2025 Flashcards
noun
1-the force that keeps an object moving:
2- the quality that keeps an event developing or making progress after it has started:
momentum
/məˈmen.t̬əm/
1- The spacecraft will fly around the earth to gain/gather momentum for its trip to Jupiter.
2- The play loses momentum (= becomes less interesting, energetic, etc.) by its half way stage.
Thеrе aге rеasons Ьoth for thе long dеlay and why thе Evolution theory finally bеgan to gain momеntum.
adj
always being careful to notice things, especially possible danger
vigilant
/ˈvɪdʒ.əl.ənt/
Following the bomb scare at the airport, the staff have been warned to be extra vigilant.
noun
something you buy or keep to help you remember a holiday or special event
souvenir /ˌsuː.vəˈnɪr/
We brought back a few souvenirs from our holiday in Mexico.
verb
(of two teams, etc.) to have the same number of points
synonym draw
tie (with somebody)
- England tied 2–2 with Germany in the first round.
-
tie for something: They tied for second place.
tie something: The scores are tied at 3–3. Last night’s vote was tied.
noun
- the ability to be happy, successful, etc. again after something difficult or bad has happened
- the ability of a substance to return to its usual shape after being bent, stretched, or pressed
resilience /rɪˈzɪl.jəns/
- Trauma researchers emphasize the resilience of the human psyche.
- The plant fibre has incredible strength and resilience.
noun
sympathy that you feel for somebody when a person in their family or that they know well has died; an expression of this sympathy
condolences /kənˈdəʊləns/
- Accept my condolences
- to give/offer/express your condolences
- Our condolences go to his wife and family.
- a letter of condolence
noun
Represents bravery and strength of character in difficult situations. It also refers to very small particles of stone or sand.
grit /ɡrɪt/
adj
Extremely funny and causing a lot of laughter
hilarious /hɪˈler.i.əs/
Synonym : uproarious
He didn’t like the film at all - I thought it was hilarious.
verb
to be moving around quietly in a place trying not to be seen or heard:
prowl /praʊl/
- Wolves are on the prowl
adj
not capable of being imagined or grasped mentally; unbelievable
inconceivable
Since is inconceivable that all religions can be right, the most reasonable conclusion is that they are all wrong. Hitchens
noun
A law that forces people to stay indoors after a particular time at night, or the time people must be indoors
curfew
phr v
To discuss a problem with someone before deciding what to do
Talk sth <-> over
[+with]
idiom
Slightly ill
under the weather
You look a bit under the weather
adj
A part of your body that is … is bigger than usual, esp because you are ill or injured
swollen
THESAURUS
to believe that something is true when it is not
be under the impression (that)
I’m sorry, I was under the impression that you were the manager
idiom
idiom describes the idea that poor-quality input will inevitably lead to poor-quality output?
Garbage in, garbage out
- He’s filling his head with nonsense, so it’s not surprising he doesn’t seem very bright. Garbage in, garbage out, as they say.”
adj
Bad and unsuccessful
dismal
- Parents are often dismal role models.
verb
To annoy someone very much by doing something that they do not like
antagonize
/ænˈtæɡ.ə.naɪz/
- Do not antagonize your customers.
noun
These figures, known as …, were carved on Easter Island, eastern Polynesia, by the Rapa Nui people ça 1250-1500
Moai
adj
excellent, or beautiful and impressive:
splendid
/ˈsplen.dɪd/
- Guy P. Harrison does a splendid job of critically examining the many reasons people offer in support of their religious beliefs.
noun
Someone who supports a particular party, person or set of idea
adherent
/ədˈhɪr.ənt/
- Adherents of contradictory religions.
adj
… sentences, explanations, arguments, etc. are unreasonably long and difficult to understand:
convoluted
/ˈkɑːn.və.luː.t̬ɪd/
- His grammar explanations are terribly convoluted.
- Her book is full of long, convoluted sentences.
noun Formal
A very strong feeling for or belief in it
ferver
- “Religious fervour” → شور مذهبی
- “Fervour of love” → حرارت عشق
verb
(especially of moving objects) to hit something violently:
collide
/kəˈlaɪd/
- The two vans collided at the crossroads.
verb
to say that something that somebody else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true
contradict
/ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪkt/
- Very different religions contradict each other and cancel out each other’s creditability.
philosophy
(c. 494 – c. 434 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who proposed that all matter is composed of four “roots” or elements: earth, air, fire, and water.
Empedocles
- Thе idеa that all organisms (inсluding humans) arе gеnеratеd by natural mеans from othег forms has anсiеnt roots. Aristotlе tеlls us that Empedocles (fifth сеntury в.с.в.) toyеd with suсh thoughts. Page 1
phrasal verb
If you …. .. …. A plan or idea, you think of it and suggest it
come up with
- Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own.
adj
happening or done in a natural, often sudden way, without any planning or without being forced:
Spontaneous
/spɑːnˈteɪ.ni.əs/
- His jokes seemed spontaneous, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand.
- approving She’s such a spontaneous, lively woman.
noun
the areas that form the edge of a town or city
the outskirts
- The factory is in/on the outskirts of New Delhi.
noun
a detailed plan or route of a journey:
itinerary
- The tour operator will arrange transport and plan your itinerary.
adj
having strong feelings of sadness or sympathy, because of something someone has said or done:
moved
- When she told me about her daughter’s death, I was too moved even to speak.
idiom
to accept an unpleasant fact or situation after dealing with it for a while
get over
- They’re upset that you didn’t call, but they’ll get over it.
Archeology
The Swiss Army knife of the stone age
handaxe
- The pointed end could be used as a drill, while the long blades on either side would cut trees or meat or scrape bark or skins
1.2–1.4 MILLION YEARS OLD
A handaxe, built by a piece of volcanic rock,
it was found in East Africa
Olduvai Handaxe
- it was found in East Africa, at Olduvai Gorge, the great cleft in the savannah in Tanzania.
noun
If you can shape a stone you can shape a ….
A history of the world in 100 objects. Pg 17
Sentence
- Recently, scientists have looked at what happens neurologically when a stone tool is being made. They have used modern hospital scanners to see which bits of the brain are activated as knappers work their stone. Surprisingly, the areas of the modern brain that you use when you’re making a handaxe overlap considerably with those you use when you speak. It now seems very likely that if you can shape a stone you can shape a sentence.
idiom
Make something stop happening
put an end to something
phrasal verb
to be similar to an older member of your family in appearance or character:
take after
- He takes after his mother/his mother’s side of the family.
grammar
This tense is used to describe an action that will be completed by a certain point in the future.
Future Perfect Tense
Example:
“We will have elected a representative next year”
noun
someone who is elected to speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people:
representative
/ˌrep.rɪˈzen.t̬ə.t̬ɪv/
grammar
A verb form typically used to form perfect tenses (e.g., present perfect, past perfect, future perfect) or the passive voice.
past participle
- In “We will have elected a representative next year,” the word “elected” is the past participle of the verb “elect.” It is used with “will have” to indicate the action will be completed by a specific future time.
Provided by the doctors (also known is physicians ), or nurse who the patient goes to first when they have a problem
Primary care
Healthcare jargon
A visit by a healthcare professional to a patient in their own home to provide medical services.
Home Visit
- This can include doctors, nurses, therapists, and other healthcare providers.
- Services provided: assessment and monitoring of health conditions, medication management, wound care, physical therapy and rehabilitation, patient education and counseling, palliative care and end-of-life care.
- Benefits: convenience and comfort, personalized care, improved outcomes, reduced burden on caregivers.
healthcare jargon
A doctor who does the job of another. Doctor who is ill or on holiday
locum /ˈloʊ.kəm/
also (locum tenens)
/ˈloʊ.kəm/
healthcare jargon
One that can be cured through treatment
Acute Condition
A health condition that:
* Begins suddenly
* Has a short duration (days or weeks)
* Is often severe
Key Characteristics:
* Rapid onset
* Short duration
* Specific cause
* Treatment focuses on resolving the immediate problem
Examples:
* Common cold
* Influenza (flu)
* Strep throat
* Appendicitis
* Broken bone
* Acute bronchitis
healthcare jargon
Provided by specialists in special clinics or hospitals
Secondary care
Test
Patients are ______ to a specialist by their doctors.
a) prescribed
b) suggested
c) referred
d) recommended
c) referred to
healthcare jargon
A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body.
organ
healthcare jargon
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders.
ophthalmologist
- They can perform eye exams, prescribe glasses or contact lenses, and treat various eye diseases and conditions.
healthcare jargon
A medical doctor who focuses on the cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels) system.
Cardiologist
noun Disapproval
An idea or phrase which has been used so much that it is no longer interesting or effective or no longer has much meaning
Cliché
phrase
Used to suggest that there is no obvious or easy answer to the question being asked
what on earth
(How/ why / what / where) :
How on earth did that happen?
phrase Disapproval
When you are critical of somebody because they decide too quickly that something is true when they do not know as the fact
jump to (a) conclusion
noun
One of two parts like arms on the bodies of some sea creatures, such as seals and penguins, used for swimming
flipper
noun
A small cheap restaurant that is open all day
diner /ˈdaɪ.nɚ/
- The people who are having dinner in a restaurant can be referred to as diners : they sat in a corner, away from other diners.
phrase [ plural ]
- used when speaking informally to a group of people
- someone’s parents
folks /fəʊk/
phr v
To do an amount of work
get through (sth)
✓ we’ve got a lot of work to get through.
✓ She got through half the application form this morning.
n C2 formal
- a long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done for a higher college or university degree
- the main idea, opinion, or theory of a person, group, piece of writing, or speech
thesis
plural theses
/ˈθiː.sɪs/
- a doctoral thesis (= for a PhD)
- Their main thesis was that war was inevitable.
phr v
To experience a difficult or unpleasant situation, feeling etc
go through
✓ He is going through a divorce at the moment.
✓ When you’re going through a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone.
phr v
To read sth carefully from beginning to end in order to check details or find mistakes
read sth <—> over/through
✓ Read the contract over carefully before you sign it.
phr v
to examine or look at something in a careful or detailed way
go over
verb
To express formal support or approval for someone or something
endorse
✓ the prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view.
adj
Polite, confident and relaxed, sometimes in an insincere way
suave /swɑːv/
SYN SMOOTH
A suave and sophisticated gentleman
adjective
- A …… woman has a soft, curved, sexually attractive body
- An experience or object gives you a lot of pleasure because it feels extremely soft and comfortable or it sounds or looks extremely beautiful:
Voluptuous
/vəˈlʌp.tʃu.əs/
- a voluptuous body/mouth/figure
- such voluptuous pleasure /
I sank into the bed’s voluptuous warmth.
adjective MEDICAL formal or specialized
(especially of flesh) cut or torn
lacerated
/ˈlæs.ə.reɪ.t̬ɪd/
- He was taken to hospital with a leg so badly lacerated that it had to be amputated.
- a lacerated liver
noun [uncountable]
a thick liquid produced inside the nose and other parts of the body:
TOPICS BodyC2
mucus
/ˈmjuː.kəs/
- Mucus is made by mucus glands, which are located in the mouth, nose, throat, stomach, intestines, and vagina. Healthy, normal mucus is clear and made up of water, salt, proteins, and antibodies.
noun [uncountable]
- the problem of being unable to breathe through your nose because it is blocked, usually during an infection:
- a situation in which there is too much traffic and movement is difficult:
C1
congestion
/kənˈdʒes.tʃən/
- This spray helps to ease nasal congestion.
- Major airports will need new runways to relieve congestion.
idiom
to be friendly with each other immediately:
hit it off (with someone)
- We had similar ideas about the show, and the two of us hit it off right away.
adj
- A child or young person who is ……. is not allowed to go out as a punishment:
- Someone who is …. makes good decisions and does not say or do stupid things:
grounded
/ˈɡraʊn.dɪd/
- I stayed out til 1 am last night and now I’m grounded for a week.
- He’s very grounded even though he has so much money.
verb
[intransitive] + adv./prep. to go somewhere secretly, trying to avoid being seen
SYNONYM creep
sneak
/sniːk/
- We sneaked out through the back door.
- Did you sneak into my room while I was asleep?
- I caught him trying to sneak in without paying.
- I snuck up the stairs.
verb / adj
- (verb) to cause to stay in a liquid, especially in order to become soft or clean, or to improve flavour:
- (adjective) (of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle:
steep
/stiːp/
- Steep Tea bag 2 - 4 minutes
- It’s a steep climb to the top of the mountain, but the view is worth it.
Sweep : to clean a room, surface, etc. using a broom
adv
- very well or to a great degree:
- in a way that is physically attractive in a traditionally male way:
handsomely
/ˈhæn.səm.li/
- reward someone handsomely : She said if his results were good, she would reward him handsomely.
- At six feet, Farzad was handsomely athletic.
a leadership style that emphasizes self-awareness, genuine values, and transparent relationships.
Authentic leadership
It’s about leading with integrity and building trust by being true to oneself.
Political science
the belief that people should obey authority and rules, even when these are unfair or even when this means the loss of personal freedom
اقتدارگرایی
authoritarianism
/əˌθɔːrəˈteriənɪzəm/
- During the Shah’s period, Iran had a constitutional monarchy system, at least in theory. However, in practice, the Shah held significant power and the system often leaned towards authoritarianism.
noun
- [countable, uncountable] an official order from a leader or a government that becomes the law
- [countable] a decision that is made in court
TOPICS Law and justice C2
TOPICS Preferences and decisions C2
decree
/dɪˈkriː/
- Shah period : There was a parliament with elected members, but its power was often limited. The Shah could influence elections and sometimes bypassed the parliament with decrees.
- a decree on property rights
idiom
to give one’s job, duties, etc., to another person
chiefly US
pass the torch (on)
- He is retiring and passing the torch on to his successor.
- She says she’s ready to pass the torch.
adjective
- able to begin burning easily
SYNONYM flammable - dangerous, volatile, or explosive.
combustible
/kəmˈbʌstəbl/ from Latin combust- ‘burnt up’, from the verb comburere.
- combustible material/gases
- “We’ve arranged a society based on science and technology, in which nobody understands anything about science technology. And this combustible mixture of ignorance and power, sooner or later, is going to blow up in our faces. (Karl Sagan)
OPP incombustible
noun [ C ]
a person who is very interested in and involved with a particular subject or activity:
enthusiast
/ɪnˈθuː.zi.æst/
- a keep-fit enthusiast
- a model-aircraft enthusiast
Social Sciences
a persuasion technique that involves suggesting the opposite of what you want to achieve.
Reverse Psychology
- The goal is to make the other person feel like they are making the decision, but in reality, they are being convinced to do what you want.
- Examples: A parent telling their child, “You don’t have to clean your room, I don’t care.” A salesperson saying, “I don’t want to pressure you, but this is a limited-time offer.”
noun [ C ] formal
an idea or theory put together from different elements that may not be proved:
construct
/ˈkɑːn.strʌkt/
- It’s true that many people believe God is a human construct, while others believe in a divine being.
- Marriage is a social construct that is found in most communities and cultures.
Religion studies
name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of “YHWH,” the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus.
Yahweh
- The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton.
noun
- a thin, fast stream of liquid that comes out of a small opening (SYNONYM spray)
- (informal, disapproving) a word used to refer to somebody short, young or unimportant that you do not like or that you find annoying
squirt
/skwɝːt/
- Add 1-2 squirts of mouthwash concentrate and then dilute with water / a squirt of perfume
- I caught my neighbour’s son writing graffiti on our wall, the little squirt.
noun [ U ] ENVIRONMENT specialized
the practice of growing only one crop or keeping only one type of animal on an area of farm land:
monoculture
/ˈmɑː.noʊˌkʌl.tʃɚ/
- Extensive irrigation for corn monoculture depletes water resources.
adj
showing strong disapproval and not showing respect:
SYN disparaging
derogatory
/dɪˈrɑː.ɡə.tɔːr.i/
- derogatory comment: He made some derogatory comment about her appearance.
- Many people find this term derogatory and racist.
verb
to force someone to experience something very unpleasant:
inflict
/ɪnˈflɪkt/
- Armed with huge teeth and powerful jaws, the sea lion are very capable of inflicting serious woundson the orca.
- (be) inflicted on The suffering inflicted on these children was unimaginable.
Verb
to use methods such as visualization (= picturing something in your mind) and affirmation (= repeating positive phrases) to help you imagine achieving something you want, in the belief that doing so will make it more likely to happen:
manifest
- Famous sports personalities and performers spoke of manifesting their success in 2024
SOCIAL STUDIES noun
a charge or list of charges either for services or on goods entering a country
Synonym duty
tariff
/ˈter.ɪf/
- import tariffs
adj
not easily or quickly noticed or seen, or not attracting attention:
inconspicuous
/ˌɪn.kənˈspɪk.ju.əs/
- This type of bird is very inconspicuous because of its dull feathers.
- At parties, he always stands in a corner and tries to look inconspicuous.
- If you’re concerned about potential staining, you can always do a patch test on an inconspicuous area of your clothing before spraying it with perfume.
adjective
- caused by forces that cannot be explained by science
- things that cannot be explained by science:
supernatural
/ˌsuː.pɚˈnætʃ.ɚ.əl/
- Ghosts and evil spirits are supernatural.
- I don’t believe in the supernatural.
[ C ] informal
- a person who knows a lot about and is very interested in a particular subject:
- a pale, yellowish-brown colour:
buff
/bʌf/
- a computer/opera/film buff
- Is it available in buff?
noun [ C or U ]
- action taken to improve or help a situation
- action by a country to become involved in the affairs of another country when they have not been asked to do so
intervention
/ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈven.ʃən/
- How exercise may be the ‘most potent medical intervention ever known’
- intervention in something NATO intervention in the troubled region
adjective
unsuitable, esp. for the particular time, place, or situation:
inappropriate
/ˌɪn·əˈproʊ·pri·ət/
- His casual clothes were inappropriate for such a formal occasion.
adjective
seeming larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is:
exaggerated
/ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪ.t̬ɪd/
- exaggerated reports of the problem
noun [ U ]
the substance in chillis (= small hot-tasting peppers) that gives them their hot taste
capsaicin
/kæpˈseɪ.ɪ.sɪn/
- Capsaicin can reduce LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol) and the high potassium content in chilies helps regulate blood pressure.
phrase
when you meet someoneand want to hear about their recent activities, you can ask: …. …. …. … ?
What have you been up to?
- “What have you been up to?” is a phrase. It’s a common and informal way to ask someone what they’ve been doing recently.
It’s often used as a greeting or conversation starter, especially when you haven’t seen someone for a while.
phrase
food that’s cooked at home
homemade food
- Nothing beats the taste of homemade food, especially when it’s made with love.
adj
- The large salary made their offer even more appealing to him.
- showing that you want people to help you or to show you sympathy
appealing
/əˈpiːlɪŋ/
- When food is appealing, you want to eat it because it looks like it’ll be tasty. OPPOSITE unappealing
- ‘Would you really help?’ he said with an appealing look.
adj
- having a strong taste or smell . syn bitter
- direct and having a strong effect
TOPICS Cooking and eating C2
pungent
/ˈpʌn.dʒənt/
- The marinade is more pungent than soy sauce.
- pungent criticism
noun
a party given by somebody who has just moved into a new home
TOPICS Houses and homes C1
housewarming
house-warming
(also house-warming party)
/ˈhaʊs wɔːrmɪŋ/
- a house-warming present/gift
phrase
To really, really like something and want more of it
can’t get enough of
- She can’t get enough of the chocolate cake. It’s so delicious!
phrase
- in the past
- A phrase used to refer to a time in the past, often a period that the speaker remembers fondly or that contrasts with the present. It’s usually a somewhat vague or unspecified time.
back in the day
- My dad’s always talking about how great everything was back in the day.
back in the days
at a particular time in the past
I was a fan back in the days when the band wasn’t yet famous.
adjective
- having a pleasant sweet taste or containing a lot of juice
- (of a woman) very sexually attractive
- (of an area of countryside) very green and attractive
luscious
/ˈlʌʃ.əs/
- luscious ripe figs
- a luscious blonde
- luscious landscapes
phrase
to criticize someone severely, or to treat someone unfairly:
be hard on someone
- Don’t be too hard on him - he’s new to the job.
- A good manager knows exactly when to be hard on players and when to go easy on them.
- Don’t be so hard on yourself - you’re doing great!
phrasal verb
to fail to use an opportunity to enjoy or get an advantage from something:
miss out (on)
- Don’t miss out on the fantastic bargains in our summer sale.
- We didn’t have a TV at home when I was young, and I felt as though I missed out
phrasal verb
talk about recent personal news
catch up
- I haven’t seen my cousin Lisa in months, so we’re meeting tomorrow to catch up. I want to hear all about her new boyfriend!
idiom informal
to decide how to deal with a situation as it develops rather than by having a plan to follow
play it by ear
- I’m not sure how many people are expected—we’ll just have to play it by ear.
noun
a small amount of food or drink:
refreshment
/rɪˈfreʃmənt/
- Light refreshments will be available after the meeting.
adjective
difficult to do and causing a lot of worry or anxiety:
nerve-wracking
(also nerve-racking)
/ˈnɝːvˌræk.ɪŋ/
- One of my uncles is such an intense nerve-wracking sterrs freak.
informal humorous
someone or something that is not at all important or deserving of respect:
noun [U] (NOT IMPORTANT)
chopped liver
- He didn’t even say hello to me. What am I — chopped liver?
- A score of 85% is not exactly chopped liver (= it is very good).
verb
- to gradually become less, worse, or lower
- to refuse
decline
/dɪˈklaɪn/
- His interest in the project declined after his wife died.
- He declined my offer.
phrase
a sign in the zodiac that corresponds to a person’s date of birth
horoscope sign
figurative phrase
to describe causing someone immense pain, suffering, or public humiliation. It suggests a complete and devastating defeat or ruin.
Nail someone through a cross
- The scandal nailed him to a cross, ending his political career.
adj
making you remember or imagine something pleasant:
evocative
/ɪˈvɑː.kə.t̬ɪv/
- evocative smells/sounds/music
- evocative of something: Her new book is wonderfully evocative of village life.
noun
- the part of your body where your legs join at the top, or the part of trousers or underwear that covers this area
- the part of a tree where its trunk (= main stem) splits into two to form a “Y” shape
TOPICS Body C2
crotch
(also crutch)
/krɑːtʃ/
formal and technical term
to eliminate waste from the body through the anus.
defecate
/ˈdef.ə.keɪt/
- It’s essentially a more polite and medical way of saying “poo,” “excrete,” or “have a bowel movement.
adjective [ not gradable ]
(esp. of something unpleasant) about to happen soon:
SYNONYM imminent
impending
/ɪmˈpen·dɪŋ/
- warnings of impending danger/disaster
verb [ I or T ]
to ask for information
inquire
(UK also enquire)
/ɪnˈkwaɪr/
- inquire about Shall I inquire about the price of tickets?
noun phrase
something that is easy to obtain, achieve, or take advantage of:
low-hanging fruit
/ˌloʊ.hæŋ.ɪŋ ˈfruːt/
- When cutting costs, many companies start with the low-hanging fruit: their ad budgets.
abbreviation
used at the end of a written invitation to mean that you should tell the people who invited you whether or not you are coming:
RSVP
abbreviation for “répondez s’il vous plaît”, French for “please reply”
/ˌɑːr.es.viːˈpiː/
noun [C ]
a large piece of cloth that covers a table during a meal and protects or decorates it
tablecloth
/ˈteɪ.bəl.klɑːθ/
- At some point the tablecloth was removed.
bouquet noun (FLOWERS)
a group of flowers that have been fastened together and attractively arranged so that they can be given as a present or carried on formal occasions
bouquet
/boʊˈkeɪ/
- a bouquet of flowers
- Chris sent me a lovely bouquet when I was sick.
noun Formal
the act of having sex
copulation
/ˌkɑːpjuˈleɪʃn/
- Copulation occurs at the nest site.
adjective
able to be filled with air to make it ready to use
inflatable
/ɪnˈfleɪ.t̬ə.bəl/
- inflatable pillows/mattresses
- this inflatable sac is unique to male dromedary camels
noun
the sexual activity of moving the tongue across the female sex organs in order to give pleasure and excitement
cunnilingus
/ˌkʌn.əˈlɪŋ.ɡəs/
Compare
fellatio : the sexual activity of sucking or moving the tongue across the penis in order to give pleasure and excitement
———–
Cunnus: This is the Latin word for “vulva” or “pudenda.”
Lingere: This is the Latin verb meaning “to lick.”
phrasal verb
to return:
go back
- After being photographed, we went back inside.
- go back for I’ll have to go back for my umbrella.
- go back to Do you think you’ll ever go back to London?
noun [ C ] BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY specialized
a chemical naturally, released in the brain to reduce pain, that in large amounts can make you feel relaxed or full of energy
endorphin
/enˈdɔːr.fɪn/
Word Origin:
1970s: blend of endogenous and morphine.
phrasal verb
to start to suffer from an illness, especially one that is not serious
come down with something
- I think I’m coming down with flu.
phrasal verb with pass
BECOME UNCONSCIOUS
pass out
/pæs/
- I was hit on the head and passed out.
phrasal verb with wear
to stop having an effect or influence:
wear off
/weər/
- The vaccine wears off after 10 years.
- The novelty of married life was beginning to wear off.
conjunction حرف ربط
in a way that suggests something
as though
also–> as if
/æz ðoʊ/
- It sounds as though you had a good time.
- I feel as though I sweat more than most people!
adjective
- unable to leave somewhere because of a problem such as not having any transport or money:
- lacking what is necessary to leave a place or to get out of a situation:
stranded
/ˈstræn.dɪd/
- He left me stranded in town with no car and no money for a bus.
- Mass Stranding: Over 150 whales, specifically false killer whales, have become stranded on a remote beach in Tasmania, Australia.
noun [ U ]
the activity of fighting a war, often including the weapons and methods that are used:
warfare
/ˈwɔːr.fer/
- Warfare has played a key role in shaping our history, with defeat in battle often precipitating the decline of cultures, of empires, or more recently, of nation-states and victory leading to the acquisition of land, people, and resources.
noun [ C ] mainly US informal
a house that is not in good condition, that someone buys with the intention of working on it, improving it, and increasing its value
fixer-upper
/ˌfɪk.sɚˈʌp.ɚ/
- We could afford a large home here or a fixer-upper in San Francisco.
idiom
to give someone help:
give someone a hand
(also lend (someone) a hand)
- Could you give me a hand with these suitcases?
- If it’s too much work for just one person, let me know, and I’ll give you a hand. You can depend on me!
adjective
blocked or filled with something
clogged
/klɑːɡd/
- clogged pipes
- The roads quickly became clogged with traffic.
adj [only before noun] (formal)
happening after something else:
subsequent
/ˈsʌb.sɪ.kwənt/
- subsequent generations
adjective
slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable
damp
/dæmp/
- The grass is still damp.
- This shirt still feels a bit damp.
- It was a damp, misty morning.
verb (MAKE BETTER)
to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong:
relieve
/rɪˈliːv/
- She was given a shot of morphine to relieve the pain.
- She relieved her boredom at home by learning how to type.
noun
the work needed to keep a road, building, machine, etc. in good condition:
maintenance
/ˈmeɪn.tən.əns/
- Old houses need a lot of maintenance.
- There are thorough maintenance checks on each plane before take-off.
- The magazine offers tips on cutting your house maintenance costs.
phrase
to become familiar with something or someone:
B1
get used to something/someone
- Eventually you’ll get used to the smells of the laboratory.
- [ + -ing verb ] I just can’t get used to waking up early.
phrasal verb
- to leave or escape
- to go somewhere to have a holiday, often because you need to rest
B2
get away
- I’ll get away from work as soon as I can.
- I just need to get away for a few days.
look down on someone
phrasal verb with look verb
UK /lʊk/ US /lʊk/
(also look down your nose at someone)
Add to word list
B2
to think that you are better than someone:
She thinks they look down on her because she doesn’t have a job.
- If you look down on someone, you don’t respect them. You think they are not as good or important as you.
idiom
to believe that what someone says is true
take someone’s word for it
(also take someone at their word)
- He said he’d give me a job and I just took him at his word.
- If he says there’s $500 in the envelope, then I’ll take his word for it.
noun [ C ]
any of the very small holes in the skin, especially one that a hair grows from
follicle
/ˈfɑː.lɪ.kəl/
- a hair follicle
verb [ I ]
to not do something, especially something enjoyable that you think might be bad:
abstain
/æbˈsteɪn/
- abstain from : He took a vow to abstain from porn/alcohol/smoking/sex.
noun [ C or U ]
(a piece of) a type of strong tissue found in humans in the joints (= places where two bones are connected) and other places such as the nose, throat, and ears:
He has a torn cartilage in his knee.
cartilage
/ˈkɑːr.t̬əl.ɪdʒ/
adjective
extremely hungry:
ravenous
/ˈræv.ən.əs/
- I’m ravenous - where’s supper?
- Growing boys have ravenous appetites.
noun [ S ] informal
a look in which you move your eyes to the side without turning your face, showing that you are annoyed by someone, do not respect them, or do not believe what they are saying:
side-eye
/ˈsaɪdˌaɪ/
- It’s that uneasy feeling when your partner’s chatting up someone charming at a party, and you’re side-eyeing the situation.
- The side-eye is a symbol of passive-aggressive criticism.
adverb
something is in front of you in the direction you are moving
Up ahead
- “There’s a gas station up ahead.” (It’s a bit further down the road.)
- “Challenges lie up ahead.” (They’re coming soon in the future.)
verb
- to arrange something in the correct position, or to be in the correct position, in relation to something else, especially in a straight line
- to change something slightly so that it is in the correct relationship to something else
C1
align
/əˈlaɪn/
- The top and bottom line of each column on the page should align.
- Domestic prices have been aligned with those in world markets.
adj
involving two groups of people or two countries
TOPICS Politics C2
bilateral
/ˌbaɪˈlæt̬.ɚ.əl/
-
bilateral relations/agreements/trade/talks
Both nations have signed bilateral treaties with the United States.
adjective
involving two groups or countries:
bilateral
/ˌbaɪˈlæt̬.ɚ.əl/
- France and Germany have signed a bilateral agreement to help prevent drug smuggling.
noun [C] (CHESS)
a piece that moves from corner to corner along squares of the same colour
2nd meaning : a priest of high rank who is in charge of the priests of lower rank in a particular area
- bishop
/ˈbɪʃ.əp/
- The king’s bishop is placed on f1 for White and f8 for Black; the queen’s bishop is placed on c1 for White and c8 for Black.
- نام این مهره در چاتورانگا شیوهٔ ابتدایی بازی شطرنج که در هند ابداع شده بود، هاستی - hasti یا گاجا - gaja هر دو به معنی «فیل» بود.
noun [C] (CHESS)
in the game of chess, a piece in the shape of a horse’s head that moves two squares in one direction and then one square at an angle of 90°
knight
verb (informal)
to succeed in achieving or winning something
TOPICS Success C2
clinch
/klɪntʃ/
- to clinch an argument/a deal/a victory
- They clinched a place in the semi-finals.
noun [ C ] disapproving
- someone who praises or is extremely polite to a more powerful or rich person in a way that is not sincere, usually in order to get an advantage for themselves:
- a person who is too friendly to somebody in authority and is always ready to do what they want
bootlicker
/ˈbuːt.lɪk.ɚ/
- I knew you were silly but I never thought you were a snob and a bootlicker.
verb
make a change; to cause a change in something
affect
/əˈfekt/
- work can affect your stress level.
phrasal verb
to disappoint someone by failing to do what you agreed to do or were expected to do:
let sb down
- You will be there tomorrow - you won’t let me down, will you?
- When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had let my parents down.
phrasal verb
to start to do something without considering if it is the right thing to do or the best way to do it:
rush into
- I don’t want to rush into buying a home with my girlfriend.
idiom
surprisingly; even though it sounds unusual or strange
(also funnily/oddly enough)
strangely enough
- Max usually stays out past midnight, but strangely enough, he got home last night at 10.
collocation
only; no more than
nothing but
- He was nothing but friendly. He wasn’t rude or unkind in any way.
- This car has been nothing but trouble - it’s always breaking down!
very surprised:
astonished
- If you’re astonished, you’re really amazed by something that you didn’t expect.
adjective
old and in poor condition
Synonyms
broken-down
decrepit
derelict (BUILDING, ETC.)
ramshackle disapproving
ricketyrun-down
tumbledown
dilapidated
/dɪˈlæp.ə.deɪ.t̬ɪd/
- The hotel we stayed in was really dilapidated.
- a dilapidated old car/shed
noun [ U ] formal
involvement in a crime or some activity that is wrong:
complicity
/kəmˈplɪs.ə.t̬i/
- She is suspected of complicity in the fraud.
V
- to allow yourself or another person to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you:
- to give someone anything they want and not to mind if they behave badly
indulge
/ɪnˈdʌldʒ/
- I love champagne but I don’t often indulge myself.
- My aunt indulges the children dreadfully.
adjective
- unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way:
- belonging to, relating to, or found in only particular people or things:
peculiar
/pɪˈkjuːl.jɚ/
- A peculiar noise is a sound which is weird, or perhaps just a little unusual.
- He gets on with things in his own peculiar way/manner/fashion.
phrasal verb
- to break into pieces:
- If an organization, system, or agreement falls apart, it fails or stops working effectively:
fall apart
/fɑːl/
- That building is falling apart! There are holes in all the walls and giant cracks everywhere. It’s not safe!
- The deal fell apart because of a lack of financing.
noun
- natural ability to do something well
- a situation in which something is done in an exciting and interesting way
C2
flair
/fler/
- flair for: He has a flair for languages.
- He played with great imagination and flair.
v
to give someone a thing or a duty for which they are responsible:
entrust
/ɪnˈtrʌst/
- entrust something to someone : He didn’t look like the sort of man you should entrust your luggage to.
شاهدبازی
Pederasty
v
to be a sign of something; to show that something is possible or likely
indicate
/ˈɪn.də.keɪt/
- A chess rating of 900 generally indicates a player who is in the beginner to lower-intermediate range.
Wrap your head around” is an informal idiom meaning to understand or grasp something, especially something complex or challenging.
phrasal verb
to leave or escape from a person or place, often when it is difficult to do this
get away
- I was able to get away from the house by breaking a window and jumping into the yard.
adjective [ before noun ]
at the greatest distance from the centre
outermost
/ˈaʊ.t̬ɚ.moʊst/
- Sunscreen needs to be on the outermost layer
- the outermost reaches of the solar system.
