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AR 2.0-2.08 > 2.05: Environmental Acoustics > Flashcards

2.05: Environmental Acoustics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 factors that influence communication difficulties?

A

Speaker
Message
Environment
Listener

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2
Q

What are the 3 Acoustical Barriers to Learning?

A

Noise
Distance
Reverberation

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3
Q

What is the criteria for noise in a classroom?

A

Should not exceed 35 dBA in classrooms of 20,000 cubic feet or less

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4
Q

What is the criteria for Reverberation Time in a classroom?

A

Should be .4 sec- .6 sec unoccupied

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5
Q

What is the criteria for SNR in a classroom?

A

Should be at least +15 dB at the child’s ears

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6
Q

Speech perception is affected by what 4 variables?

A

Noise
SNR
Reverberation
Distance

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7
Q

What is the worst kind of noise that can impact speech perception

A

Speech! Speech has same spectra, so it will mask the speech signal

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8
Q

Types of Classroom Noise (3)

A

External Noise
Internal Noise
Room Noise

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9
Q

What have typical classroom noise levels been measured at?

A

Mean Noise Level: 51 dBA
Range: 46-59

Unoccupied recomendation: 35 dBA

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10
Q

Relationship between the intensity of the signal and the intensity of the noise

A

SNR

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11
Q

Which is a more favorable SNR: +5 SNR or -5 SNR?

A

+5 SNR. Positive SNR indicates a more favorable listning environment

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12
Q

What is a typical SNR for a small group conversation?
For a car?
For a classroom?
For a restaurant?

A

Convo +3
Car 0
Classroom +5 to -7
Restaurant -5

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13
Q

A greater _____________ is needed with Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

A

SNR

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14
Q

What SNR is needed for individuals with SNHL?

A

+5 to +10 in non-reverberant rooms
+8 to +16 in moderately reverberant rooms

(Overall, at least +15)

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15
Q

T/F: +15 SNR should be easy to accomplish.

A

False.

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16
Q

What is HINT?

A

Hearing In Noise Test

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17
Q

At what level is the noise set for a HINT?

A

65 dBA

18
Q

Who requires a more favorable SNR, Children or Adults?

A

Children require a better SNR.

19
Q

What is the AI? What does it represent?

A

Articulation Index; Represents Audibility of sounds in the presence of background noise

20
Q

Why can adults get away with a lower AI?

A

Adults can get away with less audibility because contextual/life experience helps them fill in the blanks. Also, the Precedence Effect is not as developed in children (ability to suppress reverberant sounds).

21
Q

What is the Precedence Effect?

A

One’s ability to suppress echo-like sounds that arise from sound bouncing off reflective surfaces.

22
Q

What SNR do normal hearing children require for optimum auditorycomprehension?

A

+6 SNR

23
Q

What SNRs have been reported in typical classrooms?

A

+5 to -7 SNR

24
Q

Besides SNR, what additional factors can affect children’s auditory comprehension?

A 
Reverberation 
Distance 
Level of HL 
ELL 
Learning Disabilities, Attention Problems
25
Q

What is the problem with hearing aids in noise?

A

Hearing aids amplify everything, including noise. Directional microphones can help improve SNR.

26
Q

Term used to describe the phenomenon of sound reflection; the prolongation of sound waves within a room as they are reflected off hard surfaces

A

Reverberation

27
Q

The amount of time it takes for a loud sound to decrease so it is inaudible

A

Reverberation Time

28
Q

Why is RT a problem?

A

Reflected sound masks direct sound. Reverberation causes prolongation of the spectral energy of vowels, which masks consonants.

29
Q

T/F: Reverberation mean decreased speech understanding for HI individuals only.

A

False. It can affect people with normal hearing as well.

30
Q

Individuals with what type of HL are affected even more adversely by reverberation?

A

SNHL

31
Q

Reverberation alone severly _____________ the signal, even without any ___________________.

A

smears; background noise

32
Q

What is the ideal RT for a classroom?

A

larger classrooms: .6 - .8 seconds

smaller classrooms: .4 seconds

33
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

SPL decreases 6 dB each time distance is doubled. (sound fades rapidly as distance increases)

34
Q

What is Critical Distance?

A

The distance from the sound source at which the intensity of the direct signal is equal to the intensity of the reflected signal.

35
Q

Students with HL should sit within _______________________ ______________.

A

Critical Distance

36
Q

Why is “preferential seating” not enough for ensuring good speech perception?

A

If the seating is not within the Critical Distance, it will make little difference.

37
Q

Three Criteria for Classroom Acoustics

A

Noise: should not exceed 35 dB
SNR: should be +15 or better
RT: should be .4-.6 unoccupied

Children who are D/HH must be seated within CD

38
Q

What are the three places where we can imporve classroom acoustics?

A

External Noise- locating of school, quiet area, double-paned windows, good doors, etc.
Internal Noise-Insulate hallways for noise, no ventilaltion ducts in hallways, locate D/HH classrooms away from noise sources
Room Noise- Acoustic treatments, reduce background noise, seat D/HH student away from noise, preferential seating, small groups, ALDs

39
Q

What are ways to improve speech access in classrooms?

A

Use ALDs
Improve visual cues
Avoid behaviors that make face difficult to see clearly

40
Q

T/F: ALDs are for HI kids only.

A

False. Assistive technology can be used for normal hearing kids

AR 2.0-2.08 (8 decks)

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