrane that is highly selective about what enters and leaves the chloroplast

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14
Q

What is the stroma?

A

Fluid filled matrix where the second stage of photosynthesis happens. It contains all the enzymes needed for photosynthesis as well as ribosomes, starch grains etc

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15
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of disc like structures called thylakoids that contain chlorophyll

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16
Q

What connects grana together?

A

Lamella

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17
Q

What is the cell wall of plant and algal cells made of?

A

Cellulose

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18
Q

What are fungal cell walls made of?

A

Chitin

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19
Q

What is the membrane of a vacuole called?

20
Q

What does the vacuole contain?

21
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

To synthesise ribosomal RNA to make ribosomes

22
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A single-called organism whose DNA is freely suspended in the cytoplasm

23
Q

What is the function of the slime capsule?

A

Mucilaginous layer important for protection and needed for adhesion of bacteria

24
Q

What is a mesosome?

A

The site of attachment for respiratory enzymes

25
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made of?

26
Q

What is the function of pili?

A

To attach cells together and exchange plasmids

27
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

Binary fission

28
Q

What is the main biological molecule in prokaryotic cell membranes?

A

Phospholipids

29
Q

What are the two components left after ultra-centrifugation?

A

The supernatant and pellet

30
Q

Which type of organelle contains a cristae and matrix?

A

Mitochondria

31
Q

What membrane protein has a carbohydrate attached?

A

Glycoprotein

32
Q

What is a phospholipid made up of?

A

Two fatty acids, glycerol and a phosphate

33
Q

Where is ribosomal RNA made?

A

The nucleolus

34
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much bigger the image is than the specimen

35
Q

What is resolution?

A

The minimum distance apart that two objects have to be in order for them to appear as separate objects

36
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Glass lenses focus light and form and image

37
Q

Why do light microscopes have a low resolution?

A

Light has a long wavelength

38
Q

Do light microscopes have high or low magnification?

39
Q

Name three positives of using a light microscope

A
  • living cells can be viewed
  • Images can have colour
  • Easy preparation technique
40
Q

how do transmission electron microscopes work?

A

beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen

41
Q

Name three positives of using a TEM microscope

A
  • High resolution
  • High magnification
  • Internal organelles and their structures can be seen
42
Q

What specimens can be viewed using TEM microscopes?

A

Thin and non-living specimens

43
Q

What images are produced by TEM microscopes?

A

2D and monochrome images

44
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes work?

A

A beam of electrons is scanned across the specimen, knocking electrons off and gathering them in a cathode ray tube to form a 3D image of the specimen’s surface

45
Q

Name three negatives of using an SEM microscope

A
  • Can’t be used on living specimens
  • Images have lower resolution than TEM images
  • Complex preparation
46
Q

Name three positives of using an SEM microscope

A
  • High resolution
  • High magnification
  • Colour can be added
47
Q

What is an artefact?

A

Things shown by a microscope hat are not part of the specimen

Biology (14 decks)

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