2.1 - Approaches In Psychology (set F - Biological Approach) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the biological approach?

A

combines psychology and biology and aims to explain how we think and feel as a result of factors within our body

  • focused more on the genetic basis of behvaiour
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2
Q

Outline 4 assumptions of the biological approach?

A
  • investigates how biological structures and functions of the brain impacts on behaviour
  • Much of behaviour has a biological cause which may be genetically or environmentally altered
  • The nervous system including hormones and neurotransmitters affect behaviour
  • Behaviour can be inherited (as it is determined by genetic information)
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3
Q

What does the biological approach say about disease and infections in regard to behaviour?

A

Infections and diseases can play a role in mental illness for example schizophrenia

  • acknowledges that genes play a large role in certain disorders
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4
Q

Outline the influence of genes on behaviour?

A

Genes can carry instructions for characteristics eg personality or iq, However how it develops depends on interaction of the gene with other genes and the environment

  • play a large part in certain disorders eg Schizophrenia
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5
Q

Define heritability?

A

amount of variation in a trait, or behaviour within a population that can be attributed to genetic differences

  • studies of identical twins have suggested that the variation in individual intelligence could be 60-80% due to genes
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6
Q

Define genotype?

A

The genetic make-up of an individual - the genotype is a collection of inherited genetic material that is passed from generation to generation

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7
Q

define phenotype?

A

The observable characteristics of an individual - this is a consequence of the interaction of the genotype with the environment

Eg height or eye colour

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8
Q

Outline genetic variability?

A

genes function in pairs and the recombination of genes from parents to offspring provides the basis for genetic variability

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9
Q

Outline how the relationship between the genotype and phenotype is not direct?

A

if their are two identical twins (concordance rate of 100%) who’s parents are smart then they will have the genetic potential to also be smart - however if the environmental conditions were different for each twin then they could differ due to the environment affecting the expression of the gene

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10
Q

Outline the influence of neuron’s and the nervous system on behaviour?

A
  • nervous system carries messages from one part of the body to another using neurons
  • many aspects of behaviour are under neuronal control (eg breathing and eating)
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11
Q

Outline the systems which make up the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord
  • peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises the somatic and autonomic nervous system
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12
Q

Outline the influence of the brain on behaviour?

A
  • largest part of brain is cerebrum (85% of total mass)
  • outer surface of cerebrum called cerebral cortex - responsible for higher order functions (language and thought)
  • cerebrum divided into two hemispheres each divided into 4 lobes
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13
Q

Outline how neurotransmitters work?

A

When nerve impulse reaches end of neurone, neurotransmitter is released, which travels across synapse

  • two types excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters
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14
Q

Outline what excitatory neurotransmitters are?

A

Neurotransmitters that trigger nerve impulses in the receiving neurone and stimulates the brain into action

Eg dopamine - associated with our ‘drive’ and motivation

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15
Q

Outline what inhibitory neurotransmitters are?

A

Neurotransmitters that inhibit nerve impulses in order to calm the brain and balance mood

  • eg serotonin - adequate amounts are necessary to maintain a stable mood
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16
Q

Outline the role of neurotransmitters like serotonin on behaviour?

A

Inhibitory transmitter - adequate amounts are necessary to maintain a stable mood

  • Crockett et al (2008) found that when serotonin levels are low people tend to display increased aggression
17
Q

Outline the role of different components of the brain on behaviour?

A

Frontal lobes - involved with functions such as speech, thought and learning

Temporal lobes - involved with hearing and memory

Parietal lobes - process sensory information such as touch, temperature and pain

Occipital lobes - process visual information

18
Q

Outline the influence of hormones on behaviour?

A

Chemicals produced by the endocrine glands in response to a signal from the brain - secreted into the bloodstream where they travel to their ‘target cells’ and stimulate receptors on the cell surface

19
Q

Provide research evidence regarding hormones effect on behaviour?

A

Carré et al (2008) studied Canadian ice hockey team over the course of a season - found evidence that the hormone testosterone surged whenever the team played in their home stadium - suggesting the hormone energised the players to defend their home territory

20
Q

Explain evolutionary psychology?

A

tries to understand human behaviour as the result of psychological adaption and natural selection

21
Q

Define natural selection?

A

Process by which inherited characteristics that enhance an individuals reproductive success are passed on to the next generation, and so become more widespread in the population over time

22
Q

Outline evidence that the brain is responsible for behaviour?

A

Phineas Gage - metal rod went through head causing him to loose his left eye, went through hitting his brain - he ultimately survived but his friends noticed his behaviour had changed from being soft spoken and nice to now being aggressive and unpleasant - this allows us to link the part of his brain (the front) to behaviour/personality

23
Q

Give 3 neurotransmitters and explain them?

A

Melatonin - hormone responsible for sleep - high levels of melatonin cause you to sleep a lot

Adrenaline - high levels for adrenaline causes stress, emotion and arousal

Testosterone - high levels can affect sex and aggression

24
Q

Outline the concordance rate amongst twins?

A

Monozygotic (identical twins) - have nearly 100% concordance

Dizygotic (non-identical twins) - have around 50% concordance

25
Q

Outline the link between evolution and behaviour?

A

Animals’ that survive and are able to reproduce pass on behaviours that will contribute to a species survival through process of natural selection

26
Q

Give an example of evolution - with focus on changes in humans?

A

have evolved to have less prominent jawlines and teeth, this could be a result of a change in diet, as humans are no longer eating hard foods and lots of meat and therefore don’t require that many teeth

27
Q

Outline the types of research methods the biological approach uses?

A
  • Draws on concepts from the hard sciences and research tends to be highly scientific in nature, involving lab experiments and observations
  • Objective brain recording and scans techniques are also used
  • Objective, factual and scientific
28
Q

Outline 3 strengths of the biological approach?

A
  • Scanning research techniques are useful for investigating the functions of the brain: an organ with obvious involvement in our behaviour that would otherwise be unobservable
  • The approach presents the strong nature viewpoint of the nature-nurture debate.
  • The experimental methods used (gathering empirical [i.e. observable] evidence) make this approach very scientific
29
Q

Outline 3 weaknesses of the biological approach?

A
  • The approach is considered reductionist; complex behaviour, thoughts and emotions are all equally explained by low-level biological mechanisms such as biochemicals and nerve impulses
  • Biology alone has been unable to explain the phenomenon of consciousness
  • An extreme biological approach does not account for the wide base of evidence that points to the influence of our environment (e.g. culture and society)
30
Q

What is the biological approaches stance on the nature v nurture debate?

A

Strongly nature - genes play a large role in behaviour, phenotype is affected by the environment

31
Q

What is the biological approaches stance on the free will v determinism debate?

A

Determinism - genes, structure of brain, evolution and neurotransmitters are the only things that affect behaviour