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A-level - Psychology > 1.4 - Psychopathology (set C - Depression) > Flashcards

1.4 - Psychopathology (set C - Depression) Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the three types of characteristics of depression?

A
  • behavioural
  • emotional
  • cognitive
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2
Q

Outline the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A
  • manifests as a reduction in energy levels, individuals become lethargic, withdrawn and can struggle getting out of bed - can experiences opposite and be unable to relax
  • aggression or self harm
  • distraction to sleeping and eating
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3
Q

Outline the how depression impacts sleeping and eating - reference what characteristic this is?

A
  • Behavioural characteristic
  • Suffers may experiences insomnia or hypersonmnia
  • appetitive may increase or decrease, leading to weight gain or loss
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4
Q

Outline the how depression can lead to aggression or self - reference what characteristic this is?

A
  • behavioural characteristic
  • may expirence increases in aggression
  • Can cause impulsive decision making, aggressive and erratic behaviour
  • Self-harm (such as cutting) or suicide attempts
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5
Q

Outline the emotional characteristics of depression?

A
  • Lowered mood - may feel very sad and worthless
  • Anger- can experience frustration which may be directed at others or self
  • Lowered self-esteem - start hating yourself more
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6
Q

Outline why suffers of depression experience lowered mood what characteristic is this, what are the features?

A
  • emotional characteristic
  • individuals will often feel very sad - lowered mood
  • Often their are feelings of emptiness or worthlessness and dejection
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7
Q

Outline why suffers of depression experience anger what characteristic is this, what are the features?

A
  • emotional characteristic
  • can experience anger which can be extreme and be directed at others or self
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8
Q

Outline the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A
  • poor concentration - unable to stick to a task - lack the decision making ability
  • dwelling on the negative - ignore positives

absolute thinking - black and white thinking

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9
Q

Outline why suffers of depression experience poor concentration what characteristic is this, what are the features?

A
  • cognitive characteristic
  • suffers may be unable to stick to a task - lack the decision making ability
  • Reductions in concentration and decision making are likely to interfere with work
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10
Q

What is depression?

A

Mental disorder where an individual feels sad and lacks interest in their usual activities - may experiences irrational negative thoughts, raised or lowered activity levels and difficulty concentrating and sleeping

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11
Q

What was becks cognitive theory for the explanation of depression?

A

Suggests its an individual’s cognitions (the way we think) that make some people more vulnerable to depression than others

  • focused on negative schema acquired during childhood
  • developed model called negative triad
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12
Q

what did Beck suggest about negative schema and how they can lead to depression?

A

Depressed people acquired negative schema during childhood - giving them tendency to adopt negative view of world

  • negative schema activated when encountering new situation which resembles original situation where schema was learnt
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13
Q

What did beck say negative schemes lead to - give an example of what this is?

A

Systematic cognitive biases in thinking

Eg - individuals over-generalise, drawing a sweeping conclusion regarding self-worth on the basis of one small piece of negative feedback

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14
Q

Outline becks negative triad?

A

Negative schemas and cognitive biases maintains negative triad (pessimistic and irrational view of the self, the world and the future)

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15
Q

Outline and provide an example for the three components of becks negative triad?

A
  • The self - ‘I am just plan undesirable, i am unattractive’
  • The world - ‘I can’t understand why people don’t like me’
  • The future - ‘I am always going to be on my own’
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16
Q

Explain what beck proposed regarding faulty information processing?

A
  • suggested people who are depressed pay selective attention to their environment
  • attend to the negative aspects of the world
  • ‘black and white thinking’ and blowing small issues out of proportion
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17
Q

Outline the three types of negative thinking, explain their features?

A
  • negative views about the world, future and self
  • cognitive distortions, not objective truths
  • cognitive treatments work by challenging these thoughts,expectations and beliefs
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18
Q

Define confirmation bias and explain how it links to negative thinking?

A

the tendency to search for and recall information in a way that confirms or supports ones prior beliefs or value

19
Q

Define weighting and explain how it links to negative thinking?

A

negative thoughts are higher weighted and count for more then positive thoughts

20
Q

Define attending and explain how it links to negative thinking?

A

When depressed you look after and take care of negative thoughts

21
Q

What is a strength of becks cognitive explanation of depression?

A

Strong supporting evidence - host of evidence suggesting that depression is associated with faulty information processing, negative self-schemas and the negative triad

22
Q

Explain Becks theories contribution to CBT?

A

Led to successful cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) - cognitive aspects of depression are challenged during CBT, including the negative triad

23
Q

What is a weakness of becks cognitive explanation of depression?

A

Doesn’t explain all aspects of depression which is complex, what about suffers who are deeply angry? hallucinations?

24
Q

Outline 2 cognitive explanations to depression?

A
  • Becks - including the negative triad
  • Ellis - including ABC model
25
Q

What was Ellis cognitive theory for the explanation of depression?

A
  • suggests that poor mental health is caused by irrational thoughts (eg ‘everyone hates me’), which stems from negative thoughts
  • ABC model
26
Q

Outline the features of Ellis ABC model?

A

Activating effect (A) - an external event triggers irrational thoughts (eg getting fired from job)

Belief (B)- irrational thoughts lead to irrational believes (eg i lost my job because my manager never liked me)

Consequences (C) - irrational belief leads to maladaptive, negative emotional response - resulting in depression (eg feels down and doesn’t look for new job)

27
Q

Outline and explain Ellis ABC model with comparison between healthy and non-healthy approaches?

A

Healthy individual - negative event (A) - rational belief (B) - healthy negative emotion (C)

Unhealthy individual - negative event (A) - irrational belief (B) - unhealthy negative emotion (C)

28
Q

What is a strength of Ellis cognitive explanation of depression?

A

practical application in CBT - his model has led to successful therapy, shows that irrational beliefs has a part to play in depression

29
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of Ellis cognitive explanation of depression?

A
  • partial explanation - some cases of depression follow activating events others arise without obvious cause
  • Doesn’t explain all aspects of depression - same as beck what about anger that some sufferers feel, or delusions or hallucinations? Doesn’t address or explain these aspects
30
Q

What 2 strengths of the cognitive explanation for explaining depression?

A
  • view that depression is linked to irrational thinking is supported by research (Hammen and Krantz found depressed participants made more errors in logic what asked to interpret written material compared to non-depressed)
  • holds individual responsible for their disorder - gives them power to change the way things are focus on recovery
31
Q

What 2 weaknesses of the cognitive explanation for explaining depression?

A
  • not all irrational beliefs are ‘irrational’ they may just seem irrational - research found depressed individuals tend to see things as they are, as opposed to seeing stuff through ‘rose tinted glasses’ like most people
  • not able to fully explain depression alone due to the existence of alternate and effective approaches like the biological
32
Q

Outline what Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is?

A

Standard psychological treatment that uses cognitive therapy (to change maladaptive thoughts and beliefs) and behavioural coping strategies (to change behaviour in response to thoughts and beliefs)

  • scientific, structured and specific
33
Q

Outline the role of the cognitive part of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?

A
  • identify,challenge and change irrational dysfunctional, negative thinking
  • Improved understanding of the self others and the world
  • Actively address the negative beliefs which have been built over time
34
Q

Outline the role of the behavioural part of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)?

A
  • identify,challenge and change maladaptive behaviour which is causing or maintaining depression
  • eg becoming more active and rediscovering confidence in abilities
35
Q

Outline and explain the main differences between CBT and REBT?

A

CBT is calmer and aims to focus on things the client has succeeded at (might encourage them to keep a diary) - REBT is more confrontational, can manifest into a vigorous argument

36
Q

Outline 3 strengths of cognitive behavioural therapy?

A
  • cheaper, much shorter program
  • brandsma et al found it effective for people who put a lot of pressure on themes-selves and feel guilty about being inadequate
  • puts them in charge of their own treatment by teaching them self-help strategies so there are fewer ethical issues compared with drug therapy
37
Q

Outline 3 weaknesses of cognitive behavioural therapy?

A
  • doing online CBT course might not help as much as you lack human contact which you would gain when in person
  • may take a long time and be costly compared to drug therapies
  • Person could feel like they’re to blame for their problems
38
Q

Outline and explain behavioural activation?

A

Research has shown that their is a close relationship between activity and mood, when we are happy we spend time doing things which makes us feel good

  • can be used to break the cycle suffers of depression experience
39
Q

Explain how behavioural activation can be used to treat depression?

A

depressed individuals are often less active and have less opportunities to feel mastery, pleasure ext - cycle can be broken with behavioural activation to encourage activity which leads to improved moods

40
Q

Outline what rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT) is?

A

Central technique is to identify and challenge irrational thoughts, beliefs and behaviours to replace them with effective rational beliefs - often results in an argument

  • draws from Elli’s irrational ideas and the patients personal experience, aims to reduce psychological distress
41
Q

Hi-light 3 of Ellis 15 irrational beliefs experienced by someone suffering from depression?

A
  • idea that they should be thoroughly competent and achieving in all possible respects to consider themselves worthwhile
  • Idea that human unhappiness is externally caused and that people have little no ability to control
  • Idea that ones past history is an all-important determiner of ones present behaviour
42
Q

Outline 2 strengths of CBT and REBT treatments for depression?

A
  • Effective therapy - large body of evidence supporting the effectiveness of REBT for depression (Ellis claimed a 90% success rate, with average of 27 sessions)
  • idea changing behvaiour can alleviate depression supported by evidence (babyak study found those who underwent exercise course had lower relapse rate than those in medication group)
43
Q

Outline 3 weaknesses of CBT and REBT treatments for depression?

A
  • May not work for most severe cases - if your are so depressed you may struggle attending the sessions, focusing and concentrating
  • patients may want to explore their past - other therapies delve into trauma and dreams ,CBT is not interested in past trauma - ‘present-focus’
  • overemphasis on cognition, leads to neglect of other factors, eg environment, quality of life

A-level - Psychology (23 decks)

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