2.03 Perspectives on Personality

Question 1

Behaviorist

Answer 1

define personality as a set of learned responses

Question 2

a habit

Answer 2

a well-learned response that has become automatic

Question 3

social cognitive theorists

Answer 3

emphasize the importance of other’s behaviors and one’s own expectations

Question 4

social cognitive

Answer 4

unlike traditional behaviorism, includes social and mental processes and their influence on behavior (includes Albert Bandura’s ideas of reciprocal determinism)

Question 5

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 5

explanation of how environment, personal characteristics, and behavior interact to determine future behavio

Question 6

Albert Bandura

Answer 6

Reciprocal Determinism

Question 7

self-efficacy

Answer 7

characteristic in which a person perceives a behavior as more or less effective based on previous experiences

Question 8

Julian Rotter

Answer 8

social learning theory

Question 9

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 9

people are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment

Question 10

Social learning theory

Answer 10

learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context

Question 11

locus of control - internal

Answer 11

people assume that their own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience

Question 12

locus of control - external

Answer 12

people who assume that their lives are controlled by others, luck, or fate. This belief can lead to learned helplessness or depression

Question 13

humanistic

Answer 13

focuses on those aspects of personality that make people unique

Question 14

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Answer 14

Humanistic

Question 15

Self-Actualization

Answer 15

striving to fulfill innate capabilities

Question 16

Self-Concept

Answer 16

image of oneself that develops from interactions with significant people in one’s life (includes real self and ideal self)

Question 17

real self

Answer 17

a person’s actual perception of traits and abilities

Question 18

ideal self

Answer 18

perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or she should be

Question 19

Carl Rogers

Answer 19

Ideal self and real self

Question 20

positive regard

Answer 20

warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life

Question 21

conditional postive regard

Answer 21

positive regard only given when the person is doing what the providers wish

Question 22

unconditional positive regard

Answer 22

positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached

Question 23

current thoughts of humanistic perspective

Answer 23

picture is a little too rosy, very difficult to test scientifically, and connection to “positive psychology”

Question 24

trait

Answer 24

a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behavior

Question 25

trait theories

Answer 25

characteristics that make up human personality in order to predict future behaviors

Question 26

Gorden Allport and Raymond Cattell

Answer 26

trait theories

Question 27

surface traits

Answer 27

can be seen by other people in the outward action of a person

Question 28

source traits

Answer 28

more basic traits forming core of personality

Question 29

Big Five Theory

Answer 29

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Question 30

McCrae and Costa

Answer 30

Big Five

Question 31

Openness

Answer 31

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

Question 32

conscientousness

Answer 32

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others

Question 33

extraversion

Answer 33

one’s need to be around other people; introversion and extroversion

Question 34

agreeableness

Answer 34

the emotional style of a person

Question 35

neuroticism

Answer 35

degree of emotional stability or instability

Question 36

behavioral genetics

Answer 36

the study of heredity and personality

Question 37

study of twins and adopted children OR “Jim Twin” Study

Answer 37

behavioral genetics

Question 38

Geert Hofstede

Answer 38

cultural personality

Question 39

Four basic dimensions of cultural personality

Answer 39

individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance

Question 40

individualism vs. collectivism

Answer 40

individualistic cultures tend to have loose ties between individuals, look after themselves and immediate family only. collectivistic cultures include people who are deeply tied into very strong in-groups, extended families

Question 41

power distance

Answer 41

refers to the degree to which the less powerful members of a culture accept and even expect that the power within the culture is held in the hands of a select few, rather than being more evenly distributed

Question 42

masculinity vs. femininity

Answer 42

referring to how a culture distributes the roles played by men and women within a culture. Masculine cultures are assertive and competitive, and feminine cultures are modest and caring

Question 43

uncertainty avoidance

Answer 43

some cultures are more tolerant of uncertainty and unstructured situations. Cultures who do not tolerate uncertainty and lack of structure tend to have strict rules and laws