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Europe In The 20th Century > 20th century Midterm > Flashcards

20th century Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Franz Joseph?

A

1867: Created Dual Monarchy in Austria-Hungary
Ruler of the Hapsburg Dynasty
Coup d’etat: abolished all rules of the medieval times: created a new regime of centralized power

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2
Q

“A continuous state of emergency”

A

Explained the disunity of the Dual Monarchy

Austria was dynamic and Hungary had a backwards oligarchy

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3
Q

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

A

Prince of the Hohenzollerns
Unified German states into one German empire
“Blood and iron speech” (using military power to achieve goals)
Formed the Triple Alliance
Didn’t want Germany to compete with British navy
Dismissed by Wilhelm II

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4
Q

Kinder, Kirche, Kuche

A

Said by Hohenzollern ruler Wilhelm II’s wife, Augusta Viktoria
“Church, children, Kitchen”: represented domesticity

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5
Q

Mitteleuropa

A

In attempt to secure Germany’s place in the world, Wilhelm II wanted to combine Germany, Austria-Prussia, and the Ottoman empire to create his own colony
Opposed Bismarck’s ideal for Germany`

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6
Q

Boer War

A

1899-1902
British fought Dutch settlers in South Africa
Further extended British empire

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7
Q

Materialism

A

Karl Marx
Material possessions drive history, not ideas
Impacted much of Europe

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8
Q

Friedrich Engels

A

Co-authored The Communist Manifesto

Believed that states would wither away in a great social revolution

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9
Q

“Slave morality”

A

Nietszche
Believed Christians enslaved the human soul and were not free
Free men=those who have built a moral code on reason alone

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10
Q

Rerum Novarum

A

Pope Leo XIII, 1891
Opposed Marx and Nietszche
Widely distributed property
Favored the family wage (more emphasis on the family)
Reorganized economic life to correspond to Christian principles

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11
Q

Abraham Kuyper

A

Opposed Marx and Nietszche
Reformed Pastor
State should protect and encourage small institutions
Family is central, not the individual
Created Anti-(French) Revolutionary Party in 1878

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12
Q

Paul Guagin

A

Post impressionist artist
Left his family to study pprimitive art in Africa
Painted the raw power and simplicity of art
Opposed classical artforms

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13
Q

“The Rite of Spring”

A

Stravinsky, 1913
Ballet rejected classical art dance form
“A picture of a sacred pagan ritual”
Music opposed the classical form

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14
Q

The Young Turks

A

1908-1918
Known as the Vatan: military elders
Wanted new kind of constitutional monarchy
Launched rebellion (1908) to reform Ottoman Empire’s absolute monarchy

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15
Q

The Balkan Wars

A

1912, 1913
European countries feared Ottoman empire and their reforms and created the Balkan League
Drove Ottomans out of Europe except for Constantinople

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16
Q

“Bloody Sunday”

A

January 5, 1905
Crowds gathered outside czar’s palace in St. Petersburg to make an appeal for self-government
Nicholas II refused to come out and sent out army, who opened fire on the crowd

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17
Q

Peter Stolypin

A

PM of Russia 1906
Pushed for major land reform
Murder in 1911, but by 1914, 9.4 peasants had claims on their land

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18
Q

Trialism

A

The attempt to strengthen the Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy by creating a 3-sided empire
Hungary gave some of its land to the Slavs

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19
Q

“The ‘right to work’ and the right to a ‘living wage’ are just as valid as the rights of person or property

A

Hobhouse, “Justification for State Intervention”
Liberal state must concern itself with individual rights AND the common good
Old Liberalism

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20
Q

“All socialism involves slavery”

A

Spencer, “Man Versus the State”

Government regulation cannot be stopped once started

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21
Q

“The women did not get it because they were constitutional and law-abiding”

A

Pankhurst, “Why we are Militant”

At the peak of feminism

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22
Q

“the principle thing for the conqueror is…the will to destroy the political and national life of the conquered”

A

Pan-German League, “There are Dominant Races and Subordinate Races”
Racial nationalism

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23
Q

“Africa is still lying ready for us, and it is our duty to take it”

A

Rhodes, “The Superior Anglo-Saxon Race”

Charitable imperialism

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24
Q

“…such as to make impossible a common life”

A

Ahlward, “The Semetic Versus the Teutonic Race
Wanted to close German borders to Jews
Jews will never conform to German ways and are therefore a problem

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25
Q

“A declaration of war on the masses by higher men is needed”

A

Nietszche, “The Will to Power

Freedom=Power

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26
Q

“…as a savage beast to whom considereation toward his own kind is something alien”

A

Freud, “Civilization and Its Discontents”

Humans are inherently driven by aggressiveness and is overpowering civilized life

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27
Q

“The little man vanishes before the great thought of the State”

A

Treitschke, “The Greatness of War”

War is terrible but necessary

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28
Q

“War is a biological necessity”

A

Von Bernhardi, “Germany and the Next War”
People anticipated the war and looked forward to it
Purified the race to reach a higher civilization
Survival of the Fittest

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29
Q

Entente Cordiale

A

France and GB treaty 1904
France got Morocco and GB got Egypt
Predeccessor to the Triple Entente

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30
Q

“this organization prefers terrorist action to intellectual propoganda”

A

Black Hand
Attempt to unify the Slavs and kill Hapsburg royal family
Nationalsim fanatics

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31
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

Implicated by Moltke at beginning of WWI
Germany’s plan to avoid a two-front war between Russia and France
Germany attacked France by going through Belgium and caused GB to join war.
Beginning of WWI

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32
Q

“We have become wild beasts”

A

Remarque, “All Quiet on the Western Front”
Trench warfare and slaughter
no longer fighting, but are defending against annihilation

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33
Q

Paul von Hindenburg

A

German commander who led the German 8th army to victory in the Battles of Tannenburg and Masurian Lakes against Russia in 1914

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34
Q

Battles of Isonzo

A

1915: 12 battles between Austria-Hungary and Italy

Italy won but had very high casualties

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35
Q

Brusilov’s Offensive

A 
Russian Leader
Russia vs. Austria
extensively bomb a certain area and then send in shock troops to attack the enemy
Germany aided Austria
Russia won, but lost of its army
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36
Q

Brest-Litovsk

A

Mar. 3, 1918: Germany demanded a ton of land from Russia, who refused until Germany sent in troops
Marked Russia’s exit from the war

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37
Q

“Love battles”

A

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s name for the useless battles not worth fighting
Only true patriots fight in these battles
Battle of Somme, Verdun, Passchendale

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38
Q

“Do? Do! Make peace you idiot!”

A

Response of Hindenburg to Ludendorff when he met the fresh American forces near Paris

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39
Q

“…people and provinces are not to be bartered about as if they were mere chattels”

A

Wilson, “The Idealistic View” 1918
Following his 14 Points
Imagined how peace should be
Reassinging Poltsh territory for sea access

40
Q

David Lloyd George

A

GB Rep. at Treaty of Versailles
Secretly wanted prosperity for Germany for trade
But promised GB to be “a land fit for heroes”
Previously believed that peace was inevitable

41
Q

Treaty of Neuilly

A

Nov. 27, 1919

Treaty w/ Bulgaria to break country up, demilitarize them, and make them pay for war reparations

42
Q

“We must give a strong country to Baby, and dare not be weak for his state”

A

Rasputin and Alexandra wanted to abolish the department and constitution
Said this as the Bolsheviks began to revolt
Supported autocratic control of the country

43
Q

Social Revolutionaries

A

Political party in Russian Revolution
Headed by Alexander Kerensky
Would eventually hold most political seats in Russia
Worked to give peasants control of their land

44
Q

“…must consist chiefly of people professionally engaged in revolutionary activity”

A

Lenin, 1902
Believed elites should bring about societal change, not the people
Wanted to overthrow the autocratic govt.

45
Q

Leon Trotsky

A

2nd leader of Russian Revolution
Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist
Put militia men in key positions in cities and politics
Claimed there was a corrupt govt. system

46
Q

“…the complete and open repudiation of the democratic idea in favor of the dictatorship principle”

A

Lenin
Elections held in 1917 (last free vote for the Russians)
Leninc could not control the Assembly so he brutally demolished it

47
Q

““The care and education of children becomes a social matter”

A

Friedrich Engels, “Origin of the Family
Socialize all property and destroy the family
Universal family

48
Q

New Economic Policy

A

Lenin, 1921
Private property was to remain in the hands of the peasants: attempt to solve the “peasant” probblem
State capitalism

49
Q

Alexander Chayanov

A

Leading agriculturalist
Wrote “Peasant Farm Organization”
Enemies of Stalin and Marx
Promoted small household farms that would only produce what they needed

50
Q

“The land belongs to those who till it”

A

Daskalov, Bulgaria
The model agricultural state”
Green Revolution mentality
Property sacred to the agrarian and peasants began to gain power

51
Q

Republican Party of Smallholders and Agriculturalists

A

Agrarian peasant party in Czechoslovakia
Led by Hozda (Slovakia) and Svehla (Bohemia)
Redistributed 5 million acres from the clergy and nobility to the peasants

52
Q

Vincenty Vitos

A

Leader of Polish Peasants Party

Redistributed 6.2 million acres to the peasants

53
Q

BANU

A

Bulgarian Agrarian National Union
Represented the cause of Bulgarian peasantry
Stamboliski’s writings on econ. development saved them

54
Q

Estatist Organizations

A

1909, Stamboliski
existing political parties were inadequate, so something was needed beyond political parties
e.g. trade unions or guilds
ultimate goal was to have an economic parliament
believed in disarmament and militarism

55
Q

“Do not think that the government can fall, but believe that Agrarian rule will continue for 25 years”

A

Stamboliski
Spring 1923 election and BANU won 80% of the seats
Agrarian Rule rising in popularity

56
Q

“The jurist was king”

A

Exemplifies crisis of democracy in Europe

Democracies considered to have strong parliaments and weak executives

57
Q

“I am convinced that within 20 years… there will be no legislative assemblies left in Europe”

A

Salazar, Fascist economist
no longer using liberal democracy
individualism
Rise of fascism

58
Q

Dawes Plan

A

1924
Germany’s plan to repay reparations
Created annual schedule of payments
Told France to get their armies out of Germany

59
Q

“War alone brings up to the highest tension all living energy”

A

Mussolini, “Doctrine of Fascism” 1932
Individualism
Fascism must reject democracy

60
Q

“Fascism has created a living faith”

A

Mussolini “Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions”

61
Q

Lateran Pact

A

Ended conflict btwn Mussolini’s Italy and the Catholics
Italy entirely Fascism
Papacy recognized the state of Italy with Rome as its capital
Italy recognized papal sovereignty over the Vatican city (Catholicism national religion)

62
Q

“…the White armies were short of everything”

A

Wrangel “The Whites’ Hatred of Bolshevism” 1927
Russian Revolution
Talking about the failure of the White Armies against the Bolsheviks
Russian nationalism burning as deep as the hatred for Bolsheviks

63
Q

“…with her died my last warm feelings for all human beings”

A

Stalin’s quote after his wife died Nov. 1907

Afterwards, he became ruthless

64
Q

“…the policy of eliminating the Kulaks as a class”

A

Stalin “Liquidation of the Kulaks” 1929
Kulaks resisted Stalin’s “forced collectivization” movement of agriculture
Poor peasants united with kulaks (more successful peasants) and Stalin unleashed violence on them to liquidate them
Stalin was anti peasant tradition

65
Q

“Why should mankind not have the right to experiment on itself?”

A

Koestler “Darkness at Noon”
Explains the suffering the Soviet Communist Party will infer on others and how many they will purge in blood
Goes against Stalin’s brutal policies and it indicts the Soviet Union

66
Q

The Spartacist League

A

Marxist Revolutionary Movement organized in Germany in WWI
Founded by Liebknecht and Luxembourg
Declared a new socialist republic
Germany will allegedly experience a socialist revolution

67
Q

Freikorps

A

volunteer German armies; mobilized by Ebert to oppose Bolshevism and protect German interests
Spartacists were defeated and Liebknecht and Luxemburg were captured

68
Q

“…the most secure of all values had become the most insecure”

A

Heiden “The Ruinous Inflation” 1923
Inflation had become super high that it led to hyperinflation
There were goods in Germany, but no money

69
Q

Ostara

A

Journal launched by von Liebenfels
Also reintroduced the swastika symbol
Racial elite; anti-feminine
Hitler was an avid reader of this journal

70
Q

NSDAP

A

1920 term for the evolved Germanen Society  Thule Society  German Workers Party  NSDAP (Nazi Party)
very pro nationalism and anti-communism

71
Q

“I was repelled by the conglomeration of races which the capital showed me”

A

Hitler Mein Kampf
Wanted to see superiority of German Aryan race
Racial nationalism

72
Q

“You always have to come to the same conclusion”

A

Hitler advancing his effectiveness of propaganda techniques in Mein Kampf
Must win over the masses with simple ideas and images that are constantly repeated

73
Q

Net Reproduction rate

A

Focused on the diminishing rate of children being born; a rate of 1.00 (barely reproducing itself)
Produced strong Pro-Natalist response (pro-birth)

74
Q

Social Security/Fertility Hypothesis

A

State pensions for the elderly tended to strip children of economic value
”No couple under modern conditions finds a motive to have children . . . [to secure] old age” (Myrdal)
inverse relationship between SS and fertility – more it grows, the fewer children are born.

75
Q

“Children of the dream”

A

Bestselling book by Burgdorfer (1936)
European response to population decline
Germany tries to create incentives to marry (ex. Through taxes)

76
Q

“…at our present birth rate we shall lose a quarter of our population per generation”

A

Birth rate of the empire

77
Q

National Alliance for the Increase of the French Population

A

Stressed Liberty, equality, maternity
List of causes why French population was declining (ex. Abortion, birth control, feminism)
Jospeh Spangler

78
Q

Caisses de compensation

A

Family Allowance Funds
Businesses would pay into these funds; male workers would receive base wage from employer, but the funds would supplement the base wage and help out with marriage and children

79
Q

“Man is no longer sufficiently motivated to reproduce his own kind”

A

d

80
Q

Folkhem

A

(People’s Home): Per Albin Hansson (PM)
translated warm fuzzy feeling of family to country of Sweden
remove the barriers of having children for the sake of their own happiness

81
Q

“…the trend in population is one of the strongest forces promoting the socialistic ideas of state controls in business and production”

A

(People’s Home): Per Albin Hansson (PM)
translated warm fuzzy feeling of family to country of Sweden
remove the barriers of having children for the sake of their own happiness

82
Q

“…as blond as Hitler, as slim as Goering, and as athletic as Goebbels”

A

Joke during the Nazi movement

83
Q

The Enabling Act

A

March 24, 1933
Gave Hitler total power. Now a dictator
Could ignore the Weimar Constitution
Becomes the Fuhrer and demands loyalty to him, not the nation.

84
Q

Folkhem

A

(People’s Home): Per Albin Hansson (PM)
translated warm fuzzy feeling of family to country of Sweden
remove the barriers of having children for the sake of their own happiness

85
Q

“…the trend in population is one of the strongest forces promoting the socialistic ideas of state controls in business and production”

A

(People’s Home): Per Albin Hansson (PM)
translated warm fuzzy feeling of family to country of Sweden
remove the barriers of having children for the sake of their own happiness

86
Q

“…as blond as Hitler, as slim as Goering, and as athletic as Goebbels”

A

Joke during the Nazi movement

87
Q

“With each day of the Nazi regime, the abyss between us and our fellow citizens grows larger”

A

Appel, “Memoirs of a German Jewish Woman”
The Germans no longer associated with the Jews
Growing divide between the Germans and the Jews

88
Q

“…narrow, ignorant, unscrupulous adventurers who have been slightly touched by madness”

A

Miller, “The Nazis were Determined to secure more Power and More Territory in Europe”
Description of the Nazis in 1934.

89
Q

Robert Walter Darre

A

Originally supported the peasants and liked the return of the land
When he became a Nazi, he sought to eliminate Polish Slavic peasants to create lebensianh (living space)
Example of Nami disillusionment

90
Q

“Blood and Soil”

A

Darre
Originally supported the peasants and liked the return of the land
When he became a Nazi, he sought to eliminate Polish Slavic peasants to create lebensianh (living space)
Example of Nami disillusionment

91
Q

Reich Association of Housewives

A

Headed by Maria Yecker
Fought against women suffrage–Believed women should only be incvolved in social and cultural aspects of life
Opposed servant unions

92
Q

“We will rebuild the nation and the state on the foundation of the family”

A

1933, Jecker

Head of the Reich Association of Household and wanted to Nazify it

93
Q

“…eugenic breeding schemes for the chosen ‘Aryans’ and genocide for the selected”

A

The weakening of family bonds and the enhanced loyalty to the Fuhrer
Goal was racial purity and totalitarian regime

94
Q

“Live Faithfully, Fight Bravely, and Die Laughing”

A

Motto of Hitler’s Youth (boy’s organization)

95
Q

“The League of German Milk Cows”

A

League of German women who opposed Lebensborn?

96
Q

Clements August von Galen

A

1941
Preached Catholic sermons to denounce the scheme of euthanasia
Caused Hitler to shut down T-4 facilities

97
Q

“I have sons in the war, I will protect my daughters”

A

Gertrude Scholtz-Krink (female equivalent to Hitler)
One of the few oppositions to Hitler that succeeded
Would not allow the draft of women, even when the German army was weakened.

Europe In The 20th Century (4 decks)

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