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AR 2.0-2.08 > 2.04: Visual Training > Flashcards

2.04: Visual Training Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Lipreading and Speechreading are the same.

A

False.

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2
Q

The process of using visual signal for recognizing speech

A

Lipreading

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3
Q

Speech recognition using BOTH auditory and visual cues; any available cues are used

A

Speechreading

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4
Q

Besides lip movement, what are some visual cues used in speechreading?

A

Facial expressions
Gestures
Body Postures
Contextual Cues

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5
Q

5 Factors that Influence Lipreading

A 
Visibility 
Rapidity
Coarticualtion & Stress 
Visemes a & Homophones (sparse/dense lexical neighborhood)
Talker Effects
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6
Q

What percentage of speech sounds are not visible on the mouth?

A

60%

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7
Q

What percentage of words are recognized when lipreading?

A

20%

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8
Q

Which features are not visible at all?

A

Voicing, /h/

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9
Q

Which phonological features are most visible?

A

labials, lip rounding, interdentals, labiodentals

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10
Q

Which phonological features are less visible?

A

vowels, silibants, velars, palatals

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11
Q

How fast is typical speech?

A

150-250 wpm, 4-7 syllables per sec, 15 phonemes per sec

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12
Q

How fast is the eye able to distinguish mouth movements?

A

9-10 discrete mouth movements per second

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13
Q

Sounds may look different depending on ________________ and _______________ contexts.

A

phonetic; linguistic

coarticulation & stress

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14
Q

Group of speech sounds that look identical on the lips (and give examples)

A

Visemes (/b/, /m/, /p/)

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15
Q

Group of words that look the same on the mouth

A

Homophenes

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16
Q

What percentage of English words are homophenes?

A

40%-60%

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17
Q

Speaking characteristics that vary from one person to the next

A

Talker Effects

18
Q

What are some talker effects?

A

Regional Accents
Mouth/Lip Movement
Expressiveness

19
Q

With speechreading, the auditory component provides what information?

A

voicing
envelope
manner

20
Q

With speechreading, the visual component provides what information?

A

place of articulation
emotions
message type

21
Q

Which phonemes are typically most difficult to hear and why?

A

Consonants (high frequency & low intensity)

Voiceless phonemes

22
Q

This occurs when information from the auditory and the visual signal combine to form a unified percept

A

Audio-Visual Integration

23
Q

What are the stages of Audio-Visual Integration?

A

Perceive auditory/visual signal
Integrate two signals
Discrete phonetic/lexical decisions

24
Q

Words that “compete” as a match in speechreading

A

Members of a Lexical Neighborhood

25
Q

What are the two types of Lexical Neighborhoods?

A

Sparse or Dense

26
Q

This type of lexical neighborhood contains many words with similar characteristics and frequency of occurrence

A

Dense

27
Q

This type of lexical neighborhood contains few similar words

A

Sparse

28
Q

Which type of lexical neighborhood makes words more difficult to recognize?

A

Dense

29
Q

What are 4 goals of speechreading?

A

Differentiation of speech sounds that cannot be distinguished auditorily
Capitalize on “better” sense
Provide additional cues for faster decoding
Increase predictive capabilities

30
Q

What 4 factors influence speechreading ability?

A

Speechreader (is person visually aware?)
Environment (light or dark?)
Talker (expressive, etc.)
Message (is it delivered clearly?)

31
Q

A key to effective speechreading or lipreading is not trying to _______________________.

A

lipread every word.

32
Q

What is the purpose of speechreading assessment?

A

Determine if training is needed

Evaluate effectiveness of training

33
Q

What does the analytic approach to speechreading focus on?

A

Perceiving the individual parts of a word (sounds and syllables) before perceiving the entire word.

34
Q

What does the synthetic approach to speechreading emphasize?

A

Perception of the whole regardless of the parts perceived.

35
Q

What does the mimetic/kinesthetic approach to speechreading include?

A

Imitation of target syllables and words to help the student understand how they are made.

36
Q

What type of objective should you begin speechreading training with?

A

Begin with simple discrimination between dissimilar pairs.

37
Q

The more one’s hearing declines, the greater the reliance on _________________ becomes.

A

speechreading

38
Q

T/F: Speechreading can be taught.

A

This is controversial. Some studies show benefit, but little research has been done.

39
Q

Can Self-Advocacy be taught?

A

Yes.

40
Q

How can a HI individual maximize his success with speechreading through self-advocacy?

A 
Help speaker know how to talk to you
Ensure good lighting and angle 
Minimize background noise 
Know topic of conversation 
Attend to context cues 
Keep a positive attitude

AR 2.0-2.08 (8 decks)

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