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Biology > 1.1 Biological molecules > Flashcards

1.1 Biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

A complex molecule with a large molecular mass

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large, complex molecule made of repeating monomers joined together in chains

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3
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small repeating subunit that can join together in chains to form polymers

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4
Q

What monomers join together to form carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

What monomers join together to form proteins?

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

What monomers join together to form DNA?

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction that releases water

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8
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

A reaction that uses water to split up molecules

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9
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism

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10
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with the atoms connected in a different way

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11
Q

What bond is formed between monosaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond

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12
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond

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13
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Two or more monosaccharides joined together

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14
Q

What is amylose?

A

Long, unbranched chain of alpha glucose

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15
Q

what is amylopectin?

A

long, heavily branched chain of alpha glucose

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16
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

To store glucose for energy

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17
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Polysaccharides of alpha glucose: amylose and amylopectin

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18
Q

How is starch suited for its function? (2 reasons)

A

It is insoluble in water so doesn’t affect water potential or cause osmosis. It is very compact so can store lots in a small space.

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19
Q

What is glycogen?

A

An alpha glucose polysaccharide made with excess glucose

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20
Q

How is glycogen suited for its function? (2 reasons)

A

Lots of branches allow glucose to be released quickly. Very compact so lots of glucose can be stored in a small space.

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21
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

Long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose

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22
Q

What are microfibrils?

A

Strong fibres made of cellulose chains linked by hydrogen bonds.

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23
Q

How is cellulose suited for its function? (1 reason)

A

Strong fibres enable good structural support in the cell wall

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24
Q

Glucose + glucose = ?

A

Maltose

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25
Q

Glucose + fructose = ?

A

Sucrose

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26
Q

Glucose + galactose = ?

A

Lactose

27
Q

What type of bonds hold together beta-glucose chains that form cellulose?

A

Hydrogen bonds

28
Q

Are lipids polymers?

A

No

29
Q

Which elements make up lipids?

A

Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

30
Q

Are lipids soluble in water?

A

No

31
Q

How can we test for lipids?

A

Emulsion tests

32
Q

Are lipids soluble in alcohol and acetone?

A

Yes

33
Q

What roles do lipids play in cell membranes? [2]

A

Phospholipid bilayer transports lipid soluble molecules through the membrane, cell membrane is kept flexible

34
Q

What roles do lipids play in protection?

A

Layers of fat surround and protect internal organs in animals and humans from damage

35
Q

Why is it useful that lipids are insoluble in water? [2]

A

Their presence doesn’t affect water potential, they act as a waterproofing layer in both plant and animal cells

36
Q

How do lipids act as insulation?

A

They are poor conductors of heat, so help prevent heat from escaping to maintain our normal body temperature

37
Q

Why are lipids a good store of energy?

A

They can release large amounts of energy at a time

38
Q

Name two types of lipids

A

Phospholipids and triglycerides

39
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Two amino acids bonded together

40
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

More than two amino acids bonded together

41
Q

What is a protein?

A

One or more folded polypeptides

42
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

Condensation reaction between the carboxyl group group one amino acid and the amino group of another

43
Q

What two substances are formed when two amino acid molecules join together?

A
  • dipeptide
  • water
44
Q

What type of bond forms between amino acid molecules?

A

Peptide bond

45
Q

How can we test for protein?

A

Add buret solution, shake, presence of protein causes colour to change from blue to purple

46
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

The order of amino acid sequence in the polypeptide chain

47
Q

What does the primary structure of protein determine?

A

The way the chain will fold

48
Q

What are the secondary structures of protein?

A

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

49
Q

How do the secondary structures of protein form?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between non-adjacent amine and carboxyl groups in the amino acid chain

50
Q

How many different amino acids make up all living things?

A

20

51
Q

How is the shape of an enzyme’s active site determined?

A

The enzyme’s tertiary structure

52
Q

What is an intracellular enzyme?

A

An enzyme that is used by the cell it was made in

53
Q

What is an extracellular enzyme?

A

An enzyme that works outside the cell it was made in

54
Q

How is activation energy reduced?

A

Enzyme-substrate complexes bend the bonds of the substrate

55
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

The idea that the active site of an enzyme is not perfectly complimentary, and instead changes shape as the enzyme-substrate complex forms, bending the bonds in the substrate.

56
Q

What are the two types of enzyme inhibitor?

A
  • competitive inhibitors
    -non-competitive inhibitors
57
Q

Name four factors that affect enzyme activity

A

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration

58
Q

How does a competitive inhibitor work?

A

Inhibitor with a similar shape to the substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site, preventing the substrate from binding

59
Q

How does a non-competitive inhibitor work?

A

Inhibitor binds to allosteric site of the enzyme, causing active site to change shape, preventing the substrate from binding

60
Q

Which type of inhibitor can be overcome by increasing the substrate concentration?

A

competitive inhibitors

61
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Potential for Hydrogen

62
Q

What ion can be increased to make a solution more acidic?

A

H+ ions

63
Q

What ion can be increased to make a solution more alkaline?

A

OH- ions

64
Q

What is an R group?

A

The variable group that differentiates different amino acids

Biology (11 decks)

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