2018 to 2022 Flashcards
Improve your literacy skills Farzad
fair and generous behavior or treatment of others, especially in a sports contest.
sportsmanship
“He displayed great sportsmanship in defeat”
-resign when people play chess, it is sportsmanshp
a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked.
Crack (also crack cocaine)
Crack offers a short, intense high to smokers. The Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most addictive form of cocaine.
the most sacred syllable, symbol or mantra in Hinduism.
Om
(also aum)
A mystic syllable, considered the most sacred mantra in Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. It appears at the beginning and end of most Sanskrit recitations, prayers, and texts.
(idiomatic, usually with “on”) To disclose information to the public or to appropriate authorities concerning the illegal or socially harmful actions of a person or group, especially a corporation or government agency.
blow the whistle
In the past, people literally blew a whistle to attract the attention of the police.
In some jurisdictions, it is illegal to fire a person for blowing the whistle on an employer.
unpleasant or offensive; not considered morally acceptable
unsavoury
Her friends are all pretty unsavoury characters
=immoral, unpleasant, villainous, shady, unacceptable, dodgy (UK, informal), suspect, dishonest, untrustworthy, disreputable
antonym: wholesome
is defined as “being present” or being “in the moment” in a nonjudgmental way.
Mindfulness
Mindfulness is about being aware, whether it occurs during work, a walk, when enjoying the scenery, or while eating. Mindfulness increases the awareness of thoughts and feelings and reduces an individual’s reactivity to emotions, thoughts, and cravings
if someone leads a ….. life, they travel from place to place and do not live in any one place for very long
nomadic
As the early religions evolved, their ceremonies and cosmologies became increasingly sophisticated.
Primal religions of the nomadic and seminomadic peoples of prehistory gave way to the religions of the
ancient and, in turn, of the classical civilizations.
from Greek nomos “pasture, pasturage, grazing
are a group of muscles and their tendons at the rear of the upper leg.
hamstrings
They include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. The hamstrings flex the knee joint, adduct the leg, and extend the thigh to the backside of the body. They are used in walking and running.
the part of the body between the chest and the hips. The part contains the stomach, intestines, and liver.
abdomen
= stomach, belly, abdomen, tummy (informal), middle, gut
a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in South Africa, with an estimated 10–12 million people living mainly in “South Africa”. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique.
Zulu
Further evidence to our original point, the fact that Europeans had guns and the Zulus of Africa did not, was not a consequence of cultural or intellectual differences, it was due to geographical happenstance.
a smuggler who brings illegal immigrants into the United States (slang)
coyote
“at the bus station, there were coyotes offering to drive us to Los Angeles”
=people smuggler, human smuggler
listen secretly
eavesdrop
Cuba eavesdrops on US communications with the helps of a Russian-built base on the island.
=listen in, overhear, snoop (informal), spy, pry, nose round
a brew of plants which contains Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
Ayahuasca
The LSD molecules is shaped a lot like Serotonin, a neurotransmitter found in our brains. Scientists investigated molecules with similar properties found in mushroom, cacti, including the peyote cactus, and troical plants that are used in the psychoactive drink Ayahuasca.
not pasteurized
unpasteurized
Many followers are also vegans but they may consume some raw animal products, such as unpasteurized milk, cheese made from raw milk, sashimi, raw fish, and certain kinds of raw meat.
to try to prevent something from happening
Avoid
Avoid the broken bottle on the floor.
Try to avoid confrontation.
I want to avoid being drawn into the argument.
=prevent, forestall, preclude (formal), avert
antonym: promote
something that is present but hidden, and may develop or become more noticeable in the future
latent
kundalini (in yoga) is latent female energy believed to lie coiled at the base of the spine. =dormant
the scientific study of the structure of human or animal bodies
anatomy
We may look different from the outside, but
our bodies are all constructed in the same
way. The study of anatomy, which explores
body structure, shows that internally we are
virtually identical—except for differences
between males and females. The study of
physiology, which deals with how the body
works, reveals how body systems combine
to keep our cells, and us, alive.
Greek anatome “dissection,” literally “a cutting up,
the act of climbing something or moving upwards
ascent
the first ascent of Everest/
The final ascent of Kilimanjaro began at 5:00 a.m
For many in the Middle Ages, life was less important than death and ascent into heaven.
OPP descent
strange and frightening
spooky
it is kind of spooky without any light.
a spooky old house
a spooky atmosphere
=scary (informal), frightening, ghostly, unnerving, mysterious, eerie, uncanny, disturbing
antonym: reassuring
to refuse to change your plans or ideas, especially when someone is trying to persuade you to do so / Idiom
dig your heels in
The bottom line is that there are powerful forces within us that resist change, even when we can clearly see what would be good for us. Bad habits die hard. It seems as if we have two brains, one wanting the best for us, and the other digging in its heels in a desperate, often unconscious, effort to hold on to the status quo.
various types of nutrients needed in larger amounts for the body.
Macronutrients
The types of nutrients that are found in this group include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and water.
something that causes a state of strain or tension
stressor /ˈstresər/
While the definitions of stress vary, most agree that stress is not what happens to someone—those outside forces are the stressors. What matters is how the person reacts to what happens.
the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
homeostasis
Humans’ internal body temperature is a great example of homeostasis
Greek: ὅμοιος homoios, “similar” and στάσις stasis, “standing still”, yielding the idea of “staying the same”.
a geometrical diagram used like an icon usually in meditation
yantra
Sanskrit, (यन्त्र) literally ‘device for holding or fastening’
a complex relationship between species
symbiosis
cooperation, interdependence, relationship, association, synergy, interaction
antonym: independence
Greek sumbiōsis “a living together” < bios “life”]
The part of our brain which is in charge of forming habits
Basal Ganglia
the sugar in fruit
fructose
to accidentally hear what other people are saying, when they do not know that you have heard
overhear
Franco observed the male patron and recognized that the patron had signs of gambling issues and overheard him state that this place was bad and was very upset/agitated.
a sudden increase in something bad or unpleasant that affects many people
epidemic
Obesity is at epidemic proportions in the United States. Many of us eat more than we require; we eat when we are rushed; we don’t understand how various food elements interact; and we are not as knowledgeable as we could be about various diet types and their effects on our health.
a drug that increases energy and excitement and makes you less hungry
Amphetamine /æmˈfetəmiːn/
Amphetamines are a type of appetite suppressant but are not recommended for the treatment of obesity because of their strong potential for abuse and dependence.
cytokine
cytokine /ˈsʌɪtə(ʊ)kʌɪn/
With chronic or long-term stress, the body’s inflammatory response remains “turned on” all the time. The body’s cells produce proteins called cytokine and this causes changes in the interactions and communication between cells, often resulting in an inflammatory response throughout the entire body and mind.
to take hold of something suddenly and violently
seize
a group of sheep, goats, or birds
flock
(in German, “lightning war”), swift, sudden, and overwhelming military offensive used by Germany in World War II
Blitzkrieg
German forces attack Poland using Blitzkrieg tactics. The invasion follows the Polish government’s refusal to hand over the port-city of Danzig, claimed by Germany. Poland is defeated in four weeks and Germany occupies roughly two-thirds of the country
جنگ برق آسا
a minor collision between motor vehicles.
fender bender
to breathe out slowly making a long soft sound, especially because you are disappointed, tired, annoyed, or relaxed
sigh /saɪ/
But today, we are usually not in a fight for our lives when we are stressed. This wears on our body’s response to stress. When we are tired or depressed, we breathe more deeply, exhaling heavily and sighing. This is because our bodies are in need of a proper oxygen supply. They are run down.
……. is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble those of a dominant group
Cultural assimilation
habits lead to the development of multiple good habits. They start a chain effect in your life that produces a number of positive outcomes.
“keystone habit”
hard but easily broken
brittle
after 13,000 years in the water, the bone is brittle.
=hard, stiff, inelastic, fragile, breakable, delicate, frail, weak
antonym: robust
delicate and complicated in an attractive way
subtle /ˈsʌt(ə)l/
The deepest principles of yoga are based on a subtle and profound appreciation of how the human system is constructed.
an activity or subject that you know a lot about
specialization
You undoubtedly have a specialization. A “thing you’re good at.” And that’s fine. But don’t let it define you too much. You’re allowed to change course, pivot your interests, and most importantly—you’re allowed to tackle as big of a challenge as you want, no matter the doubters. It is not only your right, but some may even say it is your duty.
in a way that shows that you are slightly surprised
quizzically
When you describe your job, they ask: what do you do with NASA? And I said I am a flight director
She looked at him quizzically.
=inquiringly, curiously, questioningly, sardonically, ironically
a treatment for pain and disease that involves pushing special needles into parts of the body
acupuncture
Written over 2,300 years ago, The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal medicine explains acupuncture treatments, which focus on the flow of chi, or vital energy, along 12 body channels, or meridians. Needles are inserted into the skin along these meridians to rebalance the body forces known as Yin (cool and female) and Yang (hot and male).
Latin acus “needle”
to make a relationship between people, countries, or organizations firm and strong
cement
Religion provided a means to communicate with these gods, through ritual and prayer, and these practices—when shared by members of a community—helped to cement social groups, enforce hierarchies, and provide a deep sense of collective identity.
—->a grey powder made from lime and clay that becomes hard when it is mixed with water and allowed to dry, and that is used in building سیمان
a slender threadlike object or fiber, especially one found in animal or plant structures.
filament//ˈfɪləmənt/
The tongue recognizes four tastes (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter), and the nasal fossas contain cells that have more than 200 million filaments, called cilia, which are capable of detecting thousands of odors.
result of action: something, especially an unforeseen problem, that results from an action (often used in the plural)
repercussion
kublai khan: those who disgree with my actions, Speaks without repercussion.
=consequence, effect, upshot, impact, aftermath, outcome, ramification, corollary, influence, implication, result
German occult society founded in Munich in 1918 This was an anti-Semitic, Anti-Communism and populist society that had links with Adolf Hitler through the German Workers’ Party (later National Socialist German Workers Party).
Thule Society
Dietrich Eckart, a central figure in the Thule Group, also played a prominent part in the committee of the German Workers’ Party and became one of the seven founder members of the Nazi Party.
animals such as cows, sheep, and pigs that are kept on farms
livestock
severe malnutrition in infants and children especially of impoverished regions caused by a diet low in protein
kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor results from a lack of protein in the diet, usually occurring in young children after weaning.
“1935, from a native name in Ghana for the disease.”
کواشیورکور
the description of the structure of a DNA molecule
Double Helix
A DNA molecule consists of two strands that wind around each other like a twisted ladder. Each strand has a backbone made of alternating groups of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.
to make someone very interested in knowing more about something, especially something that seems mysterious
intrigue /ɪnˈtriːɡ/
How can you use your first impression, conversation starters, and introduction to get to know someone? The first five hacks are all about tapping into what intrigues people so you can be the most memorable person in the room.
to take selfish or unfair advantage of a person or situation, usually for personal gain
exploit
Data is the most valuable asset on Earth, and technology companies like Facebook, Google, Amazon and Tesla are valuable because they have been exploiting people’s assets. (The Great hack)
used in ancient writing system: relating or belonging to a writing system in which wedge-shaped impressions were made in soft clay. There were several such writing systems in ancient Southwest Asia, including one for Sumerian.
خط میخی
cuneiform
Latin cuneus “wedge”
the ability to make good judgments about people or about art, music, style etc
discernment /dɪˈsɜː(r)nmənt/
He shows great discernment in his choice of friends.
She is a woman of the highest taste and discernment.
=judgment, acumen, discrimination, perspicacity, taste, shrewdness, sensitivity, selectivity
a parrot with a prominent crest, often with white or light-colored feathers. Native to: Australia, New Guinea, South and Southeast Asia.
Family: Cacatuidae
cockatoo
the predictable way the body responds to stress as described by Hans Selye (1907-1982)
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
During the 1950s, Hans Selye identified what he called the “general adaptation syndrome” (GAS), the phenomenon that all organisms have a similar response when confronted with a challenge to their well-being, regardless of whether they see the challenge as positive or negative. GAS is comprised of three stages of response.
1-alarm reaction (fight-or-flight response)—>2-resistance—>3-exhaustion
immunoglobulin
also known as antibodies
are three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body. They serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). The absence of the auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss.
ossicles (the little bones)
sounds starts as air vibration, which then move our eardrums and the little bones (Ossicles) and then finally fluid in the cochlea and that trigers hair cells to fire.
track down: to track or pursue somebody or something until captured or found
hunt down
The USA invaded Iraq and Afghanestan, hunting down al-Qaeda terrorists.
=find, catch, track down, capture, get hold of, seek out
antonym: flee
The correct or acceptable way of communicating on the internet.
netiquette
Netiquette” is network etiquette, the do’s and don’ts of online communication. Netiquette covers both common courtesy online and the informal “rules of the road” of cyberspace.
Network+etiquette
a major hero in ancient Mesopotamian mythology
Gilgamesh
an important Middle Eastern literary work, written in cuneiform on 12 clay tablets about 2000 bc. This heroic poem is named for its hero, Gilgamesh, a tyrannical Babylonian king who ruled the city of Uruk, known in the Bible as Erech (now Al Warkā’, Iraq).
someone or something that is able to make people become peaceful or calm
pacifier /ˈpæsɪˌfaɪə(r)/
Nutrition, or more accurately food, serves as a pacifier for most of us. It is a stress reliever and social activity.
the Nazis’ perception that Nazi Germany was the successor of the earlier Holy Roman (800–1806) and German (1871–1918) empires. The regime ended after the Allies defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.
Third Reich
this is the story of Hitler’s henchman, the jealousy, power struggle and fawing sycophants that will create a monster and fuel the most horrors of the Third Reich.
an additional idea or emotion that a word suggests to you, in addition to its literal or main meaning
connotation /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃ(ə)n/
Today the word stress has many different definitions and connotations. According to Seaward (2011), in Eastern philosophies stress is considered to be the absence of inner peace; in Western culture it is considered the loss of control.
the action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits.
containment
“the containment of the epidemic”
Information about this agency must be treated like a virus. There is only one response to a Virus; and that response is containment” (Alias S01E01)
بازداری، تحدید نفوذ، محدود نگاهداشتن
an intense but short-lived passion or admiration for someone or something.
infatuation
infatuation with:
- the current infatuation with seventies style
- Shaw’s infatuation with the actress is evident in his writing
=passion, obsession, craze, love, fascination, crush (informal), fixation, rapture, enchantment
antonym: disenchantment
in Norse mythology, the god of thunder and the strongest of the gods.
Thor
The word ‘Thursday’ is based on his name.
your self-identity. It’s the part that separates you from everything else, the part that creates narratives about the outside world and your story in it.
ego
Proteins are broken down into …..and …….
peptides
amino acids
Peptides are formed by linking one or more amino acids with a covalent bond. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and there are 20 of them. Humans can produce some of these 20 amino acids and the others must be obtained in food (“essential amino acids”).
oversimplifying complex things and ignoring their subtleties or important details
reductive
the idea that we are simply animals that only really care about reproducing, seems incredibly reductive.
originate from something: to originate from a particular source
His behavior seems to spring from an innate sense of insecurity.
spring
Ultimately, every species on Earth is desended from a single common ancestor, just as the branches on a tree all spring from a single trunk.
a substance in coffee and tea that makes you feel awake
caffeine /ˈkæfiːn/
Stress may lead to the consumption of caffeinated drinks or substances (such as chocolate). Caffeine stimulates the sympathetic nervous system and is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and has a direct effect on the brain. The stimulant effect of caffeine triggers the release of several stress hormones, creating a cycle of heightened awareness and fatigue when the body finally metabolizes the caffeine. As a well-documented diuretic, caffeine has been widely reported to decrease vitamin D and calcium uptake as well as decrease bone mineral density. This can lead to accelerated bone loss and increase risk for osteoporosis. Vitamin D suppression can also affect immune function.
Formula: C8H10N4O2
one of the most common exercises used to train the abdominal muscles.
Abdominal Crunch
Like situps, crunches help you build muscle. But unlike situps, they work only the abdominal muscles. This intense muscle isolation makes them a popular exercise for people trying to get six-pack abs. This also makes them ideal for strengthening your core, which includes your lower back muscles and obliques
the outer layer of the cerebrum, composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.
cerebral cortex
(also cortex) At birth the infant brain contains 100 billion neurons. That is about as many nerve cells as there are stars in the entire Milky Way Galaxy! Then as the infant receives messages from the senses, the cerebral cortex begins its dynamic development.
The skin is one of the most important organs of the body. It contains approximately …..tiny nerve endings that transmit sensations.
five million
a German word meaning “leader” or “guide”. As a political title it is associated with the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler.
der Führer (the leader)
negative effect caused by nothing but the mind
nocebo
Nocebo: A negative placebo effect as, for example, when patients taking medications experience adverse side effects unrelated to the specific pharmacological action of the drug. … Nocebo comes from the Latin noceo, to harm and means “I shall harm” whereas placebo means “I shall please.”
Carbohydrates are eaten and digested. They are then converted to a sugar called …. , which is the main human fuel.
- glucose
Some glucose is used right away, some is stored as glycogen, and left over glucose is converted to fat. When the body needs more energy, it converts stored glycogen back to glucose to be used in the cells.
C6H12O6
GK: glykys : sweet
to gradually become less successful and end in a disappointing way
fizzle out
What about stars, which are so far away that, by the time their light reaches us and we can see them, they may have fizzled out?
=come to an end
finish, end, conclude, stop, cease, run out, run your term, fizzle out
antonym: continue
there is ill will between two people or groups.
/phrase
love lost
There’s no love lost between him and the company since he was passed over for a promotion.
LIVE AS IF YOU WERE TO DIE TOMORROW….
(quotation)
… LEARN AS IF YOU WERE TO LIVE FOREVER.
Mahatma Gandhi
extreme and sudden
drastic
- NATO threatened drastic action if its terms were not met.
- drastic cuts in government spending
- Drastic changes are needed if environmental catastrophe is to be avoided.
=radical, severe, extreme, dire, sweeping, far-reaching, harsh, strong, desperate
antonym: modest
very shocking and immoral
heinous
a heinous crime
=monstrous, atrocious, odious, terrible, dreadful, shocking, scandalous, wicked, evil
Tending to spread very quickly and undesirably or harmfully.
invasive
patients suffering from invasive cancer.
opp: noninvasive
a greater amount than you need or want
plethora /ˈpleθərə/
The United States has a plethora of “supersize” food options in the fast food industry, and ubiquitous warehouse stores offer enormous containers of all kinds of food.
work that is not very exciting but provides you with most of the money that you need in order to live
bread and butter
their bread and butter is reporting local events
unable or unwilling to believe something
incredulous
it sounds kind of incredulous
You sold the car?’ she asked, incredulous
incredulous look/expression/voice etc
She shot him an incredulous look.
=disbelieving, skeptical, unbelieving, doubtful, doubting, unconvinced, suspicious
antonym: convinced
Vitamin C is used to make ……., a protein that gives your skin both strength and elasticity.
collagen
Greek kolla “glue” + -gen “giving birth to”
a form of meditation in which physical actions are involved.
Dynamic meditation
There’s Dynamic Meditation, which is supposed to break old thought patterns. You may recognise it from covergae of the Rajneeshpuram community. The term appears in the early 1970s when Osho’s descriptions of his “Rajneesh Dhyan Yoga,” developed at meditation camps in the Indian mountains, were translated into English.[1] His prototypical method is still named “Dynamic Meditation.”
to give someone part of an amount of something that is available, or to decide that something will be used for a specific purpose
allot /əˈlɒt/
the people of the Fertile Crescent were able to grow and store protein dense food like wheat, barley, and peas which grew abundantly in the area. In the end, this allotted them more time to develop weapons of war.
Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond
A nurse trained to deliver babies
midwife
Until the 19th century, women took on only very minor medical roles, except as midwifes. These Swedish women learning anatomy, in a photograph from about 1880, are probably training for midwifery
(usually disapproving) a person or group whose actions are controlled by another
puppet
Since 1934, Cuba has been ruled by a number of puppet governments, under the control of general Fulgencio Batista.
the thick string of nerves enclosed in your spine, by which messages are sent to and from your brain
Spinal Cord
The nervous system is a complex network of sensory cells, originating in the brain and spinal cord, that transmits signals throughout the body, employing a caravan of chemical messengers to make sense of this marvelous complex that we catalogue as touch, taste, smell, hearing, and vision.
a mythical creature with the head of a human and the body of a lion. In Greek tradition, the sphinx has the head of a human, the haunches of a lion, and sometimes the wings of a bird. It is mythicised as treacherous and merciless.
Sphinx
Great Sphinx of Giza
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
unconventional: failing to follow conventional or traditional beliefs or practices
unorthodox
In Darwin’s day the idea of Evolution was regarded highly unorthodox because it went against all of natural history
=unconventional
unconventional, untraditional, unusual, eccentric, heretical, anarchic, revolutionary, nonconformist
antonym: orthodox
or·tho·dox
< Greek orthodoxos “having the correct opinion” < doxa “opinion”]
Swiss psychiatrist, who founded the analytical school of psychology.
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
[not before noun] ready or made available when needed
forthcoming
Financial support was not forthcoming.
Help was immediately forthcoming.
available, ready, offered, supplied, in the offing, there
antonym: unavailable
disturbance: a strong or sudden change in political, social, or living conditions
upheaval
- political upheaval
- Moving house is a major upheaval.
- Upheavals across the globe, sparked an ambitious vision of what humans could acheive…spareheaded by three trailblazers: Socrates, Confucius and Buddha.
=disturbance, turmoil, disorder, confusion, cataclysm, commotion, disruption, mayhem (informal)
antonym: peace
to be willing and prepared to help or defend someone; to look out for someone in case they need assistance.
have (got) (someone’s) back
I’ve got your back if they ever come bother you again.
suitable or right for a particular situation or purpose
appropriate /əˈprəʊpriət/
It’s appropriate to wear a suit when you go to the office.
=suitable, fitting, apt, apposite, right, correct, applicable
antonym: inappropriate
known as the Angel of Death (German: Todesengel), was a German SS officer and physician during World War II, conducted inhumane medical experiments on prisoners in the Auschwitz
Dr.Josef Mengele (1911 – 1979)
a rude violent man
lout
Charles Bukowski was an alcoholic, a womanizer, a chronic gambler, a lout, a cheapskate, a deadbeat, and on his worst days, a poet. He’s probably the last person on earth you would ever look to for life advice or expect to see in any sort of self-help book. • Only a lout would treat a woman that way. • What a clumsy lout he was!
=yob
a school of yoga that is influenced by Shaktism and Tantra schools of Hinduism
Kundalini yoga
It derives its name through a focus on awakening kundalini energy through regular practice of mantra, tantra, yantra, yoga or meditation. kuṇḍalin means “circular”, Sanskrit, literally “snake”
DMT stands for
Dimethyltryptamine
Ayahuasca contains Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a molecule shaped very similar to Serotonin, serotonin neurotransmitter in our brains. ingesting Ayahuasca and flooding the brain with DMT leads to what many describe as spirtual expriences. strong, vivid visions, a sense of oneness with the universe, even a sense of one’s self dying.
something that has not been planned or organized, but happens by itself, or because you suddenly feel you want to do it
spontaneous
- The crowd gave a spontaneous cheer.
- My spontaneous reaction was to run away.
=impulsive, unprompted, spur-of-the-moment, natural, artless, unstructured, unplanned, extemporaneous, free, instinctive, unrehearsed, unconstrained
antonym: planned
cosmic energy as conceived in Hindu thought
Shakti शक्ति, “power, energy, capability”
when a dog moves its tail many times from one side to the other
wag
Every time they got near him, he backed off, ecstatic with excitement, tail wagging furiously.
the equipment in a vehicle that you use to control the direction it goes in
steering
When I was born, I donned a spacesuit for living on this plane. It was this body, this is my spacesuit, and It had a steering mechanism, my prefrontal lobes, and all the brain motors, coordinating stuff.
the most concentrated form of energy
fat
a violent person, especially a criminal
thug
“he was attacked by a gang of thugs”
=brute, hooligan (informal), heavy (slang), ruffian (dated), criminal, mugger, hood (US, slang), hoodlum, gangster, goon, yob (UK, informal)
the final state of complete knowledge and understanding that is the aim of believers in Buddhism
nirvana
Nirvana spiritual enlightenment
Finally the Buddha searching deep in his humanity, he was able to root outand permanently extinguish craving, ignorance and delusion. He had finally broken free of the cycle of death and rebirth and attained enlightmant… Nirvana.
study of environmental balance: a Chinese system that studies people’s relationships to their environment, especially their home or workspace, in order to achieve maximum harmony with the spiritual forces believed to influence all places
feng shui
Feng Shui is based on the Daoist thought, everything around us is connected, everything is made of energy, we are all connected through energy, Feng is wind and Shui is water. It’s an energy we can not destroy or create, it is alwayes there. but we can divert and harness it. I was going say in Chinese: they say Birds DO not fly, they are flown. Fish do not swim, they are carried. they are swum by water. (the story of God. S01E06)
Chinese, from fēng ‘wind’ and shuǐ ‘water’.
when neurons fire together, …
…. they wire together.
Our brain cells communicate with one another via synaptic transmission–one brain cell releases a chemical (neurotransmitter) that the next brain cell absorbs. This communication process is known as “neuronal firing.” When brain cells communicate frequently, the connection between them strengthens. Messages that travel the same pathway in the brain over & over begin to transmit faster & faster. With enough repetition, they become automatic. That’s why we practice things like hitting a golf ball–with enough practice, we can go on automatic pilot.
Some energy can be stored in the muscles and the Liver as (……) but these stores fill up quickly so your body will store any aditional Calories in form of body fat.
glycogen
Formula: (C6H10O5)n
a chemical used for killing insects, especially those that damage crops
pesticide
A commitment to organic agriculture also supports environmental health on all levels by avoiding the use of pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers.
specific part of left hemispher realted to comprehending speech (but not producing speech)
wernicke’s Area
patients who damaged wernicke’s Area can speak fluently but they are unable to understand language.
notorious: having an extremely bad reputation
infamous
this picture was painted by Charles Manson, infamous cult leader who convinced his foloowers to commit a series of nine horrific murders in Los Angeles.
are considered to be the ancestors of most of the indigenous cultures of the Americas
Clovis People
very desirable physically, especially with a strong and direct sexual presence
luscious
Her luscious body
=scrumptious
If you are ….. certain things, they are all around you.
among
There was a red apple among the green ones
antisemitic and racist laws in Nazi Germany.
Nuremberg race laws
September 15, 1935 The Nuremberg Race Laws were actually comprised of two separate pieces of legislation: The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, and The Reich Citizenship Law. The former law made a sharp distinction between “Germans” and “Jews,” forbidding intermarriage and sexual relations between members of these groups. The second stripped German Jews of their citizenship, by defining a Reich citizen as a “subject of the state who is of German or related blood,”
the worship of an “idol”, also known as a worship cult image, in the form of a physical image, such as a statue
idolatry
(or image-worship)
Hinduism is generally viewed as having originated with the Aryans, but it is far more accurately described as an amalgam of pre-Aryan and Aryan elements. For instance, image-worship, which predominates in popular Hinduism, finds almost no mention in the Vedas. Shiva, the all-important god besides Vishnu, is almost certainly a non-Aryan god (absent in the Vedas) who eventually made his way into the Hindu pantheon. The innumerable mother goddesses (devis) who spangle Hinduism are also non-Aryan.
بتپرستی
to reduce the amount of something that is present or available
deplete /dɪˈpliːt/
stress begins to deplete nutrients (such as water-soluble vitamins and several essential minerals) in the body.
sexual heat: a regular period of sexual excitement in many female mammals, during which the animal seeks to mate
estrus
Most female mammals look and act different around the days they’re ovulating, called “estrus,” signaling they ant it, so come and get it.
were a wide variety of mainly Turkoman Shia militant groups that flourished in Iranian Azerbaijan, Anatolia and Kurdistan from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid dynasty of Iran.
Qizilbash قزلباش (Red-Head)
لغت قزلباش از دو واژهٔ ترکی آذربایجانیِ قزل به معنی «زرین و سرخ» و باش به معنی «سر» تشکیل یافته است. وجه تسمیهٔ آن مربوط میشود به کلاه سرخی که پیروان این طریقت به سر داشتند
Five Diet & Nutrition Principles:
- Calorie Balance (=How Much You Eat)
- Macronutrien Amout (=What You Eat->Protein,Carbs,Fat)
- Nutrient Timing (=When You Eat)
- Food Composition
- Supplements
to mention something or someone indirectly
allude
The Sanskrit word हठ haṭha literally means “force” and thus alludes to a system of physical techniques.
What are our five senses?
sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste
Well, our five senses – sight, smell, touch, hearing and taste – do a pretty good job of convincing us that many things are real.
very bad, awful, terrible
lousy
What lousy weather!
I’ve had a lousy day.
She felt lousy (= ill).
The food here is really lousy!
fertile area in Middle East: area of fertile land in Southwest Asia reaching from Israel to the Persian Gulf and incorporating the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq.
Fer·tile Cres·cent
The ancient Babylonian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Phoenician, and Hebrew civilizations arose here.
هلال حاصلخیز
be relaxed and accept a situation, rather than trying to alter or control it. (expression)
go with the flow
a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People’s Republic of China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.
Mao Zedong
after WW2 China is torn apart by a brutal civil war between the US backed-nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek, and the communist army and its leader Mao Zedong.
they play a vital role in the body’s immune systemby recognizing and fighting infection
White blood cells
the outer coat of the HIV virus locks onto a particular type of White blood cell. over time these cells are killed off. and the body ability to recognize and fight infection begins to decline. when the cells are depleted, the resault is AIDS and the body become lethally vulnerable to diseases like pneumonia and cancer.
odd: strange, unexpected, or hard to explain
curious
Today’s Cuba is a curious mix of tropical paradise and quaint nostalgia. (THe cuba libre story)
=peculiar, odd, strange, unusual, intriguing, remarkable, bizarre, weird
antonym: ordinary
a well-known phrase that says something about life and human experience
adage /ˈædɪdʒ/
The old adage“Let food be your medicine, and let medicine be your food” supports the guidelines below: Consume a good supply of antioxidants (such as beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and selenium). These are found in fresh fruits, vegetables, and fresh herbs. Choose foods that will eventually rot. This usually means they are whole, fresh foods.
show something clearly
manifest
Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.
=apparent, unmistakable, clear, obvious, distinct, noticeable
antonym: unclear
The Three Major Stress Hormones
Adrenaline, Cortisol, Norepinephrine
stress is the feeling you exprience when the level of stress hormones in your body becomes noticeable.
was a Nazi plan for the genocide of Jews during World War II.
Final solution (Endlösung)
The term “Final Solution of the Jewish Question” was a euphemism used by Nazi Germany’s leaders. It referred to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. It brought an end to policies aimed at encouraging or forcing Jews to leave the German Reich and other parts of Europe. Those policies were replaced by systematic annihilation.
to surprise, interest, frighten etc someone so much that they do not move
transfix
Eckart after listening to young Hitler speech was transfixed. and Eckart realises that this is the man. He sees the man to take his message to the people, to spread the Aryan ideals beyond the metropolitian elite, perhaps even inspire a nation.
to state officially that someone who has been blamed for something is not guilty
exonerate
As of October 2019, 367 convicted people have been exonerated through DNA
OPP: blame
Weak Point
Weak Point
Bodies have at least one weak point…Try to learn your weak points. Do you get sore throats, upset stomachs, or feel weak? These weak points are signaling that your equilibrium is becoming unbalanced and needs attention.
to admit that you have lost a game, an election, etc.
concede
Sen Graham: Trump should not concede
After losing this decisive battle, the general was forced to concede.
a loss of memory-access to events that occurred or information that was learned in the past. It is caused by an injury or the onset of a disease.
Retrograde amnesia (RA)
very cruel and making you feel shocked, very bad or unpleasant
atrocious
any of the pathways along which the body’s vital energy flows according to the theory behind acupuncture
meridian
Written over 2,300 years ago, The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal medicine explains acupuncture treatments, which focus on the flow of chi, or vital energy, along 12 body channels, or meridians. Needles are inserted into the skin along these meridians to rebalance the body forces known as Yin (cool and female) and Yang (hot and male).
somebody or something that hinders or prevents progress
obstacle
Karl Marx and the young Hegelians believed that the single greatest obstacle to human progress was religion, so they set out to critique and attack it
to cut grass, etc. using a machine or tool with a special blade (= sharp cutting edge) or blades
mow
(mow - mowd - mown)
the smell of freshly mown grass
The lawn needs mowing every week in summer.
=scythe, cut down, shear, trim, clip, cut
a military force consisting of a group of aircraft or ships
squadron
گردان هوایی, (نیروی دریایی) ناوسپاه
the point at which a nervous impulse passes from one neuron to another
synapse
The signals are sent through a gap called a synapse by means of a complex electrochemical process.
=”junction between two nerve cells”
Greek synapsis (συνάψις), meaning “conjunction”, was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington
Every Habit has a three part Structure:
(Habit Loop)
Cue, Routine, Reward
Cue : a trigger for an automatic
Routne: the brahvouir itself
Reward: what you get from finishing a specific routine
encapsulate
encapsulate
The body begins to adapt and compensate for its losses. It might isolate an injured organ, develop new ways to communicate to the rest of the body through collateral circulation or developing new nerve pathways, or develop a wall to contain an infection through encapsulation.
a substance that makes you feel more awake when you eat it or drink it
stimulant /ˈstɪmjʊlənt/
How many stimulants are in your diet? If you can’t sleep by your target time, try cutting stimulants in your diet—especially products like coffee, chocolate, and black tea.
melatonin
melatonin
Bright light stimulates the release of serotonin, the hormone that wakes you up and helps the brain reduce levels of melatonin, the sleep hormone.
to prevent someone or something from continuing
halt
orders arrived halting all air operations on the western front
=stop, pause, end, terminate
to happen, especially unexpectedly
occur /əˈkɜː(r)/
Naturopaths feel that infections seldom occur if the body is looked after in the way that nature intended. They also believe that the body will cure itself of anything as long it takes in only pure air and water, is kept clean, and is given the right food and healthy activities. But they also believe that illness is natural and that methods to cure should follow the same natural principles.
known as Vitamin A₁
Retinol
Retinol is used to treat vitamin A deficiency.
C20H29OH
from retina + -ol.
the interior part of the frontal lobe
prefrontal cortex
“Prefrontal Cortex” is the most evloved part of the brain an dis the responsible for positive capacities like concentration, happiness, creativity and rational thinking.
Studies using EGG have shown that meditation strengthens communication between the prefrontal cortex and other area of the brain.
extremely good, enjoyable, impressive etc
marvelous
How can we understand what we are? What are we made of? Are we aware that all that we do—including reading this book—is the work of a marvelous machine?
SYN wonderful
connected with something, but less important than the main thing
ancillary
In many religions, alongside this narrative, is a more sophisticated and systematic element, which
explains the philosophy and doctrine of the religion, and lays out its distinctive theology. Some of these ancillary texts have themselves acquired canonical status.
Amount of Energy needed to raise temperature of 1 Litre of Water by 1 degree Celsius
calorie
A potato has about 90 calories.
a calorie-controlled diet
low-calorie/high-calorie
a low-calorie snack
I need to burn off a few calories (=lose some weight by exercising).
My wife convinced me to finally start counting calories (=control my weight by being careful about what I eat).
Latin calor “heat”
setting in which something happens: the scene of an event or series of events
stage
George Orwel once wrote: “No one ever seize power with the intention of relinquishing it.” Human history suggests that this is certainly true. but some people have been much more successful seizing control others. and their audacius power grabs have shaped the modern world. (How to stage a coup” documentary)
=put on, perform, present, show, play, act, do
a Syrian politician who has been the President of Syria since 17 July 2000.
Bashar al-Assad
In addition, he is commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and Regional Secretary of the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party’s branch in Syria. His father, Hafez al-Assad, was President of Syria from 1971 to 2000.
a small coloured glass ball that children roll along the ground as part of a game
marble
if every atom of your hand was the size of a marble, your fist would be the size of Earth.
تیله … سنگ مرمر
to try very hard
endeavor /ɪnˈdev-ər/
We always endeavor to please our customers.
British English … >endeavour
An animal that feeds on carrion, dead plant material, or refuse.
Scavenger
- Many ppl view crows as schemer, a scavenger and a dreaded omen of death
- foxes are great scavengers
the process of offering valid and well-reasoned opinions about the work of others, usually involving both positive and negative comments, in a friendly manner rather than an oppositional one.
constructive criticism
Perhaps I will develop an advanced course if I discover a need for one. I welcome constructive criticism.
all the gods of a particular people or nation
pantheon
As societies became more complex, their belief systems grew with them and religion was increasingly deployed as a political tool. Military conquests were often followed by the assimilation of the pantheon of the defeated people by the victors; and kingdoms and empires were often supported by
their deities and priestly classes.
also: a religious building that is built in honour of all gods
Greek pan- “all” + theos “god”
the act of getting control of a country by fighting
conquest
the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
antonym: surrender
the state of not being as good as somebody/something else
inferiority
In any group of people such as a society, community, county, or region, where there are shared similarities, there are typically superior and inferior parties. The superiority or inferiority is often determined by what the group of people defines to be the criteria for the same.
=mediocrity, weakness, inadequacy, shoddiness, meanness, poor quality
antonym: superiority
a powdery substance produced by flowering plants that contains male reproductive cells. It is carried by wind and insects to other plants, which it fertilizes.
گرده، دانه گرده، گرده افشانی کردن
pollen
if the birds didn’t carry pollen from flower to flower, we would reject the hypothesis that they facilitate pollination.
they were the knights, soldiers and explorers of the Spanish and the Portuguese Empire.
Conquistador
During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and Asia, conquering territory and opening trade routes.
to be the most important aspect or element of something
dominate
Japan has been described as a shame based culture, where the fear of letting down family or society dominates almost everything else.
to feel very worried about something that might happen or something that is going to happen
dread /dred/
When you force yourself to go to events you are
dreading, you are not only miserable, but your misery is contagious.
to refuse to consider someone’s idea, opinion etc, because you think it is not serious, true, or important
dismiss
early religions beliefs are now often dismissed as mythology, but many elements of these ancient narrative traditions persist in today’s faiths.
=reject, set aside, think no more of, write off (informal), put out of your mind, shelve, disdain, scorn
antonym: dwell on
German-born American political scientist, noted for her writings on totalitarianism
Hannah Arendt (1906-1975)
Notable works:
The Origins of Totalitarianism(1951)
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil(1963)
On Revolution(1963)
Men in Dark Times(1968)
Civil Disobedience(1972)
What are the 3 stages of stress?
the alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages
the food that a person or animal usually eats
diet
Diet is the food people eat. Nutrition refers to the ingestion of foods and their relationship to health. Nutrients are chemicals in food that are used by the body for growth, maintenance, and energy. Essential nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be derived from the diet
father of medicine
Hippocrates
(C. 460–377 BCE)
Greek physician Hippocrates lived during the age of Pericles.
Greek ‘ιππος (hippos) “horse” and κρατος (kratos) “power”. Ιπποκρατης (Hippokrates) which meant “horse power”,
an oral sex act performed by a person on the vulva or vagina of another person
cunningous
from the Latin words for the vulva (cunnus) and the verb “to lick” (lingō)
AIDS stands for…
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS can not be spread by casual contact, It can only transmitted through blood, sexual intercourse, pregnancy and breast milk.
the explicit memory of every day events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
Episodic memory
latitudinally
It’s much easier for ideas to spread east and west versus north and south. Why? Because climates generally move latitudinally. This means that food or spices that stored well in southern China, were much more easily transported west to Europe than south to Australia, for example
follow the rules and behave according to expected standards of behaviour
fall in line
Teachers are expected to fall in line with the new regulations.
someone who is weak and thin because they are old or ill
frail
frail elderly people
her frail health
frail body/physique
mentally/physically frail
=weak
weak, fragile, infirm, delicate, feeble, in poor health, puny
antonym: robust
a neurotransmitter, one of those chemicals that is responsible for transmitting signals between the nerve cells (neurons) of the brain, It is one of the “feel good” chemicals in our brain. Interacting with the pleasure and reward center of our brain
dopamine
dopamine — along with other chemicals like serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphins — plays a vital role in how happy we feel. In addition to our mood, dopamine also affects movement, memory, and focus.
Formula: C8H11NO2
a building in which dead bodies are kept before they are buried or cremated (= burned)
morgue
They found his body lying in the city morgue.
This place is like a morgue!
=mortuary, funeral parlor, undertaker’s, funeral home
someone who publicly criticizes the government in a country where this is punished
dissenter
to modernize his largely agrarian mega-nation, Mao encourages millions of peseants to leave their farms and work in factories. and to make sure no one has a problem with that he launches the cultural revolution, punishing dissenters by ordering them to reeducation camps
to attract or interest someone very much
captivate/ˈkæptɪveɪt/
Their romance captivated the whole country.
To look at or stare at (someone or something)
Eyeball
Crows? They look, they think, they eyeball you.
= stare at, have a good look at, look at, gaze at, watch, glare at, ogle, eye up
Psychology
Jung idea: the unknown dark side of the personality
shadow
Jung’s concept of the shadow self—the parts of ourselves that we deny but that still influence our choices—turns out to be more fruitful.(rewire by Richard O’Connor)
who discovered X-rays in 1895
Wilhelm Roentgen
to defeat an enemy in a battle
overwhelm
Professor Diamond argues that it is due to geographical chance that certain civilizations were able to spread their empires while others were
unable to, or were overwhelmed by these conquerors.
a religious group that has different beliefs from other groups within the same religion
denomination
The four largest denominations of Hinduism are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, Smartism.
one of a group of people fighting against the government of their own country, or against authority SYN rebel
insurgent
communist insurgents
Fallujah Sunni insurgents
warm up in preparation for an activity.
loose up
clearly booze loosen everyone up
Naturopaths believe that four basic components create health:
“clean air, clean water, clean food, and clean living”
All naturopathic treatments concentrate on a variety of these elements, and often all of them combined, to restore health and vitality.
a vegetarian who consumes some animal products, such as eggs and dairy. Unlike pescatarians, they do not consume fish or other seafood.
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
also ovo-lacto vegetarian
Lacto-ovo-vegetarians, who eat grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy products, and eggs, but exclude meat, fish, and fowl.
the central and most important part of a particular place or activity
hub (of something)
How did Cuba become the hub of the slave-trade?
=center, core, heart, nucleus, focal point, focus
antonym: periphery
32nd president of the United States (1933-1945). He served longer than any other president. His unprecedented election to four terms in office will probably never be repeated;
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)
Roosevelt held office during two of the greatest crises ever faced by the United States: the Great Depression of the 1930s, followed by World War II (1939-1945).
get rid of something completely: to destroy or get rid of something completely, so that it can never recur or return
eradicate
farmers stil growing Coca in Columbia beacuse FARC and other groups want COCA so government can not eradicate all COCA farms
freed from a difficult situation
to be off the hook
I’ll let you off the hook this time but never again
one of the world’s oldest religions that remains active. It is a monotheistic faith (i.e. a single creator God), centered in a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology predicting the ultimate destruction of evil.
Zoroastrianism
(or Mazdayasna)
Further east, Zoroastrianism—the first major known monotheistic religion—had already been established in Persia, and Judaism had emerged as the first of the Abrahamic religions, followed by Christianity and Islam.
[for a bit of something] to tear off or separate from something.
splinter off (of) (something)
In the distant past the peoples now inhabiting Europe, Persia and India were all part of one group of tribes now referred to as the Indo-Europeans. Living perhaps in Central Europe(?), they gradually splintered off to form nations of their own. The Aryans, part of this complex of peoples, travelled south east, and in the second and first millenia B.C. invaded India and Persia. We must not imagine one vast organised army, but rather small tribal groups settling down independently until, after centuries, they became so numerous that they dominated the land. —> (Persian Mythology by JOHN R HINNELLS)
field of biology that examines periodic phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.
chronobiology \ ˌkrä-nō-bī-ˈä-lə-jē\
Researchers at the University of Toronto Center of Sleep and Chronobiology are discovering how sleep heals. Dr. Harvey Moldofsky and his colleagues studied the natural rhythm of sleep by interrupting the sleep of a group of medical students. Over several nights, each time the students began their deep sleep phase, the researchers would interfere. After several nights of this, the students began to show symptoms of illness including chronic fatigue syndrome.
descend
descend/dɪˈsend/
The correct way to breathe effectively is using the diaphragm, a muscle separating the chest from the abdomen. Contractions and relaxation of the diaphragm force the flow of air in and out of the lungs. When one inhales, the diaphragm moves downward, giving the lungs more room to expand. When one exhales, the diaphragm moves upward helping you to force the air out of the lungs. If you do this correctly, your belly will move out with inhalation, which gives the diaphragm more room to descend
OPP ascend
……. people lived in a place for a very long time before other people came to live there.
indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/
For some reason those of European descent were able to colonize indigenous peoples of Australia, the New World, and Africa.
=native, original, aboriginal, homegrown, local, ethnic
Latin indigena, literally “born in”
Carbohydrates come in three types:
- Simple (Monosaccharides)
- Double (Disaccharides)
- Complex (Poly saccharides)
very great, having a strong influence or effect
profound /prəˈfaʊnd/
The deepest principles of yoga are based on a subtle and profound appreciation of how the human system is constructed.
to cancel or postpone something
scrub
NASA’S SPACEX DEMO-2 HAS BEEN SCRUBBED, next launch attemp at 3:22 pm EDT SAT
is a kind of hammer, often made of rubber or sometimes wood, that is smaller than a maul or beetle, and usually has a relatively large head.
mallet
to get rid of something that is not wanted or needed
eliminate /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/
All illness has a cause. Self-healing can occur only when that cause is eliminated. Naturopaths help clients evaluate their lifestyles, identify the cause of their problem, and take corrective action.
strong paper with a rough surface covered with sand or a similar substance, used for rubbing surfaces in order to make them smooth
سنباده
sandpaper
complete power to govern a country
sovereignty
This motif appears at the palace of Persepolis and thereafter in most forms of Zoroastrian Persian art down to the present day. The wings and central ring were based on Egyptian and Mesopotamian prototypes. Western scholars have usually interpreted this as a symbol of Ahura Mazda holding the ring of cosmic sovereignty with his hand raised in the traditional gesture of blessing. Parsis and some recent scholars doubt if this symbolises God himself, but rather the divine grace men seek and, on royal reliefs, the glory and power particularly associated with the divinely appointed monarch.(Persian Mythology by JOHN R HINNELLS)
=dominion, rule, power, control, authority, dominance
a very large quantity of something
abundance /əˈbʌndəns/
the reason certain cultures spread and others did not comes down to geography. In particular, modern civilization requires an abundance of resources. Namely, the right climate and local vegetation to produce an abundance of crops. Rather than spending all their time searching for food,
easy to see, notice, or understand
evident
It was evident that she was unhappy.
It soon became evident that she was seriously ill.
It was clearly evident that the company was in financial difficulties.
=obvious, clear
antonyms: unnoticeable
a person who makes money by starting or running businesses, especially when this involves taking financial risks
entrepreneur
The 5 AM Club is based on a concept and method that I’ve been teaching to celebrated entrepreneurs, CEOs of legendary companies, sports superstars, music icons and members of royalty—with extraordinary success—for over twenty years.
=businessperson, tycoon, magnate, impresario, industrialist, financier
The ear canal that is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear.
auditory canal
Sound waves travel through the auditory canal and are transmitted by the bones of the intermediate ear toward the cochlea, which contains liquid and is spiraled like the shell of a small sea snail.
an Italian political leader who became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945. Originally a revolutionary socialist, he forged the paramilitary fascist movement in 1919 and became prime minister in 1922.
Benito Mussolini (1922 –1943)
Roman army unit
legion
In the later republic and the empire a legion comprised 5000 to 6000 men, mainly foot soldiers, organized in centuries (units of 60 to 100). Legions were designated by numbers and honorary titles, and served as garrisons or armies in the field. Under the empire there were 25 to 30 legions, with soldiers serving about 25 years before their discharge with a pension.
=multitude, host, team, crowd, group, throng, mass, gang, band
a military marching step in which the legs are not bent at the knee.
goose step
a piece of plastic that you use for hitting and killing flies
flyswatter
What he saw made him turn away and find the flyswatter.
to allow yourself (or someone) to have too much of something you enjoy, especiallyfood or drink
overindulge /ˌəʊvərɪnˈdʌldʒ/
we are often too tired to exercise or to eat properly, choosing instead to eat whatever food might be easily accessible. We attend family gatherings and overindulge in too many sweets, too much alcohol, and too much food.
to experience or endure something, or have something happen to you
undergo
the molecular biologist Gerald Joyce has defined life as a chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution.
used in a figurative sense to warn someone that something exciting, frightening or otherwise intense is about to happen. One might warn a friend to buckle up before relating a hair-raising story.
buckle up
(admonish someone to fasten his seat belt.)
The new law will require passengers in the rear seats of automobiles to buckle their seatbelts.• Eighty percent of motorists now buckle up, studies show.
leader of the Nazi Party. He played a prominent role in organizing the Nazi police state in Germany and established concentration camps for the “corrective treatment” of individuals.
Hermann Göring
grown up with a jewish grandfather
to discover or explain exactly the real facts about something or the cause of a problem
pinpoint
It is hard to pinpoint the time when many religions began, not least because their roots lie in prehistory and the sources that describe their origins may date from a much later time.
=locate, identify, pin down, isolate, find, determine
was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
Schutz Staffel (SS)
It began with a small guard unit known as the Saal-Schutz made up of NSDAP volunteers to provide security for party meetings in Munich.
Himmler wants to run his own elite group known as Schutz Staffel or SS.
A person whose build is compact and muscular
mesomorph:
Muscular and well-built, with a high metabolism and responsive muscle cells.
( Gr mesos, middle and -morph –> shape)
ectomorph: Lean and long, with difficulty building muscle.
endomorph: Big, high body fat, often pear-shaped, with a high tendency to store body fat.
An expression used when a girl is just too hot for you and you have absolutely no chance with her.
out of your league
Dude don’t even try it, she’s way out of your league.
suspended cloud of sands known is:
haboob
The remaining helicopters ran into an unexpected weather phenomenon known as a haboob (an enormous, nearly opaque cloud of fine dust particles that can follow a thunderstorm).
in a way that is connected with or shown by an exponent /
in a way that becomes faster and faster
تصاعدی
exponentially
- The ability of humanity to destroy is now exponentially higher. –We are creating at a rate exponentially more than our most recent ancestors.
- Your physical and financial health would improve exponentially
political, social, and economic agitation and activities directed against Jews.
Anti-Semitism
The term is now used to denote speech and behavior that is derogatory to people of Jewish origin, whether or not they are religious.
any animal that eats only plants
herbivore
herbivores eat plants, Carnivours eat herbivores./
Herbivore, animal that eats only plant material. Herbivores are primary consumers in the food web, eating plants that absorb and store energy from the sun through photosynthesis.
ant:
modern Latin herbivorus “eating grass” < Latin herba “grass, herb”]
marked by excessive sensitivity and impulsive mood changes
/ unpredictable in behavior or performance
temperamental tem·per·a·men·tal |
In addition to agricultural advantages, the fertile crescent also had an abundance of domesticable animals. These animals had to be large enough to be calorically viable for their meat and milk (read: not rats or rabbits), they had to reproduce quickly (not Elephants), and they most importantly could NOT be temperamentally dangerous (tigers, bears, etc.), and preferably are social pack animals (like horses, cows, pigs, goats, and sheep). Of the 14 species in the world that fit this description, 13 are native to the fertile crescent. This abundance of riches was further reason why the cultures that spread out of the fertile crescent have been historically successful at empire building.
Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond
Chinese philosopher who creates the religion of Daoism around this time.
Laozi
In his book, the Dao De Jing, he considers the changing nature of the Universe.
Stories about Laozi say that he left China riding a water buffalo, and was never seen again.
the central deities (kami) in the Japanese creation myth.
Izanagi and Izanami
nese: “He Who Invites” and “She Who Invites”)in full Izanagi no Mikoto and Izanami no Mikoto, the central deities (kami) in the Japanese creation myth. They were the eighth pair of brother-and-sister gods to appear after heaven and earth separated out of chaos. By standing on the floating bridge of heaven and stirring the primeval ocean with a heavenly jeweled spear, they created the first landmass.
Japanese creation story tells that in the beginning there were eight gods. When the youngest two, Izanagi and Izanami, stirred the ocean with a jeweled spear, falling drops of water formed an island. They came to live there and Izanami gave birth to all the islands of Japan.
not definite or certain, because you may want to change things
tentative
Observation allows us to draw tentative explanations called hypotheses.(Biology: How Life Works)
=provisional
antonym: definite
a long narrow weapon that is fired under the surface of the sea and explodes when it hits something
torpedo
- Pearl Harbor had impressed on us the importance of protecting ships against torpedo attacks, even in home waters.
- Captain Nagumo, an expert in torpedo warfare, was the right man in the right place.
(type of fish that can produce electricity to protect itself)
a very large exploding star
supernova
a mental illness that makes someone stop eating
anorexia nervosa (also anorexia)
Severe deficiencies of Proteins are rare in developed countries and when occasionally seen, would be related to child abuse or extreme cases of anorexia nervosa.
Greek anorexia, from an- “without” + orexis “appetite, desire,”
by now you heard “the fact” that %93 of our communication is non-verbal. that is not really true but it has become a cutural meme.
that number based a single study done by Professor ……..
in the late 1960.
Albert Mehrabian (1939_ )
Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. Although he originally trained as an engineer, he is best known for his publications on the relative importance of verbal and nonverbal messages.
a sad, serious, or difficult situation
plight /plaɪt/
Philosophical and ethical reasons focus on the plight of animals in the factory-farming system and the unwillingness to fund animal agriculture by purchasing the products.
These reasons also support a strengthened connection with the natural world and a conscious choice to remain spiritually connected to all living things.
fulfillment by oneself of the possibilities of one’s character or personality.
self-realization
The ultimate goal of yoga is self-realization./
Self-realization is the knowledge that we sentient beings are interconnected and that what we think, say, and do affects those around us.
Shamaran
having a mistake or weakness
flawed
Born in ancient Greece, Claudius Galen became a
towering figure in the study of anatomy, physiology, and medicine in Rome. There, he treated gladiators as a young physician, describing their wounds as “windows into the body.” Human dissection was banned, so he studied the anatomy of animals instead. His flawed ideas were accepted without question for 1,500 years.
=faulty, defective, damaged, blemished, imperfect, inconsistent, unsound, weak
antonym: perfect
(of speech or writing) not converted into normal language or understood.
undeciphered
Though the Indus Valley people were literate, they left behind no literature. The Indus Valley script remains undeciphered down to the present day. The Aryans, on the other hand, were largely illiterate; but they bequeathed to India a prolific literature.
based on facts, not on ideas or guesses
concrete
I need more concrete evidence.
=tangible, existing, actual, material, physical, solid, real
antonym: insubstantial
chess piece: any of four chess pieces that begin a game in the corner squares and that can move in a straight line in any direction over any number of unoccupied squares
rook
[13th century. Via French < Arabic ruḵḵ]
a Chinese way of thought which teaches that you should be loyal to your family, friends, and rulers and treat others as you would like to be treated
Confucianism
From the 17th century BCE, the Chinese dynasties established their nation states and empires. There emerged traditional folk religions and ancestor worship that were later incorporated into the more
philosophical belief systems of Daoism and Confucianism.
full of hatred for something, or expressing this in a strong way – used to show disapproval
virulent
virulent anti-Semitism/
Goebbles developed a virulent, pathological, deeply felt hatred of the Jew and come to identify the Jews as the source of all Germany’s problems.
=malicious, bitter, vituperative, venomous, fierce, harsh, spiteful, hostile
antonym: kind
blood-sucking worm
leech
Blood-letting, using a knife or a bloodsucking worm called a leech, was a traditional, if brutal, remedy for all manner of ills in medieval times. Few physicians tried to see if the treatment was of any benefit to the patient.
زالو
our tendency to imbue objects with the qualities of the people they’re associated with
the “law of contagion”
when you see a this painting, you hava a feeling but when you are told that the painter was a serial killer or infamous cult leader or Hitler, your thoughts about these painting have probably changed a bit.
an opinion or feeling you have about something
sentiment
Similar sentiments were expressed by many politicians.
when a woman or female animal ….., she produces eggs inside her body
ovulate
if you have a pet cat, you may remember when she started going into heat…as in, when she started ovulating, producing eggs. And those few days when they’re fertile, they really want to mate.
different from each other in a noticeable or interesting way
contrasting /kənˈtrɑːstɪŋ/
Human history has seen the rise and fall of countless religions, each with its own distinct beliefs, rituals, and mythology. Although some are similar and considered to be branches of a larger tradition, there are many contrasting and contradictory belief systems.
=conflicting, opposing, complementary, different, distinct, divergent, dissimilar, antagonistic
antonym: similar
Sun’s closest star: a small, low-mass star located 4 light-years away from the Sun
Proxima Centauri
Its Latin name means the “nearest [star] of Centaurus”. This object was discovered in 1915 by Robert Innes and is the nearest-known star to the Sun.
(formal or law) (of a government or an authority) to officially take away private property from its owner for public use
expropriate (sth)
In one of his reform, Castro expropriated many American companies on Cuba. Many expropriated properties were divided up and given to Cuban farmers. The US government protested against the expropriation of their companies.
=take, steal, confiscate, seize, commandeer, appropriate, sequester, impound, annex
among Orthodox Jews, a ritual bath for cleansing or purification, especially before the Sabbath or following menstruation, childbirth, or contact with a corpse
Mikveh or mikvah is a bath used for the purpose of ritual immersion in Judaism to achieve ritual purity.
Hebrew miqweh “mass (of water)”]
a large crowd of people, especially one that may become violent or cause trouble
mob
The mob was/were preparing to storm the building.
=crowd, horde, mass, multitude, throng, gang, pack, flock, crush, herd, rabble
a useful quality or thing . also (a product)
commodity
Time is a precious commodity.
Time is one commodity that he can’t buy more of.
=product, service, goods, article of trade
they are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn’t need to use right away into them
Triglycerides
Each triglyceride is a compound that is made up of glycerol, which is an alcohol and fatty acids.
Triglycerides include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats known as the good fats.
periods of early childhood between 0-8 years of a child’s life.
formative years
It is also a period of a rapid cognitive (intellectual) , social, emotional and physical development of a child. This development occurs based on the child’s response and the interaction between genetics, environment and experience.
were you bitten in your formative years?
used after numbers to show the size of a group
strong
In 1868, Spain’s army in Cuba was 7,000 soilders strong, and augmented by 30,000 Cuban volunteers.
The crowd was 5,000 strong.
a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms.
hypervitaminosis
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are dissolved in fat and stored in the body for days or weeks. Because they are stored, they can accumulate to dangerous levels and lead to a condition called “hypervitaminosis,” which can have serious health consequences.
the generation reaching adulthood in the second decade of the 21st century, perceived as being familiar with the Internet from a very young age
Generation Z (also :Gen Z)
Gen Z, The kids born after 1996 or so, those kids are the first generation in history, that got on social media in middle school.
release of strong feelings or shout in order to relive stress
blow (let) off steam
- Please forgive me for yelling at you, I had such a bad day. I just needed to blow off some steam.
- I understand. you know when my friend Rebecca needs to blow off steam, she goes for a long bike ride!
(5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary.
Karl Marx
He wrote: “philosophers have interpreted the world, the point is to change it.”
to reduce the amount of something that is present or available
deplete
Salmon populations have been severely depleted.
extremely or unhealthily fat or overweight
obese
%50 of Americans are obese. you know what obese means, right? fat as a motherfucker
moderate or normal psychological stress interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer.
eustress /yo͞oˈstres/
Good stress, which Selye called eustress, motivates us, has pleasant or enjoyable effects, keeps us excited about life, and can be fulfilling. Examples include falling in love, getting a job promotion, watching a scary movie, taking a roller coaster ride, or having a surprise birthday party. While such events may cause a short alarm response, its strength and duration are limited.
(Bad stress, called distress)
to manage to stay alive, especially with limited food or money
subsist (on something)
The first trace of human life in Cuba are more than 4,000 years old, predating the pyramids of Egypt. Cuba native inhabitants lived in palm tree huts, or caves. They subsisted on sweet potatos, yucca, peanuts, as well as fish and game (meat of hunted animals).
=exist, survive, make ends meet, keep going, keep your head above water, eke out a living, live
sad and without hope
gloomy
Why so gloomy, roomie?
a gloomy expression
(comparative gloomier, superlative gloomiest)
=depressed, low, low-spirited, melancholy, blue (informal), down in the dumps (informal), miserable, disconsolate, unhappy, sad, glum, woeful, pessimistic
antonym: cheerful
(literary) a bad or unpleasant thing that might happen to you at any time and that makes you feel worried or frightened/
idiom
a/the sword of Damocles
The Platt amendment, authorizing an American invasion at any time, hung like the sword of Damocles over the Cuban’s head.
=threat, menace, shadow, danger, possibility, worry, anticipation
Coined by political theorist Hannah Arendt after watching the 1961 trial of Nazi SS officer Adolf Eichmann, this spare phrase captures the idea that evil acts are not necessarily perpetrated by evil people.
banality of evil
very careful about small details in your appearance, work etc
fastidious
He is a very consientious man and fastidious man.
people who are fastidious about personal hygiene
SYN meticulous
if a substance…… , or something…. it …., it changes as a result of a chemical process
break down
The way food is prepared can affect the nutritional value of its nutrients, which must be broken down to be utilized effectively by the body.
break something ↔ down
intensely cold
frigid
first woman in Bible: in the Bible, the first woman created by God, and Adam’s companion in the Garden of Eden
Eve
A figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible as well as a figure in the Quran. According to the origin story of the Abrahamic religions, she was the first woman. Eve is known also as Adam’s wife.
from Hebrew (Semitic) Hawwah, literally “a living being,” from base hawa “he lived” (compare Arabic hayya, Aramaic hayyin).
relating to the production or sale of medicines and drugs used for treating medical conditions
pharmaceutical /ˌfɑː(r)məˈsjuːtɪk(ə)l/
naturopaths follow a number of basic principles. Some of which are: Do No Harm. Naturopaths do not use potentially harmful substances, like drugs and pharmaceuticals, and do not rely on invasive procedures, like surgery.
someone or something that is the best possible example of a particular idea, quality, or principle, especially a good one.
embodiment
Many religions recognized the particular significance of one or more individuals as founders of the faith: they may have been embodiments of god, such as Jesus or Krishna, or recipients of special divine revelation, such as Moses and Muhammad./
He is the very embodiment of kindness.
rebel: somebody who rebels against authority or leadership, especially somebody who belongs to a group involved in an uprising
insurgent
the ISI and Pakistani army, keep sending insurgents across the boarder with the sole purpose of causing chaos within India and they send them almost everyday
make (something) appear larger than it is, especially with a lens or microscope.
magnify
“the camera’s zoom mode can magnify a certain area if required”
At the beginning of the 1600s, scientific instrument makers in the Netherlands invented a magnifying device called the microscope.
=enlarge, blow up, expand, amplify, increase, augment (formal), extend, heighten, boost
antonym: shrink
someone who treats people’s illnesses using naturopathy
naturopath /ˈneɪtʃərəˌpæθ/
Naturopath believes in treating the body, mind, and spirit as one to promote a complete cure.
extraordinarily great in size, extent, or degree; gigantic; huge.
colossal
the Arab spring was a perfect example where Natanyahu believes that Obama was colossally naive.
vigorous; energetic; vital
vibrant
The woman in front of the researchers today, however, was lean and vibrant, with the toned legs of a runner.
extremely bad: extremely unpleasant, harmful, or serious in its effects
dreadful
“What kind of Clergy you are Mr.Darwin?” - Capitan FitzRoy asked Charles Darwin. Darwin answered: dreadful! :)
=terrible, awful, horrible, frightful, alarming, shocking, appalling, outrageous, vile, ghastly
antonym: lovely
insoluble fiber
insoluble fiber
insoluble fiber decreases the transit time of food in the intestines and increases stool softness and weight. It is found in wheat bran, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone
evoke
The photographs evoked strong memories of our holidays in France.
Respiration is usually an involuntary, automatic action that allows us to take in …. we need from the air and exhale … . These gases are exchanged in the pulmonary alveoli.
- the oxygen
- carbon dioxide
idioms : going about in your own way disregarding popular social norm and such.
beat of own drum
We are all unique individuals. We follow the beat of our own drum. We wouldn’t throw our own beliefs out the window just to fit in…or would we? In this episode of Mind Field, I demonstrate the strong, human urge to conform, and just how far people will go to fall in with the crowd.
The traditional form of mindfulness meditation, one step on the eightfold path to enlightment that the Buddha taught his followers.
Satipatthana Meditation
Some of the oldest forms of meditation come from early Hinduism. According to tradition, around 500 BCE, The Buddha studied these techniques, but then, he added his own spin. He systemically developed a new meditation techniquethat is called “The Satipatthana Meditation”.
(Sati = Attention) + (Upa = Inside) + (Thana = To Keep) ==> Satipatthana = “To Keep Attention Inside”
a chemical or food that provides what is needed for plants or animals to live and grow
nutrient
The plant absorbs nutrients from the soil.
=nourishment, nutrition, nutriment, diet, sustenance, nutrients
ماده ی مغذی، ماده ی غذایی، ماده ی خوراکی، پروره، پرود
the flat bone in the middle of your chest.
sternum /ˈstɜː(r)nəm/
(A less technical word is breastbone.)
The skull is supported by the neck vertebrae at the top of the spine. The ribs are attached to the central part of the spine, most of them attaching to the sternum. The arms and legs are connected to the spine by the scapular and clavicle in the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and by the pelvic (hip) girdle.
chief of the first Soviet secret police, the VeCheka (a predecessor agency to the KGB), and a prominent member of the Bolshevik government after the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Felix Dzerzhinsky
The number killed throughout Soviet territory by the Red Terror, the execution of prisoners, and revenge against former Whites or their supporters possibly involved the murder of between 250,000 and 3,650,000 people
فلیکس ژرژینسکی
a feeling that you have when you are very unhappy, worried, or upset
distress /dɪˈstres/
Bad stress, called distress by Selye, fully initiates the fight-or-flight response and may have a prolonged impact on a person’s life. A divorce, having a loved one involved in an accident, and a job loss are possible examples. Usually when individuals talk about stress, they are referring to distress. Signs of distress include headaches, heart palpitations, pain, a constricted throat, weariness, nausea, and diarrhea.
Good stress, which Selye called eustress
former president of Iraq (1979-2003), who led Iraq into two devastating wars.
Saddam Hussein (1937-2006)
Saddam Hussein became the president of Iraq in 1979. He created an international crisis in 1990 when his army invaded Kuwait. The invasion was condemned by the United Nations (UN), which initiated a trade embargo and, later, a military campaign against Iraq. Hussein was overthrown in 2003 by an invasion led by the United States.
deal briefly with (a subject) in written or spoken discussion.
touch on (or upon)
In my book “Persuasion”, the different ways that we have been persuaded were touched on. Many of us might have gone a long time in our lives without even realizing that we had been persuaded and manipulated so often.
We can go faster alone, but…. .
(African Proverb)
…. we can go farther together.
the state of being wealthy and successful.
prosperity
The Great Depression was not a time of prosperity for most people.
=wealth, affluence, opulence, riches, success, richness, fortune
antonym: poverty
someone whose job is to teach a skill or a sport
instructor
There is some Yoga Instructor Job Opportunities in Canada
=teacher, coach, tutor, mentor, lecturer, trainer
judging from the available information.
as far as one can tell
As far as we can tell, the fertile crescent was the birthplace of language, modern cities, steel, and modern trade. Though, why? With their abundance of food resources—storable food and domesticable animals—early peoples were given more leisure time.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond)
a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Palestinian Territories, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Jordan as well as the southeastern fringe of Turkey and the western fringes of Iran.[1][2] Some authors also include Cyprus.
Fertile Crescent
those cultures which spread out of The Fertile Crescent, had agricultural, live-stock, and therefore leisure advantages due to the climate of that region.
هلال حاصلخیز
the individual qualities and attitudes that combine to form someone’s basic character
makeup
Our biochemical makeup is unique. Bodies not only differ in size and shape but in functions as well…There cannot be a universal treatment for universal symptoms because everyone has a unique makeup.
to understand somebody’s words or actions wrongly
misconstrue
He deliberately misconstrued everything I said.
= misinterpret, misunderstand, misread, get the wrong idea about, get the wrong impression about, get the wrong end of the stick, misapprehend (formal), miscomprehend
antonym: understand
relating to your heart
coronary
the risk of coronary heart disease/
The diet that was designed to reverse the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease is called the
very powerful or impressive, and often frightening
formidable
together, they are a formidable team.
is a condition in which immune system mistakenly attacks patient’s body.
autoimmune disease
in an autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakes part of your body, like your joints or skin, as foreign. It releases proteins called autoantibodies that attack healthy cells.
Some autoimmune diseases target only one organ. Type 1 diabetes damages the pancreas. Other diseases, like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), affect the whole body.
to arrange laws, principles, facts etc in a system
codify/ˈkəʊdɪfaɪ/
when the people of modern China invented gunpowder, it was almost inevitable that the metal workers of the Middle East and Europe would codify its power into the most powerful weapon the world had ever seen: the gun.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel , Jared Diamond)
German military officer and an early member of the Nazi Party. As one of the members of its predecessor, the German Workers’ Party, he was a close friend and early ally of Adolf Hitler and a co-founder of the Sturmabteilung, the Nazi Party’s militia, and later was its commander.
Ernst Röhm
for the Nazis, Röhm could be a key asset. He has access to both men and weapons. He was a highly decorated soldier of the first WW. but under the Versailles Traty, Röhm’s beloved army has shrunk to just a 100,000 men, and allies are seizing and destroying their equipment. so the army picks Röhm to secretly establish unofficial paramilitary groups and stockpile weapons.
complicated and difficult to understand
convoluted
What was the first step on this path from the non-Conscious to the basic Consciousness that ultimately led to the convoluted Consciousness we human enjoy today?
=intricate, complex, complicated, long-winded, elaborate, difficult, tortuous, drawn-out, long-drawn-out
antonym: straightforward
defeat or destroy something: to ruin, defeat, or put an end to somebody or something completely
smash
Ronald Reagan, 40th U.S. President: Enrique Camarena Salazar, special agent of the Drug enforcement administration was conducting an undercover investigation in Guadalajara, Mexico to smash a ring of drug traffickers. He was kidnapped, tortured brutally…and killed.
the active ingredient in magic mashroom
Psilocybin
hallucinogen: a crystalline hallucinogen obtained from a specific mushroom.
Formula: C13HN2O3P2
someone who tries to get money from people by tricking them
conman
the biggest conman in history: Major General Reinhard Gehlen, the Nazi’s chief of military intelligence for the eastern front
to try to persuade someone to do something wrong by offering them a reward if they do it
tempt
The Biblical Genesis story explains, among other things, why snakes have no legs. God forbade Adam and Eve to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, but a serpent tempted Eve to eat the fruit. As a punishment, the serpent was told: “Upon thy belly shalt thou go and dust shalt thou eat.”
to protect yourself from danger or difficulty, without trying to help other people
save one’s (own) skin
after WWII some Nazis helped american against soviet Union to save their own skins
the complete range of a particular kind of thing
the gamut
Biologists, scientists who study life, have come to understand a great deal about these and other processes at levels that run the gamut from molecular mechanisms within the cell, through the integrated actions of many cells within an organ or body, to the interactions among different organisms in nature.(Biology: How life works)
done with a lot of energy and strong feelings, and sometimes violence
fierce
The government’s policies came under fierce attack.
a fierce debate
fierce competition between the companies
=strong
strong, powerful, profound, deep, turbulent, passionate, defiant, ardent, intense, violent
antonym: mild
an almond-shaped mass of gray matter, one in each hemisphere of the brain, associated with feelings of fear and aggression and important for visual learning and memory
amygdala
Greek amugdalē “almond”
a fear of not having a working cell phone
nomophobia
Nomophobia is a term describing a growing fear in today’s world—the fear of being without a mobile device, or beyond mobile phone contact. Among today’s high school and college students, it’s on the rise. An increasing number of college students now shower with their cell phone
= NO MObile PHone PhoBIA
this organelles provide energy for metabolism
mitochondria
a British archaeologist, army-officer, diplomat, and writer, became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918) against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.
T. E. Lawrence(1888-195)
“Lawrence of Arabia”
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Lawrence joined the British Military Intelligence Service in Cairo. From there he was sent with a British relief column to the Arab prince Faisal (later King Faisal I of Iraq) in Al Ḩijāz (the Hejaz), now in Saudi Arabia. Lawrence then worked among the Arabs in revolt against Ottoman rule and, having been accepted as their military adviser, unified their armed forces and led them against the Ottoman Empire.
to surround a city or castle with military force until the people inside let you take control
besiege
In April 655, Osman’s palace was besieged by rebels.
The capital has been besieged by the opposition militia for two months now.
=surround, lay siege to, siege, encircle, blockade, overwhelm
antonym: defend
a substance that is used for causing explosions or for making fireworks(=objects that burn to produce noise and coloured light)
gunpowder
ancient trade routes mostly ran east-west. So, when the people of modern China invented gunpowder, it was almost inevitable that the metal workers of the Middle East and Europe would codify its power into the most powerful weapon the world had ever seen: the gun.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel , Jared Diamond)
a colorless odorless flammable gas that is the main constituent of natural gas. Use: as fuel.
Formula: CH4
methane
one of the reasoms for global warmng are greenhouses gases like methane, that trap the Earth’s heat. And guess what one of the largest producers of methane is: Cow herds
not used any more: no longer in use
obsolete
Jails would become obsolete, and women could walk in the dark without worrying about getting attacked. Unfortunately, this is not the kind of world we live in./
obsolete technology
=outdated, archaic, superseded, outmoded, old-fashioned, out-of-date, antediluvian (informal), obsolescent, dated, old, antiquated, passé, unfashionable, past it
antonym: up-to-date
compensate
compensate
Once the area has reached its limit of regeneration, another stage begins. The body begins to adapt and compensate for its losses.
vital energy that is held to animate the body internally and is of central importance in some Eastern systems of medical treatment (such as acupuncture) and of exercise or self-defense
Chi
Written over 2,300 years ago, The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal medicine explains acupuncture treatments, which focus on the flow of chi, or vital energy, along 12 body channels, or meridians. Needles are inserted into the skin along these meridians to rebalance the body forces known as Yin (cool and female) and Yang (hot and male).
the oldest writings of the Hindu religion
The Vedas (/ˈveɪdəz)
boring because of being long, monotonous, or repetitive
tedious
- The work was tiring and tedious
- a tedious lecture
- Doing all those calculations without a computer would be extremely tedious
=boring, dull, deadly (informal), dreary, monotonous, mind-numbing, tiresome, wearisome, wearying, uninteresting
antonym: interesting
one of the tubes which carries blood to your heart from other parts of your body
Vein
from Latin vena “a blood vessel,”
artery: one of the tubes that carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body
a British writer and speaker known for interpreting and popularising Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism for a Western audience.
Alan Watts (1915 –1973)
specific part of left hemispher realted to producing speech (but not understanding speech)
broca’s Area
Patirnts who damaged Broca’s Area can understand language but they can’t talk and speech fluently
a form of a language that ordinary people use, especially one that is not the official language
vernacular /vərˈnækjələr/
In Indian vernacular languages, the word upayoga, has come to mean something useful, but actually it means sub-yoga or pre-yoga. This can be learnt in five minutes. You can practice it anywhere and the benefits are quite immense. Upa-yoga is a safe way to take yoga to the world large-scale. Once people experience the benefits, they will naturally seek yoga in a more serious manner, and that is when yoga should come into their lives.
happy and satisfied with your life
content
When I last saw her, she seemed quite content.
=gratified, happy, satisfied, contented, pleased, comfortable, at ease, relaxed
antonym: unhappy
not clearly stated or defined /
having different meanings
ambiguous
The language in the Minister’s statement is highly ambiguous
an ambiguous word
=vague, unclear, abstruse, equivocal, uncertain, indefinite, confusing, indistinct, hazy, woolly
antonym: clear
an exciting, unusual, and sometimes dangerous experience
adventure
Riding in the rough water was an adventure.
=escapade, exploit, quest, venture, exploration, voyage, undertaking
idiom: go to bed; go to sleep
hit he sack
He never hits the sack before midnight.
I’ve got a busy day tomorrow, so I think I’ll hit the sack.
Origin : This phrase originated in America around the late 1800s to early 1900s, when mattresses used to consist of old sacks filled with hay or straw. Source: theidioms.com
dried leaves processed for smoking
tobacco
Cuba’s native inhabitants were the first people to farm and smoke tobacco.
(in Indian religion and Buddhism) the nature of reality
Dharma /ˈdɑːmə/
Sanskrit: धर्म
an asana in hatha yoga, often used for relaxation at the end of a session.
Savasana (or Corpse Pose)
also Shavasana/ Mrtasana
Sanskrit words shava (शव, Śava) meaning “corpse” and asana (आसन, Āsana) meaning “posture” or “seat”.
it is thought that the oldest surviving religion today
is ….., which has its roots in the folk religions of the Indian subcontinent,
Hinduism
….brought together in the writing of the Vedas as early as the 13th century BCE.
the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
The endocrine system
free radical
free radical
One group of healing compounds called antioxidants is found in fresh fruits and vegetables, which help to protect cells from free radicals (rogue molecules that come from pollution, sunlight, and the body’s natural process).
a type of race in which each person swims, rides a bicycle, and runs over very long distances
triathlon
German Nazi, head of the Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service; SD) and deputy of Heinrich Himmler, who was head of the Nazi police forces. Heydrich was instrumental in organizing the so-called final solution, the policy of genocide used against Jews and others in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s
Reinhard Heydrich (1904 –1942)
He was responsible for the fake attack on a German radio station at Gleiwitz (now Gliwice), Poland, in 1939 that provided the pretext for the German invasion of Poland that same year. He also organized the Einsatzgruppen (action squads) that massacred Jews in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
an officer or official with the rank just below colonel, general2, governor etc
ستوان
Lieutenant
At birth the infant brain contains …. neurons. That is about as many nerve cells as there are stars in the entire Milky Way Galaxy! Then as the infant receives messages from the senses, the cerebral cortex begins its dynamic development.
-100 billion
a growing discipline that focuses on the use of food and supplements to provide these essential nutrients as part of an integrated or alternative treatment for mental health disorders
Nutritional psychiatry
So much attention is being paid to the role of diet in overall well-being that a new specialty, called “nutritional (or food) psychiatry,” is developing in Western health care. This specialty focuses on the vital importance of food and nutrition in supporting and enhancing health, and it specifically uses food to support and enhance optimum emotional health
all the genes in one type of living thing
genome
A genome is DNA that consist of a code of four different letters: A, C, G and T.
Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization from 1969 to 2004 and President of the Palestinian National Authority from 1994 to 2004.
Yasser Arafat
envious or jealous
green-eyed
My girl acted all green eyed when I talked about how nice the waitress’s ass was.
get somebody to do something
persuade
“it wasn’t easy, but I persuaded him to do the right thing.
a condition in which your blood pressure is extremely high
hypertension /ˌhaɪpə(r)ˈtenʃ(ə)n/
financially successful
prosperous
“we wish you a prosperous New Year.
=wealthy, affluent, rich, well-off, well-to-do
complete and utter
unmitigated
an unmitigated disaster/failure/pleasure etc
The 1928 election for the Nazi Party was an unmitigated disaster,
to explain something carefully and clearly
lay out
In many religions, alongside this narrative, is a more sophisticated and systematic element, which explains the philosophy and doctrine of the religion, and lays out its distinctive theology.
cabbage
Green, leafy vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, spinach, and Brussels sprouts are some foods that can help fight against cancer.
is a Sanskrit term for a female master practitioner of yoga, as well as a formal term of respect for female Hindu or Buddhist spiritual teachers in Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Greater Tibet.
Yogini
The amount of calories you consume vs. the amount of calories you burn
calorie balance
to earn or acquire something by effort
gar·ner
Self-destructive behavior is a universal human problem that has garnered little professional attention; it’s not the subject of many books. That’s probably because most theories hold that self-destructive actions are always a symptom of some underlying problem, like addiction, or depression, or a personality disorder.
(Rewire: Change Your Brain. Richard O’Connor)
to fail to help or support somebody as they had hoped or expected
let sb down
I’m afraid she let us down badly.
This machine won’t let you down.
He trudged home feeling lonely and let down.
=disappoint, fail, abandon, betray, desert, disillusion, forsake
a mixture or blend
amalgam
Hinduism is generally viewed as having originated with the Aryans, but it is far more accurately described as an amalgam of pre-Aryan and Aryan elements. For instance, image-worship, which predominates in popular Hinduism, finds almost no mention in the Vedas. Shiva, the all-important god besides Vishnu, is almost certainly a non-Aryan god (absent in the Vedas) who eventually made his way into the Hindu pantheon. The innumerable mother goddesses (devis) who spangle Hinduism are also non-Aryan.
the organ in a woman or female mammal where babies develop
uterus
It is hard to imagine that not long ago the cells of the body of the person reading this book were autonomous and were duplicating themselves freely within the walls of a mother’s uterus.
SYN womb
source also of Sanskrit udaram “belly,” Greek hystera”womb,
a small area on the lower part of your brain that controls your heartbeat and body temperature and also affects your pituitary gland
hypothalamus /ˌhaɪpəʊˈθæləməs/
The hypothalamus (which registers emotional feelings in the brain) also controls appetite. The hypothalamus is an area of the brain that produces hormones that control many different body functions, including hunger. When food is placed in the stomach, the brain receives calming messages and the intensity of neural stimulation to the rest of the body is decreased. The body senses it is full and is more relaxed. This “mind-body” connection is a powerful and direct connection.
someone who publicly criticizes the government in a country where this is punished
dissident
When Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi disappears in Istanbul, his fiancée and dissidents around the world piece together the clues to a murder and expose a global cover up.
hide person or thing
conceal
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection has always fascinated me, but over the years I have found a surprising variety of thinkers who cannot conceal their discomfort with his great idea, ranging from nagging skepticism
to outright hostility.
=hide, cover, cover up, secrete, screen, obscure, mask, disguise, camouflage
antonym: reveal
to give something up or put something aside,
to let go of something physically
relinquish
George Orwel once wrote: “No one ever seize power with the intention of relinquishing it.” Human history suggests that this is certainly true. but some people have been much more successful seizing control others. and their audacius power grabs have shaped the modern world. (How to do a coup” documentary)
=give up, surrender, hand over, abandon, renounce, resign, turn down, let go by, let pass
antonym: retain
die: to stop living (often used as a euphemism for “die”)
pass on
You understand, dear, your mother’s passed on? you know what that means. don’t you? (The queen gambit)
=expire, pass away, pass on, depart this life (formal), decease (formal), perish (literary), give up the ghost (literary), kick the bucket (slang), croak (slang)
antonym: live
a light sailing ship
caravel
On October 28th, 1492, three caravels appeared on Cuba’s horizon. They were spaniards, and their leader was called Christopher Columbus.
Portuguese caravela “small ship”
The major nutrient groups are
1-
2-
1- Macronutrients
2- Micronutrients
There were two major alliances during World War II:
the Axis and the Allies
The three principal partners in the Axis alliance were Germany, Italy, and Japan. … The Allied Powers were led by Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union.
someone who has a special knowledge of nutrition
nutritionist
nutritionists study of how food affect our body; this includes understanding which food we nned, what kind of food best provide them and how our body uses them.
behaving in a way that does not meet the moral standards or match the opinions that you claim to have
دو رو، با ریا، ریاکار- رند
hypocritical
It would be hypocritical of me to have a church wedding when I don’t believe in God.
=insincere, two-faced, duplicitous, deceitful, phoney, false
antonym: genuine
controversial spiritual teacher from India, whose sannyasins (followers) include thousands of Americans, Europeans, and Asians.
Osho (1931-990)
(Bhaghwan Shree Rajneesh)
His philosophy blends Western and Eastern traditions, with special emphasis on Zen Buddhism. Important themes include meditation, putting aside the self and personal desires, and integrating the material and the spiritual aspects of life.
contrary to intuition or to common-sense expectation (but often nevertheless true).
counter-intuitive
-As counterintuitive as it may seem, the universe has no center, and it has no boundary. -Book title: The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life بر خلاف غریزه و یا روال معمول
To barely begin; to see or do only a fraction of what is possible.
(idiom)
scratch the surface
“research has only scratched the surface of the paranormal”
an arm or leg
a large branch of a tree
limb /lɪm/
to break into small pieces,
to break down completely : COLLAPSE
Crumble
The late 4th century AD, The Roman empire began to crumble.
On May 14, ….., in Tel Aviv, Jewish Agency Chairman David Ben-Gurion proclaims the State of Israel, establishing the first Jewish state in 2,000 years. Ben-Gurion became Israel’s first premier.
1948
On May 14, 1948, when the British mandate over Palestine expired, Jewish authorities declared the establishment of the State of Israel. The declaration recalled the religious and spiritual connections of the Jewish people to the land of Israel, without mention of specific boundaries; guaranteed “freedom of religion and conscience, of language, education, and culture”; provided a framework for a democratic Jewish state founded on liberty, justice, and peace; and called for peaceful relations with Arab neighbors. The state declared itself open for Jewish immigration.
Full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness.
exuberant
an exuberant personality
=enthusiastic, excited, energetic, high-spirited, cheerful, lively, boisterous, animated, vigorous, buoyant, vivacious
antonym: lethargic
What We Know is a Drop;… .
… What We Don’t Know is an Ocean” Isaac Newton
an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement
compromise /ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/
Stress compromises the ability of the body to digest, absorb, metabolize, and eliminate nutrients (such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, and water) because the body is in a state of “fight or flight.”
The ……. of something is its quality of being tasty or acceptable in some other way.
palatability
The affordability, availability of foods and ingredients, palatability, familiarity, and perceived healthfulness of foods may prompt immigrant families to retain or discard certain traditional foods and adopt novel foods associated with the mainstream culture. This “adoption” can lead to obesity./
When you’re baking a cake, its palatability is much more important than the way it looks.
types of nutrients needed in smaller amounts for the body.
Micronutrients
These nutrients are just as important. The types of nutrients that are found in this group include vitamins and minerals.
a person living in solitude as a religious discipline.
hermit
a tight thin piece of skin over the inside of your ear which allows you to hear sound
eardrum
(aslo called the tympanic membrane or myringa)
sounds starts as air vibration, which then move our eardrums and the little bones and then finally fluid in the cochlea and that trigers hair cells to fire,
someone who illegally punishes criminals and tries to prevent crime, usually because they think the police are not doing this effectively
vigilante
If you were German in 1919, your piece was humiliation and sufferin. vigilantes rule the street, Berlin had become the swamp of depravity.
infamous complex of concentration and death camps run by Nazi Germany during World War II (1939-1945).
Auschwitz
The complex was located in southern Poland, outside the town of Oświęcim (which the Germans called Auschwitz), on the Wisła (Vistula) River about 50 km (30 mi) southwest of Kraków. The complex comprised the largest of the Nazi death and concentration camps, and its name has become forever associated with genocide.
the fact of doing something that is not allowed by a law or rule
contravention
Do you think CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICA was ever involved in the contravention of people’s human rights?
=breaking
breaking, flouting, breach, infringement, disobeying, violation
antonym: observance
(of a room or space) very large and often empty and/or dark; like a cave
cavernous
Subconscious: This is the dark, cavernous place where your brain’s attentional network lives and sparks.
the vast, cavernous space of the empty concert hall
=vast, spacious, yawning, deep, gaping, roomy, commodious
antonym: cramped
name of the highest class (varna) in the system of Hinduism.
Brahman
According to the Rig-Veda, the task of the Brahman is to relate knowledge (vidya). The primary activities of this priestly elite are the study and teaching of the Veda and the performance of religious celebrations. According to the Laws of Manu, this class issued from the mouth of the god Brahma at the moment of creation. To the orthodox Hindu, the person of a Brahman is sacred; Brahmans are the chief of all created beings, and other mortals enjoy life through them. The four stages in the ideal life of a Brahman are those of student, householder, forest-dweller, and renouncer
able to talk easily and effectively about things, especially difficult subjects.
articulate
there is no simple definition of the concept of religion
that fully articulates all its dimensions.
OPP inarticulate
an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan,
Harappa
The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh//
The earliest civilization in India has been given the name of “Indus Valley” or “Harappan” after one of its most well-developed cities, Harappa, now in Pakistan. //
The Indus Valley people, who may be the forerunners of the Dravidian population of South India, appear to have been gradually pushed down
south by the Aryans, who commenced their migrations from the Caucasus Mountains (in the present-day region of Georgia in the former Soviet Union) to India around 2000 BC
come out
come out
One of the Basis of Naturopathic Medicine: instead of suppressing symptoms of illness, they should be encouraged to come out, and the body should be helped to fight back and restore its proper balance.
during the whole period of time since something happened
ever since
I have been excited about developing and teaching this course ever since I discovered online learning./
“she had lived alone ever since her husband died”
They receive information into Neurons, while Axons send information from them.
dendrites
According to Buddhist principles a term that refers to being unsettled, restless, or confused
Monkey Mind
Our brains allow us to call memories or imagine the future, but it also lets us endlessly ruminate about regrets and fears.
It is also the part of your brain that becomes easily distracted, so if you want to get anything done in life, your challenge will be to shut down the monkey mind
oversupplied: having more of something than is desirable or manageable
awash
Berlin was awash by with Hegelian ideas but perhaps the most important idea of Hegel’s that thay are completely captivated by is the idea of history as this gradual unfolding of freedom and of reason. (Genius of th moden world. S01E01 Karl Marx)
the quality of being infallible; the inability to be wrong.
infallibility
Belief in the infallibility of the Vedas is commonly accepted as one of the three central tenets of Hinduism. Such a view illustrates one of the fundamental difficulties in understanding Hinduism, namely the gap between the “textbook” and the view from the ground.
VERY INFORMAL to kill someone,
to destroy completely : ANNIHILATE
wipe out
Did you know that one slave from a Spanish ship wiped out 50% of the Aztec Empire (including its leader), simply by introducing small pox? In fact, 95% of indigenous populations were killed not from European swords or muskets, but instead by the hands of their germs.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond)
part of the inner ear involved in hearing, the spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.
cochlea /ˈkōklēə
Sound waves travel through the auditory canal and are transmitted by the bones of the intermediate ear toward the cochlea, which contains liquid and is spiraled like the shell of a small sea snail.
from Greek kokhlias “snail, screw
حلزون گوش
to hide a fact or feeling so that people will not notice it
disguise
Adolf Hitler never disguised his belief that the Soviet Union would be his regime’s ultimate enemy.
Try as he might, Dan couldn’t disguise his feelings for Katie.
disguise the fact (that):
There’s no disguising the fact that business is bad.
The speech was seen by many as a thinly disguised attack on the president.
the origin of your parents or other older members of your family
descent /dɪˈsent/
For some reason those of European descent were able to colonize indigenous peoples of Australia, the New World, and Africa.
the natural process of making milk in the breasts in order to feed a baby
lactation /lækˈteɪʃ(ə)n/
Consume alcohol in moderation and avoid consumption of any alcohol during pregnancy or lactation. High alcohol intake compromises liver and immune function.
breachable: easy to cross, infiltrate, or penetrate
porous
John Bolton: Terrorsts love porous boarders.
/porous material/rocks/surfaces
a prehistoric ivory sculpture discovered in the Hohlenstein-Stadel, a German cave in 1939.
the oldest-known zoomorphic (animal-shaped) sculpture in the world
Lion-man
(also The Löwenmensch figurine or Lion-man of the Hohlenstein-Stadel)
it was found to be between 35,000 and 40,000 years old,
the army of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1918 through 1992.
Red Army
The word Red was removed from the army’s title in 1946. Formed from remnants of the Russian Imperial Army shortly after the Communists seized power, the army’s mission was to defend Communist Russia’s frontiers and protect the changes effected by the Russian Revolution of 1917. Membership in the Red Army was originally voluntary, in keeping with Communist ideals, but within months compulsory conscription was introduced. The Red Army had no saluting or properly defined system of rank until 1935; in the years that followed it developed a more conventional structure, and soldiers were provided with better pay and amenities
not able to decide something
/idioms
on the fence
Many consumers are still on the fence, waiting for a less expensive computer to come along.
intentional: carefully thought out and done intentionally
deliberate
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: “Scientific inquiry is a deliberate way of asking and answering questions about the natural world”.
=thoughtful, careful, slow, cautious, unhurried, wary, measured, considered, methodical, meditative
antonym: hasty
“Truth serum” is a colloquial name for any of a range of psychoactive drugs used in an effort to obtain information
Sodium thiopental
a sudden strong feeling of excitement or fear; a thrill.
frisson
What’s happening is that my amygdala is telling my hypothalamus to tell my Adrenal glands twist start pumping into my bloodstream this makes my arrector pili muscles contract, which makes my hair stand up. Now if my body were covered thick fur like a cat this would make me look bigger and more threatening. But of course a long long time ago we humans lost a lot of our fur. But we didn’t lose the reflex which makes it is vestigial reflex something we don’t need anymore but we still have. It’s known as the piloerection reflex or more commonly goosebumps.
the distance east or west of the Greenwich meridian (=an imaginary line from the top of the Earth to the bottom), measured in degrees and minutes. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator.
Longitude /ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd/
طول جغرافیایی
the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain
craniotomy
Greek kranion”skull”+ -tomy ““a cutting”
pic: This 4,000-year old skull from Jericho, in Palestine, shows the results of trepanning, or drilling holes in the skull—probably to expose the brain and release evil spirits. Modern surgery uses a similar technique, called craniotomy, to release pressure in the brain caused by bleeding
the first ancient empire of Mesopotamia
The Akkadian Empire
centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, which the Bible also called Akkad. The empire united Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule.
Capital: Akkad
Founded: 2334 BC
Government: Monarchy
Date dissolved: 2154 BC
Historical era: Bronze Age
a religion in which people believe that things in nature, such as animals, trees, and mountains, have spirits
animism
to increase in extent, volume, number, amount, intensity, or scope
escalate/ˈeskəleɪt/
Sometimes we can overlook one of the most important things that keeps us healthy and can escalate healing.
a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined
specimen /ˈspesɪmən/
a blood specimen
a specimen of rock
=demo, sample, showpiece, example, specimen, demonstrator, demo tape
for one who has conquered the mind, the mind is the best of friends; …
… but for one who has failed to do so, his mind will remain the greatest enemy.
-Bhagavad Gita
refer to someone who puts a high standard on the way he behaves.
classy
an illness that affects people or animals, especially one that is caused by infection
disease /dɪˈziːz/
The word disease comes from a French word meaning “the lack of ease.” So, we could define health as the opposite of the absence of ease.
formally declare something: to declare something officially to be the case
pro.nounce
Her mother, Alice Harmon, was pronounced dead at the scene.
to shake slightly because you are cold or frightened
shiver
Jake stood shivering in the cold air.
(shiver with cold/fear/delight etc): She shivered with fear and anger.
to do something that produces an effect or change in something or in someone’s situation
affects /əˈfekt/
Stress affects every single system in the body and also impacts nutrition in many ways.
“Salute to the Sun” or “Sun Salutation”
Surya Namaskār
(Sanskrit: सूर्यनमस्कार
the Sanskrit सूर्य Sūrya, “Sun” and नमस्कार Namaskār, “Greeting” or “Salute”.[4] The name identifies the sun as the soul and source of all life
to give or feel something mutually or in return
reciprocate
I couldn’t accept such a generous gift without reciprocating.
we tend to find comfort in ppl who reciprocate our expressions of intemacy
=give in return, respond, give back, counter, reply, return, share, interchange
a law that forces people to stay indoors after a particular time at night, or the time people must be indoors
curfew
- The government imposed a night-time curfew throughout the country.
- The curfew was lifted (=ended) on May 6th.
- The whole town was placed under curfew.
- Anyone found in the streets after curfew was shot.
=restriction, time limit, deadline, limitation, regulation, control
a person who does not eat meat but does eat fish.
pescatarian
is a term for the “body locks” in Hatha Yoga,
bandha
(Sanskrit: बंध) means “bond; contracting”.
as bad as can be; characterized by human misery
Dystopian
China’s Vanishing Muslims: Undercover In The Most Dystopian Place In The World
Antonyms: utopian
Greek Dys- : bad… topos : place
German air force during World War II.
Luftwaffe
proceeding from instinct rather than from reasoned thinking
visceral
When you are attracted to sb, you shouldn’t really be able to explain it beyond just, like, I am attracted to them, right? It shoild just be visceral, and you should know it.
=instinctual, intuitive, instinctive, primitive, animal, primeval, gut
antonym: reasoned
a television series that follows a particular person or group of people and their involvement in real events and situations over a period of time.
docuseries
The 20 Best Docuseries You Can Stream Right Now
a French physician, anatomist and anthropologist. He is best known for his research on Broca’s area, a region of the frontal lobe that is named after him. Broca’s area is involved with language.
Pierre Paul Broca
impossible to avoid or prevent
inevitable /ɪnˈevɪtəb(ə)l/
ancient trade routes mostly ran east-west. So, when the people of modern China invented gunpowder, it was almost inevitable that the metal workers of the Middle East and Europe would codify its power into the most powerful weapon the world had ever seen: the gun.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel , Jared Diamond)
the act of treating somebody in a cruel and unfair way, especially because of their race, religion or political beliefs
persecution
Zoroastrianism did not die as a religion with Muslim Arab invasion, it merely lost its political status. The Islamic conquest brought centuries of persecution, at times vigorous oppression, to Zoroastrians in Persia.((Persian Mythology By JOHN R HINNELLS))
=harassment, oppression, maltreatment, pursuit, torture, discrimination, torment, tyranny, intimidation, subjection
antonym: protection
to make something become part of an organized system, society or culture, so that it is considered normal
institutionalize
I want to show that although, historically, science has been misused to institutionalize racism, today, science is no ally to racists. In my view, science can and should be deployed as an anti-racist tool.
(How to argue with a racist,
a system of Hindu traditional medicine
Ayurveda
alternative medicine Same as Ayurvedic medicine
a traditional Hindu system of healing that assesses somebody’s constitution and lifestyle, and recommends treatment based on herbal preparations, diet, yoga, and purification
(Sanskrit Āyurveda आयुर्वेद, “life-knowledge”;
done contrary to or without choice
involuntary
Respiration is usually an involuntary, automatic action that allows us to take in the oxygen we need from the air and exhale carbon dioxide. These gases are exchanged in the pulmonary alveoli.
to allow yourself to have too much of something you enjoy, especially food or drink
overindulge/ˌəʊvərɪnˈdʌldʒ/
Family gatherings often offer large amounts of food and alcohol and the opportunity to socialize as well as overindulge in less healthy food and drink options.
=overeat, eat too much, gorge yourself, binge, stuff yourself, gorge
to refuse to obey a law or rule, or refuse to do what someone in authority tells you to do
defy/dəˈfī/
Over the centuries, people have defied opposition to
their faiths, suffering persecution or death to defend their right to worship their God or gods.
used to tell someone to stop doing something that one finds annoying or foolish.
knock it off
would you knock it off?
Mongol military leader, founder and first emperor (1279-1294) of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China, grandson of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and his best-known successor.
Kublai Khan (1215-1294)
to give too much food to
overfeed
Some believe that people are forced to overfeed themselves in order to get a little nourishment because foods are not as nutritionally complete as they were a hundred or more years ago.
intended to stop something you do not want to happen, such as illness, from happening
preventive
preventive health programs
the action of hitting someone’s closed hand with your own, as a greeting or celebration
fist bump
decided or arranged without any reason or plan, often unfairly
arbitrary
My parents’ authority seemed arbitrary. I really didn’t want to followe their rules.
an arbitrary decision
the arbitrary arrests of political opponents
=random, chance, subjective, uninformed, illogical, capricious, indiscriminate, haphazard
antonym: systematic
calm and relaxed
laid-back
She’s always so laid-back about everything.
a German philosopher and an important figure in German idealism. He is considered one of the fundamental figures of modern Western philosophy, with his influence extending to the entire range of contemporary philosophical issues, from aesthetics to ontology to politics, both in the analytic and continental tradition.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel(1770-1831)
German philosopher Hegel proposed that truth is reached by a continuing dialectic, in which a concept (thesis) always gives rise to its opposite (antithesis), and the interaction between these two leads to the creation of a new concept (synthesis). Hegel employed this dialectical method in such works as The Phenomenology of Mind (1807) to explain history and the evolution of ideas.
Each protein is made of ….. linked like beads in a necklace.
amino acids
strong dislike or hatred
animosity
After decades of animosity and with the mediation of Pope Francis, US president Barak Obama, sees the opportunity to make history.
=hostility, hatred, loathing, ill feeling, ill will, enmity, bitterness, acrimony, rancor, dislike, antagonism, bad blood, no love lost
antonym: goodwill
The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had directly led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties.
The Versailles Treaty
for Germany The Versailles Treaty was disastrous. It demands compensation and revenge for WWI. Germany is fined more than 260 billion gold marks (the equivalent of 860 billion dollars in today’s money). A fifth of thier industry is taken over by the Allies. while in Europe they’re forced to give upa massive 13% of German territory and hand it to neighbouring countries. almost 7 millions of Germans lose their citizenship,
The 1919 Treaty that ended WWI had 440 clauses, 414 were devoted to punishing Germany.
a substance that is added in small amounts to something, especially food, in order to make it last longer, look more attractive, or improve it in some way
additive /ˈædətɪv/
In the United States, the quantity of available food is the envy of the world. Yet our food quality is not as admirable given the amount of processed, high-sugar food we eat—food that also contains herbicides, pesticides, hormones, additives, antibiotics and other less-than-healthy elements.
not having or exhibiting subtle qualities or distinctions
unnuanced
- lacking nuances
Many believe that some races, cultures, or nationalities are “superior” to others, and use an unnuanced approach to history to justify these claims. This book confronts those beliefs head on.
to state officially that something is not illegal anymore
decriminalize
a campaign to decriminalize cannabis.
make legal, legalize, sanction, authorize, permit, accept, allow, tolerate
antonym: outlaw
series of American piloted spacecraft launched to develop the techniques necessary to send humans to the moon.
Gemini Program
Gemini’s specific objectives were to rendezvous and dock with a second orbiting vehicle; learn how to keep astronauts and equipment in space for up to two weeks
a quality or ability is one that you have always had
innate/ˌɪˈneɪt/
Naturopaths believe that the body has an innate capacity for self-healing. They educate their clients on setting up the proper external and internal environments so that healing will take place.
the author of the book called: “Guns, Germs, and Steel”, the fates of human societies
Jared Diamond
There are very few people with the energy, resources, or (most importantly) expertise and intellect to theorize a history of civilization. Well, Jared Diamond is one person with all of the above. As a Professor at UCLA, he has taught various geography and history courses while doing research that culminated in his magnum opus, Guns, Germs, and Steel. For his writing, he has been awarded a Pulitzer Prize and been ranked in the top 10 public intellectuals in the world by Prospect and Foreign Policy.
the money that a government receives from taxes or that an organization, etc. receives from its business
revenue
How much of Facebook’s revenue comes directly from monetization of users’ personal data? (the Great Hack)
=income, proceeds, profits, returns, takings
antonym: expenses
widespread in a particular area or at a particular time, predominant; powerful.
prevalent
they are eight key food allergens that trigger more than 90% of all food alergic reactions: shellfish, tree nut, egg, milk, fin fish, soy, wheat and the most prevalent of all among childern: the peanut.
=predominant, widespread, dominant, rampant, ubiquitous, established, customary, prevailing, numerous, frequent, common
antonym: rare
a traditional system of medicine from India that gives people advice on food and the way they live
Ayurvedic medicine
many of the world’s major healing traditions (such as traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine) that have been around for thousands of years have emphasized the relationship between diet and health. Even Hippocrates, the father of Western medicine said “Let food be thy medicine, thy medicine shall be food”
a common brownish monkey of the macaque family. Native to: South Asia.
Rhesus Monkey
foods that provide the substances that people need in order to be healthy
nutritious /njuːˈtrɪʃəs/
Food provides an opportunity to socialize and, if the food is nutritious, it also supports a healthy body and mind.
a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
Indus (River) Valley Civilisation
The earliest civilization in India has been given the name of “Indus Valley” or “Harappan” after one of its most well-developed cities, Harappa, now in Pakistan. //
The Indus Valley people, who may be the forerunners of the Dravidian population of South India, appear to have been gradually pushed down
south by the Aryans, who commenced their migrations from the Caucasus Mountains (in the present-day region of Georgia in the former Soviet Union) to India around 2000 BC.
Palestinian imam and politician. He was a founder of Hamas, an Islamist Palestinian paramilitary organization and political party. Yassin also served as the spiritual leader of the organization.
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
an arrogant and unyielding mood or attitude.
high horse
Get off your high horse!
Emma Woodhouse is a snobby Jane Austen character known for being on her high horse.
He was installed by the soviets as the first superme leader in 1948 and in fact he is still the president of DPRK today even though he is been dead since 1994.
Kim il_sung (1912-1994)
chess piece: a chess piece of the lowest value that can move one square forward at a time, with an optional first move of two squares.
pawn
It can take other pieces by moving diagonally and can be exchanged for any other captured piece on reaching the farthest rank of the board.
chess: horse’s head chess piece: a chess piece shaped like a horse’s head that moves two squares horizontally and one vertically or two vertically and one horizontally. Symbol N
knight
Breath, considered as a life-giving force.
(Hinduism )
prana
But there’s nothing ancient about the concept of prana: Prana is the life “force.” May the force be with you as you begin your yoga practice.
prana (प्राण, prāṇa; the Sanskrit word for “life force” or “vital principle”)
look at something critically: to examine something carefully in order to judge its quality or correctness
inspect
She took the cheese out of the refrigerator and inspected it for mold.
a Chinese mystical philosophy traditionally founded by Lao-tzu in the sixth century b.c. that teaches conformity by unassertive action and simplicity
Taoism
From the 17th century BCE, the Chinese dynasties established their nation states and empires. There emerged traditional folk religions and ancestor worship that were later incorporated into the more
philosophical belief systems of Daoism and Confucianism.
also: Daoism
having four right angles
مستطیل
rectangular
having the shape of a rectangle
in an extremely beautiful and delicate manner. /adv
exquisitely
the body—an integrated system that includes the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, muscles, bones, skin, and endocrine glands— acts together in exquisitely regulated harmony.
relating to the relationship between the mind and physical illness
psychosomatic/ˌsaɪkəʊsəʊˈmætɪk/
All illness is psychosomatic because we are mind-bodies not just bodies. This must be considered when deciding how to manage disease.
a movement of your shoulders upwards and then downwards again that you make to show that you do not know something or do not care about something
/body language
shrug
I just shrugged my shoulders and ignored him.
Melanie shrugged and walked away.
a very tall machine used for lifting or moving heavy objects and building tall buildings
crane
Many machines copy principles of mechanics shown by the skeleton. For example, each arm has two sets of long bones that can extend the reach of the hand, or fold back on themselves—like these cranes.
Syrian politician who seized control of his country’s government as prime minister in 1970 and became president in 1971.
Hafez al-Assad (1930-2000)
The leader of a repressive government that sent thousands of troops to crush a political uprising in 1982, Assad survived several coup attempts in the 1980s. Openly hostile to Israel, Assad supported Egypt’s 1973 war against Israel and financed the Palestine Liberation Organization in its efforts to establish a Palestinian state. After failing to ally with Iraq in 1979, Assad supported Iran in its 1980-1988 war with Iraq and sent troops to fight against Iraq during the Persian Gulf War (1991)
a balancing asana
Vrksasana (Tree Pose)
Strengthens: Vertebral column, Thigh, Calf, Ankle
Stretches: Thorax, Inguinal region, Thigh, Shoulder
Pose type: standing
The trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.
Trimurti
The Trimūrti (/trɪˈmʊərti/; Sanskrit: त्रिमूर्ति trimūrti, “three forms”) is the Triple deity of supreme divinity in Hinduism. in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified as a triad of deities, typically Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, and Shiva the destroyer, though individual denominations may vary from that particular line-up. When all three deities of the Trimurti incarnate into a sin
statements, information, ideas, or beliefs disagree with each other and cannot both or all be true
contradictory/ˌkɑːntrəˈdɪktəri/
Human history has seen the rise and fall of countless religions, each with its own distinct beliefs, rituals, and mythology. Although some are similar and considered to be branches of a larger tradition, there are many contrasting and contradictory belief systems.
=inconsistent, self-contradictory, contrary, opposing, clashing, conflicting, at odds, differing, incongruous, ambiguous, paradoxical
antonym: consistent
to start doing something eagerly
dive in
- Let’s dive in!
- Harvey dived in with several questions
=take the plunge
take the plunge, go for it (slang), jump in, throw caution to the wind, take the bull by the horns, bite the bullet, plunge in, commit
antonym: hold back
to explode or to make something explode
detonate
Terrorists have attacked Subway systems before: London July 7, 2005. Three suicide bombers successfully detonate their explosives on a British underground, killing 52 people, injuring over 700,
=explode, blow up, set off, ignite, spark off, discharge (formal)
Incapable of making mistakes or being wrong.
infallible
if the vedas is infallible for hindus - as the quran is infallible for muslems- one wouls expect wisedpread familarities with these texts.
showing no interest or enthusiasm
apathetic
apathetic voters/ We need to reach those children who are apathetic about school
=indifferent, uninterested, listless, dispirited, droopy, unconcerned, lethargic, lazy, bored
antonym: enthusiastic
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
DENDRITE
(also dendrons)
They are the branches through which a neuron receives and sends messages. With this system each neuron can be stimulated by thousands of other neurons, which in turn can stimulate other neurons, and so forth.
Greek δένδρον déndron, “tree”),
the fact of making somebody less likely to do something
deterrence
Still, attacking Marks is one of several options U.S. officials believe Iran’s regime is considering for retaliation since the general, Qassem Soleimani, was assassinated by a U.S. drone strike in January. At the time, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said the U.S. killed Soleimani to re-establish deterrence against Iran.
=discouragement, dissuasion, preemption, prevention, restriction, limitation
بازداری
antonym: encouragement
a large deep hole that appears to have no bottom/
also —;(a very frightening or dangerous situation, or one in which there seems to be no hope)
abyss /əˈbɪs/
Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman–a rope over an abyss.(Friedrich Nietzsche/thus spoke zarathustra)
The main active ingredient of marijuana
THC
(tetra·hydro·cannabinol)
The main active ingredient of marijuana is THC, and there is strong evidence that THC is related to psychosis, regardless of other risk factors.
an underground shelter, especially one built for troops, with a fortified gun position above ground
bunker
is part of most of the Sanskrit pose names. It is defined as any of the yogic postures or movements, but literally translates to “seat.” It’s said that originally the only posture in yoga was a comfortable seat taken for long periods of mediation.
Asana
Sanskrit: आसन āsana “sitting down”
carefully chosen for a special purpose
hand-picked
Around 1444, Ten handpicked Africans were taken, they were transported to Portugal, as a gift to Prince Henry the navigator of Portugal.
=select, exclusive, finest, top-quality, crack, elite, chosen
antonym: run-of-the-mill
a temporary or permanent stop in a process
halt
Many destructive forces can halt healing
the longest and strongest bone in the human body.
femur (thighbone)
having a very powerful effect or influence on your body or mind
potent
Marijuana has been engineered to become much more potent. Today, marijuana is so potent, that is actually is a strong drug that may cause pychosis.
=strong, effective, powerful, forceful, mighty, vigorous, puissant (literary)
antonym: weak
to walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction
roam
Back to those dinosaurs. How do we know that they once roamed the Earth? We have never seen them or heard them or had to run away from them.
wander, rove, travel, journey, stray, ramble, meander
antonym: settle
the theory, generally abandoned in the mid-19th century, that the earth’s surface was shaped by the biblical flood.
diluvialism (daɪˈluːvɪəlɪzm)
diluvialism theory proposed that all Earth’s sedimentary rocks (made of sand, mud, and lime) had been deposited by floods when all the victims had been drowned and preserved as fossils within them. As a popular notion, rather than a scientific theory, it survived among fundamentalists into the 19th century, but by 1820 the evidence against it was so strong that the idea had largely disappeared.
To push or press something downward with great force or speed.
punch down
The fighter pilot punched the throttle down, and the jet rocketed forward.
narrow the scope
narrow the scope
There is so much information related to Natural Health that it was difficult to narrow my scope. I decided to be as basic as possible, touching on the areas I think most people are interested in and will be able to use.
an alliance of nations that was established in 1920 to promote world peace and cooperation and replaced by the United Nations in 1946.
Headquarters: Geneva , Switzerland
League of Nations
It was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson after World War I, though the United States never joined, and it became increasingly ineffective in the 1930s
He became the symbol of the final solution, even though he was not the architect as Ben Gurion had tried to demonstrate
Adolf Eichman
At the end of the war, Hitler, Himmler and Goering all escaped Justice by taking their own lives. The remaining Mastermind the Holocaust vanished was never brought to trial Nuremberg. A decade later, most of the world had stopped wondering what became of the head of the SS “office of Jewish affairs”: Adolf Eichman.
Egyptian statesman, who rose from humble beginnings to become president of Egypt (1956-1970) and the most influential leader of the Arab world
Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970)
Gamal Abdel Nasser led a nationalist movement in 1952 that ousted the Egyptian monarchy and transformed Egypt into a republic. Nasser became leader of Egypt in 1954 and subsequently negotiated an end to Britain’s 72-year occupation of Egypt. Nasser was elected president of Egypt in 1956 and remained in office until his death in 1970. His accomplishments included the construction of the Aswān High Dam, the institution of land reforms and a program of industrialization, and the restoration of Egyptian self-government. Nasser also pursued policies of Arab unity and socialism.(Encarta)
Political Party : Arab Socialist Union
having a strong influence or effect
profound
Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work./ The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.
/profound changes in society
a small animal or plant that lives on or inside another animal or plant and gets its food from it
parasite
fleas, lice and other parasites
an intestinal parasite of cattle
=pest, organism, bug, bloodsucker, insect, flea, louse
antonym: host
in public areas we need to acknowlege of presence of other people, but we are also to give them privacy.
civil inattention
this is established through eye contact but then the eyes avert
a food, drink, or drug that makes you want to have sex
aphrodisiac
the main question is why only gays get the disease(HIV), one clue is this: almost everyone who gets the disease uses uses this liquid. It contains a vapor which, when inhaled, acts on the heart. it’s used as an aphrodisiac.
believe nothing ….
Buddha quotaton
believe nothing unless it agrees with your own reason.
Buddha
Effective June 1, 2011, ……………….. replaced the Food Guide Pyramid, as the new standard for food choices in the United States.
The Food Plate
The guidelines and the graphic provide an easy way to make food choices from five food groups: grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, and protein. The Food Guide Pyramid had four basic food groups (dairy, meat, fruits and vegetables, and breads and cereals).
the area at the back of your eye that receives light and sends an image of what you see to your brain
retina
The retina is covered with receivers, called photoreceptors, which convert light into neural signals شبکیه چشم
History is a set of lies, ……
Napoleon quote
History is a set of lies, agreed upon
(What Napoleon is saying in this quote is essentially that we don’t actually know happened at any point in history.)
to push or poke somebody gently, usually with a motion of the elbow
nudge
He nudged me and whispered, ‘Look who’s just come in.’
=push, bump, elbow, shove, jolt, prod
Your cells don’t live as long as you do, so the human body is a construction site during your whole life. You’re constantly rebuilding all your body parts every day. —- are used for this growth and repair.
Proteins
Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but they also contain nitrogen.
Greek proteios “the first quality,” from protos “first”
prescription without physical effect
placebo
my yoga teacher told me practicing yoga can reduce anxiety a lot and when I started to practice yoga I felt I am calmer and more passionate but I thought maybe it is just a placebo response.(SARA LAZAR,Neuroscientist)
Latin, “I shall please”
an almond-shaped mass of gray matter, one in each hemisphere of the brain, associated with feelings of fear and aggression and important for visual learning and memory
amygdala
Even an eight-week mindfulness-based stress reduction program had a significant impact on the brain. Those doing the mindfulness program had smaller amygdalae—the aggressive part of the brain that reacts to stress—and larger temporoparietal junctions (TPJs), a part of the brain associated with empathy and compassion.
Greek amugdalē “almond
a loop that passes through a knot in the end of a rope or other line. When the rope is pulled, the loop becomes smaller.
noose
a hangman’s noose
The noose tightened around her neck.
They tied a noose around her neck.
(figurative) His debts were a noose around his neck.
false name especially used by a criminal: an assumed name that somebody uses
- file or directory name: a name assigned to a computer file or directory, e.g. to make it more convenient to locate or manipulate
alias
a spy oerating under
one of the first sophisticated civilization to walk the lands of India
Harappa Civilization
The Indus civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation, after its type site, Harappa, they had their own writing system, advanced social and economic system. the civiization collapsed 1500 BCE.
Period: Bronze Age South Asia
Datesc. 3300 – c. 1300 BCE
Archaeologists have found the remains of a city and evidence of a possible link between Indian and Sumerian cultures.
The last Prime Minister of Iran under the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.
Shapour Bakhtiar
if something such as a marriage or a business is ……, it is experiencing very severe difficulties and looks likely to end very soon / idioms
to be on the rocks
She admitted that her marriage was on the rocks.
Our film industry is on the rocks.
describes sensory stimuli that have no consequential effects and are considered neither good nor bad.
Neustress
a big change that causes a lot of worry and problems
upheaval
For centuries, Cuba has been a hotbed for upheaval.
=disturbance, turmoil, disorder, confusion, cataclysm, commotion, disruption, mayhem (informal)
antonym: peace
as fast or as hard as possible.
flat out
the north korea is the last Socialist/communist cult of personality utopian states and much like Stalin in the sovit union or Mao in china, their leader revelaed not only just as political figures but flat-out worshipped as Gods!
two or more things that are ……, they are closely related and affect each other
inextricable/ ɪnˈekstrɪk-
“the past and the present are inextricable”
to organize something successfully
sort out
an animal or human that has not yet been born, and has just begun to develop
embryo
Did you know that an embryo is a mass of rapidly dividing cells that continue to develop during infancy?
fetus in utero at an early stage of development,”
Greek embryon “a young one,
the quality of being impressive and imposing in appearance or style, especially pretentiously so.
grandiosity
what are the traits of Narcissistic personality disorder?
-grandiosity, ack of emathy
=pretentiousness, pompousness, self-importance, affectedness, pomposity, bombast
a Greek philosopher from Athens, who was the teacher of Plato and whose ideas are known from Plato’s writings.
Socrates (470–399 BC)
He is known for encouraging people to think carefully about ideas before accepting them and for developing a method of examining ideas according to a system of questions and answers in order to find out the truth. This is known as the Socratic method or dialectic. The Greek authorities disapproved of his ideas and methods, and said he was a bad influence on young people. They forced him to kill himself by drinking hemlock, a powerful poison.
protector against impact
buffer
to chinese government refuses to North Korean refugee’s status because it sees North Korea as a buffer between it own country and the american-backed South Korea so if a North Korean caought in China they get sent right back where they came from
if you lay with your cock against the ground, …
… as a tank goes by, it feels fucking great.
quote (Generation kill miniseries. s01e02
something you do in order to deceive or fool someone
trick
His card trick really surprised us.
Pretending he doesn’t remember is an old trick of his.
He didn’t really lose his wallet – that’s just a trick.
=deception, ploy, ruse, hoax, dodge, swindle, trap, scam (slang)
relating to hallucinogenic drugs
psychedelic
LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and DMT are known as the classic psychedelics.
a person who shoots with a bow and arrows
archer
This head of an archer from the walls of the palace of Persepolis illustrates some of the characteristic features of Achaemenid art. Whereas Greek artists were fascinated by anatomy or the folds of robes across the body, the artists at Persepolis were more concerned with pattern, both in details, as here the curls of the hair and beard, and in general with the overall composition in the postures and dress of the figures.
In the religion of ancient Babylon, a primordial goddess of the salt sea, mating with Abzû, the god of fresh water, to produce younger gods. She is the symbol of the chaos of primordial creation
Tiamat
(Akkadian: 𒀭𒋾𒊩𒆳)
eight limbs of yoga
Yamas
Niyamas
Asana
Pranayama
Pratyahara
Dharana
Dhyana
Samadhi
a powerful and influential Zoroastrian priest during the reigns of four Sasanian kings in the 3rd-century.
Kartir
The Christians in particular were a politically suspect group after the conversion of the ruler of Persia’s greatest enemy, Constantine, to Christianity. Manicheism, a syncretistic cult, seemed to offer a possible solution to the problem, but largely as a result of the efforts of Kartir, a particularly vigorous defender of the Zoroastrian faith and a great power behind the throne, Zoroastrianism was confirmed as the state religion.((Persian Mythology By JOHN R HINNELLS))
involving many difficulties and a lot of change and often violence
tumultuous /tuːˈmʌltʃuəs/
to understand Cuba today, you have to understand its tumultuous past.
=unrestrained, unbridled, riotous, boisterous, rowdy, wild, joyous, festive, noisy
eating disorder: an eating disorder, marked by an extreme fear of becoming overweight, that leads to excessive dieting to the point of serious ill-health and sometimes death
anorexia nervosa
Self-Destructive Behavior Patterns:
Internet addiction
Overeating
Social isolation
Gambling
Obvious lying
Not exercising
Self-sacrificing gift giving
Overworking
Suicidal gestures
Anorexia/bulimia
[< modern Latin, “nervous anorexia”]
slow sth/sb’s progress
bog down
- He was worried the German forces would become bogged down, as in WWI.
- got bogged down in unimportant details
- The Muslim prisoners that Bashar AL Asad released and sent over the boarder are the major reason that American and Britain get bogged down in Iraq.(The dangerous dynasty-House of Assad. S01E01)
an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He previously served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797 to 1801.
Thomas Jeferson
all the different aspects that you have to consider in a situation
equation /ɪˈkweɪʒ(ə)n/
The basic “caloric balance equation” means that overweight and obesity results from an energy imbalance—eating too many calories and not getting enough physical activity.
to make something, especially somebody’s confidence or authority, gradually weaker or less effective
undermine
The theory of evolution threatens all these old ideas. It undermines the central claims of many religions. It seems to leave no room for God, or the soul, or life after death. Humans, it tells us, are just another kind of animal.
The American philosopher, Daniel Dennett (b. 1942), has described the theory of evolution as a kind of “universal acid”.
=weaken, dent, chip away at, challenge, destabilize, demoralize, undercut, damage, emasculate (formal)
antonym: bolster
the crime of murder
homicide
(also the police department that deals with murders)
- Independent autopsy finds George Floyd’s death a homicide due to ‘asphyxiation from sustained pressure’
=killing, murder, slaughter, shooting, stabbing, manslaughter, assassination
a natural or chemical substance added to soil in order to help plants grow
fertilizer
A commitment to organic agriculture also supports environmental health on all levels by avoiding the use of pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers.
give (someone or oneself) a different appearance in order to conceal one’s identity.
Disguise
Former CIA Operative Explains How Spies Use Disguises | WIRED
causing a lot of disagreement, because many people have strong opinions about the subject being discussed
controversial
over the last decade, milk has become a bit controversial
=contentious, provocative, debated, debatable, divisive, hot, notorious, scandalous, heated, polemic
a very strong poison, Chemical formula: CN−
cyanide
Himmler’s megalomania, which included a plan to surrender to the Western Allies late in the war in order to pursue the fight against Russia unimpeded, caused Hitler to strip him of all his offices and order his arrest. Himmler attempted to slip out of Germany disguised as a soldier, but was caught by the British. He swallowed a cyanide capsule a day later.
according to the Bible, one of the ten rules of behaviour called the ……. that God gave people to obey
Ten Commandments
There is also often an ethical element, with rules of conduct and taboos, and a social element that defines the institutions of the religion and of the society it is associated with. Such rules are typically concise— the Ten Commandments of Judaism and Christianity, or the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism,
for example.
to reach a state where there are no longer any major changes or problems
stabilize
When agriculture was developed over 10,000 years ago, diets became relatively stabilized, and seasonal crops became available. The Agricultural Revolution changed dietary and lifestyle patterns significantly.
the act or process of earning money from something, especially a business or an asset (= something that a business owns)
monetization
How much of Facebook’s revenue comes directly from monetization of users’ personal data? (the Great Hack)
/ The monetization of the website is expected to increase the company’s profits.
A person with a soft round build of body and a high proportion of fat tissue.
endomorph
Big, high body fat, often pear-shaped, with a high tendency to store body fat
(GK– endo- internal and -MORPH shape)
ectomorph: Lean and long, with difficulty building muscle.
mesomorph: Muscular and well-built, with a high metabolism and responsive muscle cells.
having a very strong feeling of love or attraction for somebody/something so that you cannot think clearly and in a sensible way
infatuated
She was completely infatuated with him.
He’s behaving like an infatuated teenager.
=in love, lovesick, obsessed, besotted, crazy (informal), smitten (humorous or literary), captivated, enamored, enchanted, enraptured (formal)
antonym: disenchanted
Believing you understand your motivations and desires, your likes and dislikes, is called (……….) .
the Introspection Illusion
You believe you know yourself, and why you are the way you are. You believe this knowledge tells you how you will act in all future situations. Research shows otherwise.
subjects taught or elements of subject: the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the topics taught within a subject
curriculum
And yet, in August 1999, one hundred and forty years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, the Kansas State Education Board removed the topic of evolution from the official curriculum.
=course, prospectus, program, syllabus, core curriculum, national curriculum
disagreement with authority or with prevailing opinion
dissidence
He was former guard of a prison camp for political dissidence, he fled North Korea and now runs an aid organization
BDSM stands for
Bondage
Discipline
Sado-
Masochism
always, or almost always
invariably
Dolores was invariably late./
The religions of the modern world continued to evolve with advances in society, sometimes reluctantly, and often by dividing into branches. Some apparently new religions began to appear, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries, but these invariably bore the traces of the faiths that had come before.
the establishment of a good relationship between two countries or groups of people, after a period of unfriendly relations
rapprochement
I hope for a rapprochement between our two countries.
=reconciliation, reunion, understanding, settlement, compromise, coming together, agreement, accord, entente, conciliation
antonym: hostility
It takes around ……. cells to build a human body. There are 200 different types of these microscopic living units, each of which is highly complex. Similar cells join together to make a tissue, two or more tissues form an organ, and linked organs create a system. The body has…. systems.
100 trillion
12
unfair or cruel use of power or authority
tyranny
When Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin first came to power in the 1930s, their regimes were considered by many to represent a new and perplexing phenomenon. They were labelled ‘totalitarian’. But is ‘totalitarianism’ genuinely new, or is the word just another name for something old and familiar, namely tyranny?
from Greek turannos (monarch, ruler of a polis”; tyrannos in its turn has a Pre-Greek origin, perhaps from Lydian.)
(in a female mammal) either of a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
fallopian tube
its root a term that was used as a self-designation by Indo-Iranian people. The term was used by the Indic people of the Vedic period in India as an ethnic label for themselves and to refer to the noble class as well as the geographic region known as Āryāvarta, where Indo-Aryan culture is based.
Aryan
The word “Aryan” originally meant “noble”. Nazism has given the word racial connotations in the 20th century. The early Aryans were a nomadic people. They brought to India the horse and the chariot, as well as the sacrificial altar.
(The Aryan race is a racial grouping that emerged in the period of the late 19th century and mid-20th century to describe people of Indo-European heritage.)
the state of being respected or admired; prestige
cachet
Honey has the greatest cachet in the marketplace of all food items
in Veda, the god of rain and thunder;
Indra
The oldest literature attributed to the Aryans, known as the Vedas, furnishes a relatively clear picture of their Gods, associated largely with different aspects of nature. Chief among them were Indra, the god of rain and thunder; Surya, the sun god; Varuna, the god of wind; and Agni, the fire god.//
King of the Gods God of Lightning, Thunder, Rains and River flows King of Heaven
an ancient symbol in the form of an equal-armed cross with each arm continued at a right angle, used (in clockwise form) as the emblem of the German Nazi party.
swastika
The swastika or sauwastika — as a character, 卐 or 卍 respectively — is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon in the cultures of Eurasia. It is used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
to include a wide range of ideas, subjects, etc
encompass
Encompassing spiritual, personal, and social
elements, religion is ubiquitous, appearing
in every culture from prehistory to the modern day.
a faithful supporter of a political leader or a criminal, who is willing to do illegal things or use violence
henchman
this is the story of Hitler’s henchman, the jealousy, power struggle and fawing sycophants that will create a monster and fuel the most horrors of the Third Reich
a feeling of great anger and shock
outrage
If you had an idea that was going to outrage society, would you keep it to yourself? (Charles Darwin)
=indignation, anger, rage, fury, ire (literary), annoyance, wrath
to enter or penetrate slowly
Seep
Fear of nuclear war had seeped into the national consciousness — Tip O’Neill
(sip: to drink something slowly)
a sudden attack of an illness or condition, especially of the kind experienced by people with epilepsy
تشنج
seizures
to have/suffer an epileptic seizure
Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521.
Aztecs
In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Aztecs who dominated Mexico believed the god uitzilopochtli would make the Sun rise and bring them success in battle, if offered daily blood, limbs, and hearts
torn from living human sacrifices. From these
grisly rituals, the Aztecs learned about the inner organs of the body.
from Nahuatl aztecatl , meaning “coming from Aztlan,” name of their legendary place of origin
PIC: The Aztec Empire in 1519
an underlying tendency or force that runs in the opposite direction to the apparent one
undertow
The undertow is my term for the mysterious force that sabotages our best efforts when we’re just on the edge of victory.(rewire by Richard O’Connor)
one of the two main types of long-term human memory. this type of memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts.
Explicit memory
one of the two main types of long-term human memory. The other main type is implicit memory. Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts.
to replace or balance the effect of something bad
compensate /ˈkɒmpənseɪt/
Combined with nutrient depletion, foods low in nutrients further stress the body, which is already trying to compensate for the malnourishment it is experiencing.
good or impressive in a surprising way
wondrous
Vancouver is a wondrous city
=wonderful, astounding, incredible, astonishing, marvelous, extraordinary, miraculous, phenomenal, amazing
antonym: mediocre
a substance used for cleaning injured skin and preventing infections
antiseptic /ˌæntiˈseptɪk/
Naturopaths believe breathing clean air is essential to health because clean air brings oxygen to the blood and makes the tissues function more efficiently. Air is also believed to have antiseptic properties. But breathing clean air is not enough. How you breathe is also considered vitally important.
ضد عفونی / پادگند
a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion; the head and wings of an eagle
griffin شیردال یا گریفین یا چمروش (در پارسی میانه: بَشکوچ
bottom A griffin’s head from one of the columns at Persepolis. A number of motifs at Persepolis appear to have been taken from Babylonian art. It may be that some of the underlying ideology associated with royalty and cosmic powers was also incorporated into Persian traditions.
a thick, almost solid mass that is formed when blood dries or becomes thicker
clot (also blood clot)
Stroke is typically the result of a blood clot preventing blood from reaching the brain.
to walk without hurrying, often for pleasure
stroll
I was strolling along the river when I saw an incredible thing.
order something officially
mandate
Biden clarifies he can’t mandate mask-wearing everywhere but would enforce it on federal property.
=order, command, directive, decree, dictate, instruction, fiat, obligation
making people angry or excited
/ sexually arousing
provocative
- when I was in high school, the first time I did anything provocative with my girlfirend was in the back of my dad’s car.
- How provocative are we talking?
- There was no clothes on.
=challenging, provoking, stimulating, confrontational, inflammatory, offensive, incendiary, insulting, rabble-rousing (disapproving), aggressive, annoying, aggravating (informal), vexing
antonym: conciliatory
profoundly immoral or wrong
evil
Hitler’s circle of evil
empire of evil
a form of silent mantra meditation, developed by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. The meditation practice involves the use of a mantra and is practiced for 20 minutes twice per day while sitting with one’s eyes closed.
Transcendental Meditation
The idea here is to repeat a mantra, a word or sound, until you transcend thoughts entirely.
(of a person) easily made to feel sick, faint, or disgusted, especially by unpleasant images, such as the sight of blood.
Squeamish
You are not a squeamish guy, you have been to Afghanistan, You have been to Congo
When diet is wrong,….
An Ayurvedic proverb
… medicine is of no use; when diet is correct, medicine is of no need.
A fundamental Ayurvedic philosophy is that “food is medicine and medicine is food” An Ayurvedic proverb is “When diet is wrong, medicine is of no use; when diet is correct, medicine is of no need.
someone who people believe will solve all their problems
messiah
someone who lived in a cave in prehistoric times
troglodyte
=cave dweller, caveman, cavewoman
from Greek, from trogle “hole, cave” + dyein “to enter”
the reduction of something by a large amount so that there is not enough left
depletion
The greatest ozone depletion occurred near the poles.
the depletion of fish stocks
=reduction, exhaustion, diminution, lessening, running down, weakening
antonym: restoration
to shock or surprise someone so that they do something to solve a problem, improve a situation
galvanise
Hermann Goring galvanises his his men to prepare for a last death-or-glory battle
a round hole in the ground made by something that has fallen on it or by an explosion/ meteorite impact area
crater
craters on the Moon’s surface
=pit, depression, hole, cavity, hollow
antonym: mound
a thick strong string-like part of your body that connects a muscle to a bone
Tendon
Tendon attaches a muscle to bone
The first known Greek philosopher who claims that everything in the Universe is made from water.
Thales of Miletus
a system of medical treatment that treats illnesses by natural methods such as exercise and controlling the food you eat. It is a form of complementary medicine.
Naturopathy
proper diet, pure water, fresh air, sunlight, exercise, and rest. The emphasis has not been on finding a disease and killing it, but rather on helping the body establish its own state of good health. This is the art of Naturopathy.
Naturopathy literally means “natural treatment,” and today its practitioners are generally trained at specialty colleges and are trained in skills that include acupuncture, herbalism, homeopathy, osteopathy, hydrotherapy, massage, nutrition, and diet.
openly accuse someone or apportion blame.
point the finger
as waistline expand, alarm bells start ringing among nutritionists and doctors and they point the fingers at fast food loaded with sugar, fat and salt.
To place, insert, or load someone or something inside of something else
slip in
” Go up to their mailbox and slip in this letter.”
I am going to start with some true storeis, before I slip in the false memory.
one of the two holes at the end of your nose, through which you breathe and smell things
nostril
Egyptian embalming: Brain, regarded as useless, was hooked out through the nostrils and discarded
a feeling of shame and great embarrassment, because you have been made to look stupid or weak
humiliation
If you were German in 1919, your piece was humiliation and suffering
disgrace, shame, mortification, embarrassment, dishonor, degradation
antonym: dignity
subject to erratic behavior or unpredictable change
whimsical
He has a wonderful whimsical sense of humour.
jaundice
seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously.
ubiquitous
Encompassing spiritual, personal, and social elements, this phenomenon is however, ubiquitous, appearing in every culture from prehistory to the modern day.
Latin ubique “everywhere”, from ubi “where”
to help someone to improve their situation
give sb a leg up
I wouldn’t have been able to afford college if I hadn’t been given a leg up from my parents.
Hitler’s private secretary
Martin Bormann (1900 – 1945)
Martin Ludwig Bormann was a German Nazi Party official and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery. He gained immense power by using his position as Adolf Hitler’s private secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.
Chess piece: a chess piece that can be moved diagonally across the board over any number of squares of the same color
bishop
able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a way that influences people
eloquent
an eloquent preacher/Art teacher
=expressive
expressive, fluent, articulate, persuasive, stirring, powerful, moving
antonym: inarticulate
a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developments
backlash
backlash against The 1970s saw the first backlash against the women’s movement.
possible source of danger
menace
what happened in the evoluton of Nazi ideology and Hitler’s own ideology, is this merging of Bolshovism and :The Jew” together as a combined menace.
=threat, danger, hazard, peril, risk, jeopardy
antonym: reassurance
first United States manned space program, conducted from 1961 to 1963
Project Mercury
During the program’s two-year span, six astronauts were launched into space and safely returned to Earth. The program employed more than 2 million people from government agencies and the aerospace industry.
“Microsoft ® Encarta”
Some believe that people are forced to overfeed themselves in order to get a little nourishment because foods are not as nutritionally complete as they were a hundred or more years ago. Many consider this “…. …..” to be one of today’s leading nutritional problems.
“overconsumptive undernutrition”
hope that someone or something will be successful. / idioms
cross one’s fingers
We cross our fingers for NASA next lauch
1) offensive and unacceptable
2) very unusual and intended to shock people slightly
outrageous
outrageous behaviour
outrageous clothes
=disgraceful, shameful, shocking, offensive, contemptible, despicable, extreme
antonym: commendable
question (someone, typically a soldier or spy) about a completed mission or undertaking.
debrief
Ana Montes completely debriefed by FBI. she was debriefed about seven months, 3 times a week, 5 or 6 hours a day /
a very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 million people.
megacity
according to the chinese government, nearly %16 of the population live in china’s 15 megacities. there are only 47 such cities in the world
causing a lot of damage, or making a lot of people suffer
catastrophic /ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk/
Two-thirds of adults and one-third of children in the United States are overweight or obese. Left unchecked, the effects of this crisis on the nation’s health, health care costs, and productivity could be catastrophic.
the number of people affected by a particular disease
morbidity /ˌmɔː(r)ˈbɪdətiː/
when fat is consumed in larger amounts than what is needed for optimal health, it can greatly affect morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.
our common ancestor of human and chimps
chlca
(Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor)
begin behaving in a strange, abnormal, or wildly uncontrolled way.
go off the rails
Discovering that Abu Ahmed will attend his brother’s wedding, Doron joins his old team for a covert strike, but the plan quickly goes off the rails.(Fauda E01S01)
showing that you do not respect someone or sth at all
contemptuous /kənˈtemptjʊəs/
Get rid of (something unwanted),
Send (someone) away from a country or place as an official punishment.
banish
Banish the thought that yoga is too esoteric to understand, too mystical, or on the fringe.
is a relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood glucose levels.
glycemic index (GI)
Several studies have associated a long-term, high-GI diet with an increased risk for developing type-2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers (including gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, and endometrial cancers)
intense dislike of somebody or something
loathing
The members of Kansas State Education Board clearly disliked the theory of evolution. They are not alone. Ever since Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) proposed the theory at a meeting of the Linnaean Society in 1858, it has inspired much fear and loathing, and many attempts have been made to suppress it.
=hate, hatred, dislike, antipathy, repugnance, detestation, abhorrence, disgust, aversion (formal), revulsion, animus, animosity, hostility
antonym: love
Skull Shining Breath
Kapalabhati
the Bihar school refer to the breathing practice of Kapalabhati as “frontal brain purification” due to the rejuvenating effects of it has on this area of the brain.
kapal meaning ‘skull’, and bhati meaning ‘shining, illuminating’.
to prove that a statement or idea is not correct
refute
For some lineages of organism, fossils abound (be plentiful) and we can arrange a continuous series of fossil skeletons to show how they evolved step by step. For other lineages, however, the series of fossils is not so continuous. Creationists think that this is enough to refute the theory of Evolution
the Sanskrit word for “goddess”
devi
Hinduism is generally viewed as having originated with the Aryans, but it is far more accurately described as an amalgam of pre-Aryan and Aryan elements. For instance, image-worship, which predominates in popular Hinduism, finds almost no mention in the Vedas. Shiva, the all-important god besides Vishnu, is almost certainly a non-Aryan god (absent in the Vedas) who eventually made his way into the Hindu pantheon. The innumerable mother goddesses (devis) who spangle Hinduism are also non-Aryan.
something that is used as a model for another thing
template
Religion met many of the needs of early people and provided templates by which they could organize their lives—through rites, rituals, and taboos.
careful and complete examination and inspection
scrutiny
The entire Tech industry is under a new level of scrutiny.
=examination, inspection, study, analysis, search, inquiry
a rare black arboreal chimpanzee. Native to: West Africa, south of the Congo River.
Latin name: Pan paniscus
Bonobo (Pygmy Chimpanzee)
species of chimpanzee found only in a small region of thick jungle in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in central Africa. First identified in 1929, bonobos differ from their hot-tempered chimpanzee cousins in that they are less aggressive, more amicable, and enjoy a notably peaceful way of life.
the first of the Nazi concentration camps opened in 1933, which was initially intended to hold political prisoners.
Dachau concentration camp
located northwest of Munich, its opening by Heinrich Himmler,
abdomen
abdomen
The correct way to breathe effectively is using the diaphragm, a muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.
resulting from strong feelings rather than careful thought
visceral
We’ve seen a strong visceral reaction to the flag-burning issue.
visceral fear/
=instinctual, intuitive, instinctive, primitive, animal, primeval, gut
antonym: reasoned
rescuer: somebody who rescues somebody or something from harm or danger
saviour
out of the ashes of World War one, Germany is crying out for a saviour
military operation of World War II (1939-1945) that lasted from June to December 1941 in a bid by Nazi Germany’s forces to conquer the European territory of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
Operation Barbarossa
to be very closely related to something
be tied up (with sth)
Early humans made sculptures and cave paintings of human figures. As civilizations grew, people began to study the world around them and their own bodies more closely, but care for the sick and injured was tied up with myths, superstition, and a belief that gods or demons sent illnesses.
= be linked to
whose diet is similar to the lacto-vegetarian with the exclusion of dairy, honey, and any use of other animal products (such as leather).
Vegan
(or total vegetarian)
an inverted asana in modern yoga; it was described as both an asana and a mudra in classical hatha yoga.
Sirsasana
also (Salamba Shirshasana) or ( Yoga Headstand)
The name Salamba Śīrṣāsana comes from the Sanskrit words षलम्ब Salamba meaning “supported”, शीर्ष, Śīrṣa meaning “head”,[2]and आसन, Āsana meaning “posture” or “seat”.
to do something difficult in a brave and determined way / idioms
grab (take) the bull by the horns
Why don’t you take the bull by the horns and tell him to leave?
skilled at controlling people and situations/
done in a very skilful and clever way
masterful
a substance that has a pleasant smell when you burn it
incense
a church filled with the smell of incense
lighted incense sticks
a diagonal line is straight and joins two opposite corners of a flat shape, usually a square
diagonal
bishop (chess game) just can move diagonal
Having been reborn in another body
reincarnated
Most religions address the central human concern of death with the promise of some kind of ontinued existence, or afterlife. In eastern traditions, such as Hinduism, the soul is believed to be reincarnated after death in a new physical form, while other faiths hold that the soul is judged after death and resides in
a nonphysical heaven or hell.
around 2,800 years ago, people started to change how they thought about their world. Instead of looking for answers in stories of gods and heroes they looked for explanations using their ability to reason. Some scholars have called this important period the…
Axial Age
(also Axis Age, from German: Achsenzeit) is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers in the sense of a “pivotal age”, characterizing the period of ancient history from about the 8th to the 3rd century BCE.
a raised figure or symbol that shows how many times a quantity must be multiplied by itself, for example the figure 4 in a4
exponent
to dislike somebody/something very much
loathe
I loathe modern art.
They loathe each other.
=hate, dislike, detest, can’t stand, can’t bear, despise, abhor (formal), abominate (formal), scorn, disdain
antonym: adore
The tongue recognizes …..tastes, and the nasal fossas contain cells that have more than 200 million
filaments, called cilia, which are capable of detecting thousands of odors.
-four (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter)
to make something less painful, severe, or serious
alleviate/əˈliːvieɪt/
Another food compound, omega-3 fatty acids (a fatty acid found in oily sea fish) can alleviate or prevent high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, clogged arteries, and heart attacks.
the study of the architecture of the brain and how that architecture relates to how we exprience the world, specifically our thoughts and the resulting behaviour.
neuropsychology
Neuropsychology has successfully mapped certain processes onto specific brain areas. From facial recognition to empathy, neuropsychology can now place specific processes and brain functions precisely at specific locations on the neural landscape.
the fact of stoping external breathing
apnea
(or apnoea )Poor sleep quality may lead to weight gain over time. Sleep apnea may lead to daytime sleepiness and make it much harder for an individual to begin or sustain an exercise program.
one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is acquired and used unconsciously, and can affect thoughts and behaviours. One of its most common forms is procedural memory, which helps people performing certain tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.
implicit memory
habits that don’t require consious thought, like how to ride a bike
DNA stands for:
deoxyribonucleic acid
“de- (expressing reduction)”,
“oxy: representing oxygen”,
ribose: “a kind of sugar produced by the body”,
nucleus: “inner part”
Acid: acere: “sour taste”.
relating to or associated with eating or the sense of taste
gustatory /ˈgə-stə-ˌtȯr-ē
The first three years of a child are crucial. When
neurons receive visual, auditory, or gustatory stimuli,
they send messages that generate new physical
connections with neighboring cells.
Latin gustatus “sense of taste; a taste”
the length of time that someone is likely to live
Life expectancy
As a nation, we’re getting more obese every day, many of our children are obese, and our life expectancies are much shorter because of it, despite trying many types of diets, eating less, and moving more.
to eat something quickly and often noisily
gobble
also “gobble down” or “gobble up”
Have you ever been frustrated, angry, or bored, and just grabbed whatever was in your kitchen cupboard or workplace snack room and gobbled it up?
a medical condition in which your bones become more likely to break. It often affects older people, especially women.
Osteoporosis /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs/
yogurt is rich in calcium to strengthen bones and reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
a Cuban revolutionary and politician who served as Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and President from 1976 to 2008.
Fidel Castro (1926-2016)
Ideologically a Marxist–Leninist and Cuban nationalist, he also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011.
the first major known monotheistic religion
Zoroastrianism
one of the most important holy books of the Hindu religion,
Bhagavad-Gita
Sanskrit: भगवद्गीता, lit. “The Song of God”) often referred to as the Gita,
is a 700-verse Sanskrit scripture that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata (chapters 23–40 of Bhishma Parva).
بهاگاواد گیتا
a technique that helps you gain control over your eating habits.
MINDFUL EATING
Mindful eating is one way to slow down. It is about being aware of what is on one’s mind when one is eating
completely without something
devoid (of something )
All of our soils that are under chemical conventional agriculture are almost completely devoid of microorganisms.
=empty, barren, without, bereft, lacking, wanting
antonym: full
Every cell has a control center, called …, which contains ….chromosomes. These long threads contain coded instructions, called genes, which are needed for building our cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
nucleus
46
a serious mental illness that can change your character and make you unable to behave in a normal way
psychosis
Marijuana has been engineered to become much more potent. Today, marijuana is so potent, that is actually is a strong drug that may cause psychosis.
It is described as a psychosis, which is characterised by a distortion in the person’s perception of reality.
This was the Nazis’ secret police force.
Gestapo
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various security police agencies of Prussia into one organisation.
Its job was to monitor the German population for signs of opposition or resistance to Nazi rule. It was greatly helped by ordinary German people informing on their fellow citizens.
(of plants or hair) growing thickly and strongly in a way that is attractive
luxuriant
Persia is a land of great contrasts: a land of deserts and jungle, of snowy mountains and luxuriant valleys; a place where apples and date palms grow within miles of each other; a land of oil wells and nomads.
=lush, flourishing, thriving, fertile, rich, dense, verdant
antonym: sparse
to be similar to someone or something, especially in appearance
resemble/rɪˈzembəl/
As we briefly discuss these principles, you should begin to see how the body resembles a complex machine.
to spend the whole day, instead of just part of it, doing something enjoyable
make a day of it
Why don’t we make a day of it and stop for lunch on the way?
relating to the stomach and the intestines
gastrointestinal system
To step on some slippery thing or some substance and lose one’s balance as a result.
slip on
I walked into a restroom at my office building, but i slipped on an oily substance, and hit the back of my head and that give me retrograde amnesia which means everything autobiographical and historical in my life were completely erased. just like you hit a delet button on a computer.
the point in your eye where the nerve enters, which is not sensitive to light
blind spot
Italian-born Spanish navigator who sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean in search of a route to Asia but achieved fame by making landfall in the Americas instead.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
Columbus was not the first European to reach the Americas—Vikings from Scandinavia had briefly settled on the North American coast, in what is now Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in the late 10th or early 11th century. However, Columbus’s explorations had a profound impact on the world. They led directly to the opening of the western hemisphere to European colonization; to large-scale exchanges of plants, animals, cultures, and ideas between the two worlds; and, on a darker note, to the deaths of millions of indigenous American peoples from war, forced labor, and disease. (Encarta 2009)
the angel of death in the Jewish and Islamic religions.
Azrael
He watches over the dying, separates the soul from the body, and receives the spirits of the dead. The name Azrael is an adaptation of a Hebrew form meaning ‘God has helped.’
Hindu cycle of death and rebirth
Samsara
inspired by the cycles of renewal in the natural enviroment, people had to come to believe we were part of endless cycle of Birth, death and rebirth known as samsara
to step heavily on somebody/something so that you damage or harm them/it with your feet
trample
a simple story with a moral or religious purpose, especially one told by Jesus Christ
parable /ˈpærəb(ə)l/
Another aspect of most religions is the mythology, or narrative, that accompanies it. This can be a simple oral tradition of stories, or a more sophisticated set of scriptures, but often includes a creation story and a history of the gods, saints, or prophets, with parables that illustrate and reinforce the beliefs of the religion.
a move in the game of chess involving a player’s king and either of the player’s original rooks.
Castling
Castling is a special move to protect your king and activate your rook. It’s the only time in chess you can move two pieces in one move. The king moves two squares to the right or left and the rook moves directly to the other side of the king. You can only castle if neither the rook or king have moved and there are no pieces in the way. You can also not castle when in check, into check or through check.
حرکت قلعه
Decline sit-up bench
to understand something that is complicated or difficult
comprehend
Henry could not comprehend the message.
=understand, know, realize, grasp, get (informal), figure out, have a handle on, follow, twig (UK, informal)
taking account of or including small but important differences
nuanced /ˈnjuːˌɒnst/
You are ultimately in control of your destiny. Sure. But also, it’s important to understand the context of your past. This will make you a more nuanced, empathetic, and therefore interesting human being.
to laugh at somebody/something in an unkind way, especially by copying what they say or do
mock
“Do you mock me on the Bible?” Capitan FitzRoy asked Charles Darwin.
=ridicule, tease, make fun of, laugh at, poke fun at, scorn, scoff at, deride, taunt, jeer at, burlesque, lampoon, send up (informal)
antonym: praise
is a concept in Hinduism that says the universe is where the gods play.
Lila
or Leela
Clara believes that much of the spiritual practice is about ‘Lila’, cosmic play. It is believed that the universe was created from Lila. When we play, we open ourselves to what is happening presently without focusing on the outcome. It is less about the goal and more about the evolution.
(Sanskrit: लीला,
one of the three main gods in the Hindu religion. He is seen as both ‘the Destroyer’ and ‘the Creator’ of the universe
Shiva (Siva)
Sanskrit: शिव
also known as Mahadeva ( lit. the greatest god)
Brahma: the god of creation
Vishnu: ‘the Preserver’ and is known for his many avatars
chief gods of the trinity Brahma-Vishnu-Siva in post-Vedic Hindu religion
willing to take risks or to do something that shocks people
audacious
George Orwel once wrote: “No one ever seize power with the intention of relinquishing it.” Human history suggests that this is certainly true. but some people have been much more successful seizing control others. and their audacius power grabs have shaped the modern world. (How to stage a coup” documentary)
=bold, daring, or fearless
never, whatever the situation is or might be.
under (or in) no circumstances
a small hole or space in something
/ the small hole at the front of a camera, which can be made larger or smaller to let more or less light in when you take a photograph
aperture /ˈapərˌCHə
Modern cameras are designed on the same basic principles as our eye, but they have never been able to equal the visual power of the eye. The focus and the automatic aperture of the human eye are perfect.
one of the three main gods in the Hindu religion. He is ‘the Preserver’ and is known for his many avatars (=different forms in which a god can actually be seen), the most important of which is Krishna.
vishnu
Sanskrit: विष्णु,
Brahma: the god of creation
Shiva: both ‘the Destroyer’ and ‘the Creator’ of the universe
capable of being domesticated
domesticable \ -tə̇kəbəl\
In addition to agricultural advantages, the fertile crescent also had an abundance of domesticable animals. These animals had to be large enough to be calorically viable for their meat and milk (read: not rats or rabbits), they had to reproduce quickly (not Elephants), and they most importantly could NOT be temperamentally dangerous (tigers, bears, etc.), and preferably are social pack animals (like horses, cows, pigs, goats, and sheep). Of the 14 species in the world that fit this description, 13 are native to the fertile crescent. This abundance of riches was further reason why the cultures that spread out of the fertile crescent have been historically successful at empire building.
quote: ego is just…
Ego is just an overdressed insecurity. Quincy Jones music producer
a chemical used for killing weeds (=plants that are not wanted)
herbicide
A commitment to organic agriculture also supports environmental health on all levels by avoiding the use of pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers.
used to emphasize that there is only one of something
solitary
The earth has a solitary moon.
=lone, sole, individual, single, solo, unaccompanied
an Israeli spy. He is best known for his espionage work in 1961–65 in Syria, where he developed close relationships with the Syrian political and military hierarchy, and became the chief adviser to the Minister of Defense.
Eli Cohen (1924-1965)
a strong metal made from a mixture of iron and carbon
steel/stiːl/
Rather than searching for food—they instead began to “play in the dirt” as professor Diamond explains. This led to the mastery of copper, iron, and then steel—which led to armor, swords, war machines, modern construction, and technological advancements the likes of which the rest of the world was not accustomed to. These technological advantages, again, were not due to a superior IQ, but rather were caused by the geographic luck which allowed the fertile crescents’ descendants to have more time inventing.
any animal that eats meat
carnivore
herbivores eat plants, Carnivours eat herbivores./
Carnivore, general term for any animal that subsists mainly on the flesh of other animals.
=flesh-eater, meat-eater, predator, scavenger, omnivore, insectivore, fish-eater, raptor
car·niv·o·rous
Latin carnivorus “meat-eating” < carn- “flesh”]
a position in which you turn your body upside down, with your head and hands on the floor and your legs and feet in the air
the father of modern yoga
Tirumalai Krishnamacharya
Born: November 18, 1888
Died: February 28, 1989 (aged 100)
to accustom (a young child or animal) to take food otherwise than by nursing
wean
Kwashiorkor results from a lack of protein in the diet, usually occurring in young children after weaning.
so nervous or upset that you are unable to keep still or think calmly
agitated
Franco observed the male patron and recognized that the patron had signs of gambling issues and overheard him state that this place was bad and was very upset/agitated.
=nervous, restless, disturbed, disconcerted, frantic, tense, stressed, distressed, troubled, unquiet, unsettled, anxious, worked up (informal), excited, twitchy
antonym: calm
(of a place) extremely dirty and unpleasant, especially as a result of poverty or neglect.
squalid
“the squalid, overcrowded prison”
squalid condition …
feeling slightly sick and unable to balance, because everything seems to be moving
giddy
= dizzy
either lateral half of the nasal cavity
nasal fossa
The tongue recognizes four tastes (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter), and the nasal fossas contain cells that have more than 200 million filaments, called cilia, which are capable of detecting thousands of odors.
typical of or used by people who belong to a high social class / attractive, expensive
posh
I got a little more conservative or posh /
They live in the posh part of town.
=posh
upper-class, well-to-do, genteel, aristocratic
antonym: common
to eat or drink something quickly
gulp down
Many individuals eat mindlessly, gulping down food while they are in front of a television, working at their desks, or while they are driving in a car.
money that is paid to somebody so that they will set free a person who is being kept as a prisoner by them
ransom
The kidnappers demanded a ransom of £50 000 from his family.
a ransom demand/note
ransom money
They are refusing to pay ransom for her release.
They stole cattle for ransom.
=payment, payoff, money, sum, deal, exchange, redemption
to put several things, problems etc in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important ones first
prioritize
You need to prioritize your tasks.
the fact that something happens by chance, usually something good
happenstance /ˈhæpənˌstæns/
Further evidence to our original point, the fact that Europeans had guns and the Zulus of Africa did not, was not a consequence of cultural or intellectual differences, it was due to geographical happenstance.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel , Jared Diamond)
Human origins
Human beings are all related. We belong to the species ….. and are …… of the first modern humans, who lived in Africa ….. years ago and migrated across the globe.
Homo sapiens
descendants
160,000
a substance or ingredient that promotes growth, provides energy, and maintains life
nutrient
A nutrient is a compound that provides a needed function in the body.
ماده مغذی
A place where Hindus live together, away from other people
ashram
Sanskrit: आश्रम,’to toil’)
A person with a lean and delicate build of body
ectomorph:
Lean and long, with difficulty building muscle.
(Ecto, a prefix from Greek έκτός (ektós) meaning “outside”) AND (-moroh: Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ, “form, shape”).
mesomorph: Muscular and well-built, with a high metabolism and responsive muscle cells.
endomorph: Big, high body fat, often pear-shaped, with a high tendency to store body fat.
the cells in the retina that respond to light.
photoreceptor
The retina is covered with receivers, called photoreceptors, which convert light into neural signals.
a type of massage in which a person’s hands or feet are rubbed and pressed in order to make other parts of their body more healthy or to help them to relax
reflexology /ˌriːflekˈsɒlədʒi/
naturopaths may sometimes help their clients by using hands-on modalities such as reflexology or acupressure.
HIV stands for
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
There are nearly 40 millions people worldwide infected with HIV, about the population of Canada. Africa has suffered the most, with nearly one in every 25 adult living with HIV.
coarse fabric, typically made of jute fiber and used especially for sacks.
gunny
in Vedas, the sun god;
Surya
Surya (Sanskrit: सूर्य) is a Sanskrit word that means the Sun. Synonyms of Surya in ancient Indian literature include Aditya, Arka, Bhanu, Savitr, Pushan, Ravi, Martanda, Mitra and Vivasvan.//
The oldest literature attributed to the Aryans, known as the Vedas, furnishes a relatively clear picture of their Gods, associated largely with different aspects of nature. Chief among them were Indra, the god of rain and thunder; Surya, the sun god; Varuna, the god of wind; and Agni, the fire god.
reveal secret information unintentionally or indiscreetly.
spill the beans
a plant with small blue flowers that is grown for the fibres in its stem and the oil in its seeds
flax
Flaxseed is also a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, as are walnuts, dark green leafy vegetables, soybeans, algae, and hemp seeds.
is an Indian yogi, mystic, and author. He founded the Isha Foundation, a non-profit organization which offers Yoga programs around the world and is involved in social outreach, education and environmental initiatives.
Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev (September 3, 1957 (age 61 years), Mysore, India)
deep meditative state
in Buddhism and Hinduism, a state of intense meditation believed to lead to spiritual enlightenment
samadhi
Sanskrit samadhi-, literally “a putting or joining together,
unreasonably anxious or afraid
neurotic
including all the bad or unpleasant features of somebody/something … (idioms)
warts and all
The documentary shows the life of a fashion model, warts and all.
She still loves him, warts and all.
(wart زگیل)
If you refer to someone as a ….., you mean that they make secret plans in order to get some benefit for themselves.
Schemer
Many ppl view crows as schemer, a scavenger and a dreaded omen of death
invigoration
invigoration
An encyclopedia of medicine in five books compiled by Persian physician-philosopher Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and completed in 1025.
The Canon of Medicine
The English title “The Canon of Medicine” is a translation of the Arabic title القانون في الطب
It presents an overview of the contemporary medical knowledge of the medieval Islamic world, which had been influenced by earlier traditions including Greco-Roman medicine (particularly Galen),[2] Persian medicine, Chinese medicine and Indian medicine.
a movement in which you put your hands on the ground and your legs in the air
handstand
• A man doing a handstand in the town centre
(in yoga) latent female energy believed to lie coiled at the base of the spine.
kundalini
(Sanskrit: कुण्डलिनी kuṇḍalinī, “coiled one”),means “circular”, Sanskrit, literally “snake”
a spiral structure in the inner ear that looks like a snail shell and contains tiny hair cells whose movement is interpreted by the brain as sound
cochlea
sounds starts as air vibration, which then move our eardrums and the little bones (Ossicles) and then finally fluid in the cochlea and that trigers hair cells to fire.
a situation in which there is a balance between different forces or aspects
equilibrium/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm/
Feeling anger and guilt at our illness interferes with trying to achieve our new equilibrium.
relating to the Stone Age (=the period of time thousands of years ago when people used stone tools and weapons)
Paleolithic
(or Palaeolithic)
For Palaeolithic people—and indeed for much of human history—religion provided a way of
understanding and influencing powerful natural phenomena
“The Paleolithic is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers 99% of human technological prehistory. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene 11,650 cal BP.
a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
type-2 diabetes
brain anatomy:
it is a hub of higher cognitive function- including planning, dicriminating, abstract thinking, personality and behaviour.
frontal lobe
the Bihar school refer to the breathing practice of Kapalabhati as “frontal brain purification” due to the rejuvenating effects of it has on this area of the brain.
a badge or sign that shows what official or military rank someone has, or which group or organization they belong to
insignia
after WWII Hermann Goring returned to Munich and he is attacked by thugs (socialist gangs) who try to rip the military insignia from his uniform
a person or thing is respected because of their great age, experience etc – often used humorously
venerable
Part 1 of the book is an introduction and more, filling you in on why the ancient and venerable system of living called yoga is so relevant to our modern Western world.
- venerable financial institutions
- the venerable guitarist Pat Martino
- a venerable tradition
=respected, august (formal), esteemed, honored, revered, admired
antonym: disreputable
(vulnerable=defenseless)
a German anti-Semitic volkisch poet, playwright, journalist, publicist, and political activist who was one of the founders of the German Workers’ Party, the predecessor to the Nazi Party
Dietrich Eckart (1868 – 1923)
Eckart was Hitler’s mentor, he dresses Hitler up to look respectable.
Ultimately, the reason certain cultures spread
and others did not comes down to geography.
secret knowledge or a secret skill that will give you an advantage
/idiom
Ace up your sleeve
He knows fully well, like any good negotiator, that he has got the ace up his sleeve
Paul Joseph Goebbels was a German Nazi politician and Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945.
Joseph Goebbles
He was one of Adolf Hitler’s closest and most devoted associates, and was known for his skills in public speaking and his deeply virulent antisemitism, which was evident in his publicly voiced views. he has complete control of the propaganda against the Jews.
not harsh: showing tolerance or mercy in dealing with crime or misbehavior
lenient
OPP: severe
the area of the brain that specializes in high-level decision-making
cortex
Harvard neuroscientist Sara Lazar has shown that long-term meditators have a thicker cortex—the area of the brain that specializes in high-level decision-making. This wrinkled outer layer of the brain is made up of neurons, which are information-processing cells.
It has been well established that the cortex in general shrinks with age; however, Lazar found that the effect of regular meditation on the cortex was so profound that fifty year-old meditators had a prefrontal cortex that looked like that of a twenty-five-year-old.
a person who habitually puts off doing things
procrastinator
Procrastinators tend to buy self-help books about procrastination, then take them home, put them on a shelf, and never read them.(Rewire by Richard O’Connor)
depress: to discourage or dishearten somebody
dispirit
the army was dispirited by the uncomfortable winter conditions
a chemical in the body that helps carry messages from the brain and is believed to make you feel happy
serotonin \ ˌsir-ə-ˈtō-nən
There is a theory that people with anxiety have too little serotonin, the same imbalance claim is responsible for depression.
Bright light stimulates the release of serotonin, the hormone that wakes you up and helps the brain reduce levels of melatonin, the sleep hormone.
THe LSD molecules is shaped a lot like serotonin
Formula: C10H12N2O
a substance that is in foods such as sugar, bread, and potatoes, which provides your body with heat and energy and which consists of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon
carbohydrates
The name carbohydrate means “hydrated carbon”, or carbon with water. Thus, it isn’t a surprise that carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
SYN starch
to rise and float in the air by magic, or to make someone or something do this
levitate
- Followers claim that she has levitated frequently during prayer.
- He made himself levitate over the capital.
=rise up, ascend, drift up, soar, fly up, float, take off
antonym: sink
a question that is deliberately very confusing and has a humorous or clever answer
riddle
Consciousness is perhaps the biggest riddle in nature
=puzzle, conundrum, question, mystery, enigma, brainteaser, challenge
to explain something to a woman in a condescending way that assumes she has no knowledge about the topic
mansplain
مرضیح (مرد توضیح): توضیحی که مردان به واسطه مرد بودن و با دید بالا به پایین اغلب به زنان توصیه می کنند.
NOT SATISFACTORY, very bad or unacceptable
sad
I eat avocado like an apple, my trigger was a sad cholesterol level
norepinephrine
norepinephrine
(also called noradrenaline)
During sleep we have much lower levels of norepinephrine, That’s the chemical messanger that causes us to feel awake and alert. And in the brain, it helps us to form memories.
to wait somewhere quietly and secretly, usually because you are going to do something wrong
lurk
In the autumn of 1919, at a German workers party meeting, a spy lurks in the crowd. He’s been sent by the German army to report on proceedings. but the young man finds the anti-communist and anti-semmitic opinions chiming strongly with his own. he stops taking notes and starts addressing the crowd. and everyone’s impressed by this man. His name was Adolf Hitler.
your nerves, brain, and spinal cord, with which your body feels pain, heat etc and your movements are controlled
nervous system
The nervous system is the most intricate of all the body’s systems. every second of every day, gathering information about the organism and its surroundings and issuing instructions so that the organism can react. It is this computer that permits us to think and remember and that makes us who we are.
to gradually affect or cover a larger area
spread
the reason certain cultures spread and others did not comes down to geography. In particular, modern civilization requires an abundance of resources. Namely, the right climate and local vegetation to produce an abundance of crops.
Psychology
when you do something that’s sure to cause self-harm, whether it’s emotional or physical.
self-destructive behavior
most self-destructive behavior is the result of the fact that we have two minds that don’t communicate very well.
OPP: self-constructive behavior
to make something much clearer and easier to understand
also: Light up.
illuminate
‘a flash of lightning illuminated the house’
‘a most illuminating discussion’
=clarify, enlighten, elucidate (formal), put in the picture, explain, inform, clear up, illustrate
antonym: confuse
a type of long gun used by soldiers before the invention of the rifle
musket /ˈmʌskɪt/
Did you know that one slave from a Spanish ship wiped out 50% of the Aztec Empire (including its leader), simply by introducing small pox? In fact, 95% of indigenous populations were killed not from European swords or muskets, but instead by the hands of their germs.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond)
in Vedas, the god of fire
Agni
The oldest literature attributed to the Aryans, known as the Vedas, furnishes a relatively clear picture of their Gods, associated largely with different aspects of nature. Chief among them were Indra, the god of rain and thunder; Surya, the sun god; Varuna, the god of wind; and Agni, the fire god.//
Agni (Sanskrit: अग्नि) is a Sanskrit word meaning fire, and connotes the Vedic fire god of Hinduism. He is also the guardian deity of the southeast direction, and is typically found in southeast corners of Hindu temple.
genetically modified food
Frankenfood
Avoid genetically modified organisms (“Frankenfoods”) that are known to promote allergy problems.
ready to, on the verge of, close to or near to do something,
/ idioms
about to
- I think she is about to make a big decision.
- He is about to leave for London.
- I got a notice in the mail that my driver’s license is about to expire, so I’m going to get it renewed at the motor vehicle branch this afternoon.
- The plane is about to take off.
a German philosopher who is widely regarded as one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. He is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism.
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)
a serious disease in which your skin becomes covered in spots that can leave permanent marks
Smallpox
Did you know that one slave from a Spanish ship wiped out 50% of the Aztec Empire (including its leader), simply by introducing small pox? In fact, 95% of indigenous populations were killed not from European swords or muskets, but instead by the hands of their germs.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond)
Smallpox is a contagious and virulent disease caused by the variola virus.
آبله
a heavy colorless odorless atmospheric gas and It is present in the Earth’s atmosphere at a low concentration and acts as a greenhouse gas. In its solid state, it is called dry ice.
Carbon dioxide = CO2
THe primary geneation sources, which are coal, natural gas and liquid gasoline, when you burn them, they are releasing CO2 in the air, and that clearly is causing heating and that heating is changing the world before our eyes
“Yoga is the journey of the self,… .
… through the self, to the self.”
— EXCERPT FROM BHAGAVAD GITA
too fat, in a way that is dangerous for your health
obese
Obesity in the United States is at epidemic levels. As of 2015, more than 35% of U. S. men and women were obese. Those adults over age 60 were more likely to be obese than younger adults.
express something in words
state
The theory of evolution states that species can change. One species can give rise to another.
=declare, testify, express
…….. things go well together, although they are usually different
complementary
For most scientists, studies of the natural world involve the
complementary processes of observation and experimentation. Observation is the act of viewing the world around us. Experimentation is a disciplined and controlled way of asking and answering questions about the world in an unbiased manner. (biology: how life works)
=balancing, opposite, matching, corresponding
antonym: clashing
Cuba’s fight for freedom is forever linked with the name … .
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (1819-1874)
Céspedes was a Cuban revolutionary hero. Cespedes, who was a plantation owner in Cuba, freed his slaves and made the declaration of Cuban independence in 1868 which started the Ten Years’ War, which ultimately led to Cuban independence.
_declared Cuba independent in 1868
Without Vitamin K your blood doesn’t …. and a nosebleed could mean life or death.
clot
cause suffering
inflict
Terrorsits hope to inflict even more damage to New York City after attcking London Subway in 2005.
without justification and with no concern for the consequences
mindlessly
Because many foods today are eaten mindlessly, are often high in sugar, salt, and fat and may contain GMOs, hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and heavy metals, the human body can easily become stressed, resulting in compromised health.
following the generally accepted rules of something
canonical /kəˈnɒnɪk(ə)l/
In many religions, alongside this narrative, is a more sophisticated and systematic element, which
explains the philosophy and doctrine of the religion, and lays out its distinctive theology. Some of these ancillary texts have themselves acquired canonical status.
Hannah Arendt’s first major work, wherein she describes and analyzes Nazism and Stalinism as the major totalitarian political movements of the first half of the 20th century.
The Origins of Totalitarianism(1951)
The book is regularly listed as one of the best non-fiction books of the 20th century.
over-confident: arrogantly confident and sure of yourself (informal)
cocky
He’s a cocky little man and I don’t like him.
doing and thinking as others; /following of standard
conformity
We are all unique individuals. We follow the beat of our own drum. We wouldn’t throw our own beliefs out the window just to fit in…or would we? In this episode of Mind Field, I demonstrate the strong, human urge to conform, and just how far people will go to fall in with the crowd.
همرنگ جماعت شدن
go beyond limit
transcend
The idea here (Transcendental Meditation) is to repeat a mantra, a word or sound, until you transcend thoughts entirely.
=rise above, go beyond, exceed, go above, excel, surpass, outdo
a disease that gradually gets worse
degenerative
Americans suffer from more degenerative lifestyle-related ailments (such as heart disease, some forms of cancer, diabetes, and stroke), causing many health-care providers to suggest a link between what people eat and how they feel.
(of a cell, gland, or organ) produce and discharge (a substance).
secrete \ si-ˈkrēt
relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.
to give something to someone and get something in return
SYN exchange
swap
You’ll examine various topics, such as the impact of obesity on health, how to improve health by swapping processed sugar for other sweeteners, and the health benefits of probiotics and herbs.
Do you want to swap seats?
a strong substance that can bend, which is around the joints in your body and in your outer ear
cartilage / ˈkɑːrtəlɪdʒ/
thanks to the dynamic structure of bones
and cartilage, the body is maintained in
perfect balance
غضروف
producing a great deal of profit.
lucrative /ˈluːkrətɪv/
the fitness industry, which is certainly one of the most lucrative industries in the world today.
something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand
phenomenon
There is no simple definition of the concept of religion that fully articulates all its dimensions. Encompassing spiritual, personal, and social elements, this phenomenon is however, ubiquitous, appearing in every culture from prehistory to the modern day.
What does Marco’s answer to the Khan about women and wine mean?
“The true sweetness of wine is one flavor”.
This means that while there may be many different flavors of wine in the world, they all taste good and all get you intoxicated.
In other words he finds women everywhere desirable.
(CHESS)
a position counting as a draw, in which a player is not in check but cannot move except into check.
Stalemate
Stalemate is a situation in the game of chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move. The rules of chess provide that when stalemate occurs, the game ends as a draw.
synergistic
the Nazi’s chief of military intelligence for the eastern front
Major General Reinhard Gehlen
on may 22nd 1945, turned himself over to the Americans, as haed of intelligence for the eastern front, he gathered crucial information about Russia
to switch to a different route
reroute
Vsauce; Would you reroute a train to run over one person to prevent it from running over five others? In the classic “Trolley Problem” survey, most people say they would. But I wanted to test what people would actually do in a real-life situation. In the world’s first realistic simulation of this controversial moral dilemma, unsuspecting subjects will be forced to make what they believe is a life-or-death decision.
if you……….part of your face, or if it ……, you move it so that small lines appear on it
crinkle /ˈkrɪŋk(ə)l/
Real smiles crinkle the eyes.
Genuine smiles reach the eyes, crinkling the skin to create crow’s feet around them. People often smile to hide what they’re really thinking and feeling, so the next time you want to know if someone’s smile is genuine, look for crinkles at the corners of their eyes. If they aren’t there, that smile could be hiding something.
a substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure; a gas or (especially) a liquid.
fluid
we all need several glasses of fluid a day
Proteins control fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance in the body.
the state or quality of being better, more powerful, greater, etc. than others
superiority
In any group of people such as a society, community, county, or region, where there are shared similarities, there are typically superior and inferior parties. The superiority or inferiority is often determined by what the group of people defines to be the criteria for the same./ the superiority of this operating system.
=advantage, dominance, lead, power, preeminence, control, authority, supremacy, ascendancy, predominance, upper hand
antonym: inferiority
someone who works very hard and very carefully
diligent /ˈdɪlɪdʒ(ə)nt/
It will be a busy evening tonight so please be extra diligent at the podiums. Check all identifications for persons who appear under 30.
the form of sugar that is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beet
sucrose
Sucrose is common sugar. It is a disaccharide. a molecule composed of two monosaccharides: glucose and fructose. Sucrose is produced naturally in plants, from which table sugar is refined.
Formula: C12H22O11
from French sucre ‘sugar’ + -ose.
a snake, especially a large one
serpent
His tongue is a deadly poisonous serpent.
Sanskrit sarpati “creeps,” sarpah “serpent;” Greek herpein “to creep,” herpeton”serpent;”
when a person has symptoms due to a decreased ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products
Lactose intolerance
Worldwide about %65 of the population do not have the enzyme after enfancy, which means they are not able to digest more than about 150 milliliter each day. This Lactose intolerance is not spread evenly around the world, though. In some east asian communities, for example It’s up to 90%. In northern Europe and North America, the rates are the lowest overall.
… behaviour is very difficult to stop or control, and is often a result of or a sign of a mental problem
compulsive
compulsive gambling/overeating/spending etc
Compulsive overspending in these days of credit cards has become more common.
=obsessive, neurotic, habitual, irrational, uncontrollable, driven
The skeleton consists of …. separate bones,
which differ in form, size, and name.
206
very bad: causing dismay
appalling
Now we all know, that the US government and the CIA supported the Contras and their efforts to overthrow ths Sandinista government in Nicaragua in the middle-‘80s. Now it is alleged the CIA also helped the contras raise money for arms by introducing crack-cocain into California. It is an appaling charge.
(John Deutch, CIA director) (from documentary: Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy(2021)
=horrifying, shocking, disgusting, upsetting, sickening, outrageous, scandalous, distressing
antonym: appealing
To extend or stretch to or in the direction of someone or something in a higher position. I reached up to Jake so I could grab the hammer from him.
reach up to (someone or something)
too eager about something you believe in strongly
overzealous
“ Memory is often the overzealous secretary who assists in this process by hiding or destroying files that harbor unwanted information,” like Nixon’s secretary and the infamous eighteen-minute gap in the White House tapes.
to discover something/somebody unexpectedly
stumble upon (across/on)
if you are unhappy with your life, you are not going to accidentally stumble upon the answer. you have to take responsibility for solving your problems.
= come across, come by, stumble across, meet, find, encounter, happen upon, come upon, fall upon, stumble upon, strike, get, obtain, acquire, luck into
antonym: lose
to flow out forcefully
spew
a volcano spewing ash
=pour out, pour forth, gush, flow, stream, spill
antonym: dribble
Sanskrit term which literally means “mind chatter,” or “monkey mind,”
Chitta Vritti
Chitta, or citta, comes from the root “cit,” to be conscious, and “vritti” generally translates “whirl” or “fluctuation” in any area.But when it comes to chitta vritti as a yogic term, the translation is usually something along the lines of “mind fluctuations,” “mind chatter,” or “monkey mind.”
to run very fast for a short distance
sprint
sprint along/across/up etc
Marco sprinted up the steps.
=dash, race, run, 100 meters, cycle race
to deal with a difficult situation
confront
It takes courage to confront your fears.
Many believe that some races, cultures, or nationalities are “superior” to others, and use an unnuanced approach to history to justify these claims. This book confronts those beliefs head on.
the development of new Neurons
neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is crucial when an embryo is developing, but also continues in certain brain regions after birth and throughout our lifespan
suddenly and unexpectedly
abruptly
Dinosaurs evolved about 240 million years ago and disappeared abruptly 66 million years ago, along with many other species of plants, animals, and microscopic organisms.(Biology: How Life Works)
become involved in situation
intervene
{Latell} Castro told Khrushchev: “If the Americans intervene, if they do an intervenation in Cuba, you should not wait for them to attack you, As soon as they intervene in Cuba, you should unleash entire Soviet necular arsenal against American targets.” -Apocalypse. (Cuba; the Libre story) episode 6
-The army will have to intervene to prevent further fighting.
=interfere, arbitrate, mediate, intercede, get involved, intrude, interpose
مداخله کردن
Daniel Kahneman, the Nobel Prize–winning developer of behavioral economics, calls this …….. and refers to it as lazy because it’s habitual and not creative.
system 1 thinking
simple and affordable technology to manipulate and edit DNA, completely changing the face of genome engineering.
CRISPR
Genetic engineering technology, that we can take a gene from one organism, put it in another, and make a medication that can save a bunch of people’s lives
the almost complete destruction of Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II (1939-1945).
Holocaust
The leadership of Germany’s Nazi Party ordered the extermination of 5.6 million to 5.9 million Jews (see National Socialism). Jews often refer to the Holocaust as Shoah (from the Hebrew word for “catastrophe” or “total destruction”). The word holocaust derives from the Greek holo (whole) and caustos (burned) and originally referred to a burnt offering, or a religious sacrifice that is totally consumed by fire.
to completely stop something by making it illegal
outlaw
after failing the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, the Nazi party was officially outlawed
=forbid, ban, prohibit, proscribe, bar, veto, censure, suppress
antonym: allow
make somebody familiar with something
familiarize
You’ll need time to familiarize yourself with our procedures./
As a teacher I try to familiarize students with a wide variety of fiction.
=acquaint, tell, explain, make clear, train, drill
area of brain associated with memory
hippocampus
has found that areas of the cortex were larger for those who practiced yoga. This research even supported findings that the section of the brain that stores memory—the hippocampus—was larger for those practicing yoga.
Greek hippokampos < hippos “horse” + kampos “sea monster”]
Dendrites receive information into Neurons, while ….. send information from them.
Axons
Hunter-Gatherer diet
the Paleolithic diet
(also) Hunter-Gatherer diet
Hunters brought home lean meat, and gatherers collected plants high in fiber and complex carbohydrates as well as vitamins and minerals. This diet, commonly called the Paleolithic diet or Hunter-Gatherer diet, predominated for about 2 million years.
a condition that inhibits the ability to perceive physical pain. From birth, affected individuals never feel pain in any part of their …
Congenital insensitivity to pain
to make something work at the same time or the same rate as something else
synchronize
The sound track did not synchronize with the action.
=harmonize, coordinate, orchestrate, bring into line, match
not allow to have: to prevent somebody from having something
deprive
Biology students in Kansas would now be able to graduate without learning the most fundamental idea in their discipline! Why? What could motivate a State Education Board to deprive students of such an important piece of knowledge?
stop functioning
crumbled
once. Lying in bed, she broke down. “It was like this wave of sadness,” she said. “I felt like everything I had ever wanted had crumbled. I couldn’t even smoke right.
an intestinal enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose
lactase
Dairy animals’ milk changed the genes of communities who consumed a lot of it. This adaotation has to do with a specialized enzyme: Lactase.
something that makes you want to do something or to work harder, because you know that you will benefit by doing this
incentive /ɪnˈsentɪv/
As businesses, government, and insurance organizations continue to recognize the benefits of health and fitness programs for their employees, incentives to join gyms or other types of health clubs are expected to increase the need for fitness trainers and instructors.
انگیزه
to talk about your ideas with someone in order to get their opinion
bounce (idea) off (somebody)
When you work in a team you can bounce your ideas off each other.
=glance off, ricochet, reflect, deflect, rebound
the basic part of something, on which everything depends
cornerstone /ˈkɔː(r)nə(r)ˌstəʊn/
cornerstone of:
Trust is the cornerstone of any relationship./
A healthy circulatory system is the cornerstone of the body’s healing system.
a curved shape that is wide in the middle and pointed at the ends. The moon sometimes has this shape.
crescent
from Latin crescere ‘grow’
the reason certain cultures spread and others did not comes down to geography. In particular, modern civilization requires an abundance of resources. Namely, the right climate and local vegetation to produce an abundance of crops. Rather than spending all their time searching for food, the people of the Fertile Crescent were able to grow and store protein dense food like wheat, barley, and peas which grew abundantly in the area. In the end, this allotted them more time to develop weapons of war.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel , Jared Diamond)
is a highly revered mantra from the Rig Veda
Gayatri Mantra
Nevertheless, a few lines from the Rig Veda, known as the Gayatri mantra, have become synonymous with Hinduism for many believers. The Gayatri mantra is the first thing that even little children are taught.
a bit or mild exaggeration beyond the truth
a bit of a stretch
Is it true that person you met was over two meters tall or is that just a bit of a stretch?
The oldest literature attributed to the Aryans, known as … .
The Vedas
the Vedas, furnishes a relatively clear picture of their Gods, associated largely with different aspects of nature. Chief among them were Indra, the god of rain and thunder; Surya, the sun god; Varuna, the god of wind; and Agni, the fire god.
The Vedas वेद “knowledge”) are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in Vedic Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. Hindus consider the Vedas to be apauruṣeya, which means “not of a man, superhuman” and “impersonal, authorless”
the oldest of the three (Triune brain), controls the body’s vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, body temperature and balance.
reptilian brain (also lizard brain)
Our reptilian brain includes the main structures found in a reptile’s brain: the brainstem and the cerebellum. The reptilian brain is reliable but tends to be somewhat rigid and compulsive.
resistance to disease
immunity
These technological advantages, along with immunities to specifically dangerous diseases, ultimately led to European empires spreading across the modern world.
(gun, germs and steel by Jared diamond)
triumphantly joyful: feeling or expressing great delight over a success, achievement, or victory
jubilant
In 1989, Spain surrendered and Cuba was jubilant. The Spanish flag in Havana was lowered for the last time on August 13th, 1898.
=triumphant, proud, thrilled, ecstatic, delighted, euphoric, glad, overjoyed, joyful, joyous, over the moon (informal)
antonym: disappointed
so great, shocking or surprising that it is difficult to believe
staggering
The attention to detail is staggering.
The exhibition cost a staggering $30 million.
=astounding, amazing, confounding, overwhelming, stunning, shocking, surprising, incredible, astonishing, unbelievable, hard to believe
to have enough money to live
make ends meet
During the Great depression of the 1930s, many American weren’t able to make ends meet.
a type of Explicit memory which refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. this type of memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime.
Semantic memory
feeling tired, weak, or confused, especially because you are ill or have not had enough sleep
groggy/ˈɡrɒɡi/
How can you tell if you are getting enough sleep? If you generally feel groggy, the answer is probably “no.”
a sequence of powerful leaders in the same family
dynasty
the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty
Documentary: “A Dangerous Dynasty: House of Assad”: The inside story of a family dynasty at the heart of one of the world’s biggest problems, produced by BBC
=family, house, line
Greek dunastēs “lord”
a very soft light white or pink sweet, made of sugar and egg white
marshmallow /ˌmɑː(r)ʃˈmæləʊ/
the process of becoming an accepted part of a country or group
assimilation /əˌsimiˈlāSH(ə)n/
As societies became more complex, their belief systems grew with them and religion was increasingly deployed as a political tool. Military conquests were often followed by the assimilation of the pantheon of the defeated people by the victors; and kingdoms and empires were often supported by their deities and priestly classes
—>Cultural assimilation
an officer in the U.S., Canadian, or British armies and the U.S. Marine Corps of a rank above major general
سپهبد
Lieutenant general
the development of connections among neurons
synaptogenesis
Although it occurs throughout a healthy person’s lifespan, an explosion of synapse formation occurs during early brain development, known as exuberant synaptogenesis.
known as Operation Tabas in Iran, was a United States Armed Forces operation ordered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter to attempt to end the Iran hostage crisis by rescuing 62 embassy staff held captive at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980.
Operation Eagle Claw
Its failure, and the humiliating public debacle that ensued, damaged U.S. prestige worldwide. Carter blamed his loss in the 1980 U.S. presidential election mainly on his failure to secure the release of the hostages.
military coup
putsch
Beer Hall Putsch also known as the Munich Putsch, and, in German, as the Hitlerputsch, was a failed coup d’état by the Nazi Party (NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler to seize power in Munich, Bavaria, which took place on 8–9 November 1923.
=coup, insurrection, uprising, revolution, revolt, overthrow
a powerful illegal drug made from morphine, that some people take for pleasure and can become addicted to
heroin
Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is an opioid used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.
Egyptian military leader and president (1970-1981), best remembered for his work toward peace in the Middle East, in the course of which he became the first Arab leader to recognize Israel.
Anwar Sadat (1918-1981)
a person who abstains from eating meat and eggs, but who eats dairy products.
Lacto-vegetarian
Lacto-vegetarians, who exclude eggs as well as meat, fish, and fowl; and
a small brightly colored nectar-eating bird that hovers, especially while feeding, by beating its wings rapidly, producing a humming sound. Native to: tropical America.
Family: Trochilidae
hummingbird
A hummingbird visiting a flower. This simple observation leads to questions: why do hummingbirds pay so much attention to some flowers? Why do they hover near red flowers?(Biology: How Life Works)
a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.
Avicenna
(980–1037 CE).
As Rome’s power declined, medical knowledge spread east to Persia, developed by physicians such as Avicenna.
including everything possible; very careful or complete
exhaustive /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪv/
This book is by no means an exhaustive study of human anatomy or the vast science of yoga. No single book could be.
=thorough, comprehensive, complete, in-depth, full, extensive, far-reaching, meticulous, all-inclusive, intensive, sweeping
antonym: superficial
first human in space
Yuri Gagarin
“The earth looked a delicate blue floating in a black sky”, said the first man in space after his fabulous journey of 108 minutes, Major Yuri Gagarin
his capsule, Vostok 1, completed one orbit of Earth on 12 April 1961.
shining in the dark
luminous
luminous paint
Her large dark eyes were almost luminous.
=glowing, shining, brilliant, bright, incandescent, radiant, gleaming, shimmering, resplendent
antonym: dull
If something far exceeds the normal standards, good or bad, for something
off the chart
It seems that when carrot is blended with kale and spinach, the antioxidant properties are off the chart. In fact, this blend is now being touted as the latest miracle cure for all kinds of ailments.
a disorder of the nervous system that causes a person to become unconscious suddenly, often with violent movements of the body
صَرع
epilepsy
dominoes theory
dominoes theory
was Nazi Germany’s code name for the plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain in the Second World War.
Operation Sea Lion
(German: Unternehmen Seelöwe)
Following the Fall of France, Adolf Hitler, the German Führer and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, hoped the British government would seek a peace agreement and he reluctantly considered invasion only as a last resort if all other options failed.
present everywhere: spreading widely or present throughout something
pervasive
ageism is pervasive and entrenched in our society.
=universal, inescapable, prevalent, persistent, omnipresent, ubiquitous, general, widespread, extensive, rife
antonym: localized
fourth Prime Minister of Israel, a founder of the state of Israel.
Golda Meir
(1898-1978), Israeli premier (1969-74),
(informal) to take somebody to the police or somebody in authority because they have committed a crime
turn (sb) in
were you ever afraid that one of your fellow officers might turn you in? /
She threatened to turn him in to the police.
He decided to turn himself in.
=inform on, blow the whistle on, betray, report, hand over, snitch on (slang), turn over, shop (UK, slang), grass on (UK, slang)
in an open and unashamed manner
blatantly
You only want to use these tactics when you need to persuade someone for something and you can’t blatantly ask them for help.
a person who loves their country and who is ready to defend it against an enemy
patriot
I wouldn’t say I’m a great patriot, but I would never betray my country.
=loyalist, nationalist, flag-waver, partisan, jingoist, xenophobe, chauvinist
an exercise in which you lie on your back and lift your head and shoulders off the ground to make your stomach muscles strong
crunch
of the most popular abdominal exercises. It involves the entire abs, but primarily it works the rectus abdominis muscle and also works the obliques. It allows both building six-pack abs, and tightening the belly. Crunches use the exerciser’s own body weight to tone muscle, and are recommended as a low-cost exercise that can be performed at home
to eat something using your teeth and jaws in a noisy way
munch /mʌntʃ/
while watching a suspenseful movie, have you ever noticed the sound of people munching popcorn, eating candy, or sipping on their extra-large soft drinks?
norepinephrine
norepinephrine
With proper nutrients, the brain manufactures chemicals like norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that increases energy and boosts mood.
too much gas in your stomach or intestines
flatulence
Fiber intake should be increased gradually to avoid flatulence and bloating. Very high fiber intake, however, can reduce the absorption of certain minerals
a part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition. It is located in the inferior temporal cortex (IT), in the fusiform gyrus
fusiform face area
violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically; very unkind
vicious
Social media trolling is particularly vicious against women
a member of a people living usually in portable or temporary dwellings and practicing seasonal migration but having a base camp at which some crops are cultivated.
semi nomadic
As the early religions evolved, their ceremonies and cosmologies became increasingly sophisticated.
Primal religions of the nomadic and seminomadic peoples of prehistory gave way to the religions of the ancient and, in turn, of the classical civilizations
To exert a significant amount of energy or work very hard to do, accomplish, or complete something. / SLANG
bust my ass
why I was busting my ass to make this delicious dinner?
to give someone information that should be secret
divulge
For no reason should we ever divulge information over the phone to anyone even if you think that person works for the Casino or a different department.
=reveal, tell, make known, disclose, let drop, give away, let slip
(indulge=have or permit treat)
strong dislike
aversion
innate inversios….
give somebody warning: to give somebody a warning or some useful advance information
tip off
The police had been tipped off about the girl’s whereabouts.
state of being forgotten
oblivion
from 1947 to 1991 (cold war)the world was stood on the edge of oblivion
forgetfulness, unconsciousness, stupor, insensibility, obliviousness
antonym: awareness
They are generally the traditions of nonliterate people-which means they do not depend on scriptures or written teachings as do most other religions.
primal religions
isolated tribes in remote places, such as the Amazonian forest in South America, the Indonesian islands, and parts of Africa, still practice religions that are thought to have remained largely unchanged for millennia. These primal religions often feature a belief in a unity between nature and the spirit, linking people inextricably with the environment.
the distance of a point on the Earthfrom the equator (=the imaginary line around the middle of the Earth), measured in degrees north or south
latitude /ˈlætɪˌtjuːd/
It’s much easier for ideas to spread east and west versus north and south. Why? Because climates generally move latitudinally. This means that food or spices that stored well in southern China, were much more easily transported west to Europe than south to Australia, for example.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel , Jared Diamond)
عرض جغرافیایی
the science that studies movement
kinetics
Greek from kinetos”moved,”
a type of sugar found in milk
lactose
Milk is rich in fat, vitamins, minerals and milk-sugar: Lactose.
Formula: C12H22O11
To remain determined, resolute, or steadfast in one’s opinion, belief, or perspective; to refuse to be persuaded by someone else into believing or doing something one does not agree with.
stick to (one’s) guns
she is sticking to her guns but she appears to be uncomfortable; opposing the group.
something that is conveyed as a meaning often obscurely or indirectly
significance /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/
Whether Religion is a matter of intense personal experience—an inner awareness of the divine—or a way of finding significance and meaning, and providing a starting point for all of life’s endeavors, it appears to be fundamental at a personal as well as a social level.
معنی, مفهوم
reduce the intensity of (a conflict or potentially violent situation)
de-escalate
“they had training in how to de-escalate a situation”
How to de-scalate a situation:
relax your body—use a calm voice—ask to hear the other’s person point of view—call the other person by name—state the problem without blaming the other person—use words like “let’s”,”we”,”our”,”together”
OPP: escalate
having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way
elaborate
elaborate burial customs of our distant ancestors
SYN intricate
practical knowledge or understanding of something
savvy
Skill isn’t enough—you need savvy too.
=shrewdness, practicality, knowledge, perception, understanding, know-how (informal)
antonym: ignorance
tending to be different or develop in different directions.
divergent
divegent view/ divergent minds/
the study of the divergent mind has revolutionized our understanding of the brian
Syn: different, opp: similar
a plant that produces grain used for making food, beer, and whisky
barley
the people of the Fertile Crescent were able to grow and store protein dense food like wheat, barley, and peas which grew abundantly in the area. In the end, this allotted them more time to develop weapons of war.
جو (گیاه)
the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.
Sargon the Akkaed
Sargon (/ˈsɑːrɡɒn/; Akkadian: 𒈗𒁺)
also known as Sargon the Great
a thought experiment in ethics modeling an ethical dilemma. It is generally considered to represent a classic clash between two schools of moral thought, utilitarianism and deontological ethics. The general form of the problem is this: There is a runaway trolley barreling down the railway tracks.
trolly problem
the cell’s control center
Nucleus
The central part of an atom, made up of neutrons, protons, and other elementary particles
three main gods in the Hindu religion
Vishnu
Brahma
Shiva
chief gods of the trinity Brahma-Vishnu-Siva in post-Vedic Hindu religion
A term to describe a Iraqi people regardless of sex or ethnic background. Based loosely on the Arabic word “al-haj” which means one who traveled to Mecca. First coined in Baghdad by the ISG ( information synchronization group) in May 2003.
haji
the Jewish religious festival and holiday in memory of the escape of the Jews from Egypt
Passover
Rabbi Maya: When Gd brought upon Egypt the tenth plague of killing the first born, he told the Israelites yo put blood on the threshholds of their homes and the angel of death (Azrael) passed over the homes of the Hebrews and only took the first born of the Egyptians.
the most important sugar or ‘‘sweet’’ substance within the bloodstream. It is the major fuel for our body cells.
Glucose
Formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
type of sugar you get from foods you eat, and your body uses it for energy. As it travels through your bloodstream to your cells, it’s called blood glucose or blood sugar. Insulin is a hormone that moves glucose from your blood into the cells for energy and storage
(of food, wood, etc.) that has decayed and cannot be eaten or used
rotten
- the smell of rotten vegetables
- The fruit is starting to go rotten
- rotten floorboards
= decayed, putrid, decomposed, rotted, moldy, disintegrating, bad, off
antonym: fresh
in Norse mythology, a place in Asgard, the Norse heaven, to which the souls of those who died bravely in battle are taken by the Valkyries
valhalla
Mongol conqueror and founder of the Mongol Empire, which spanned the continent of Asia by the time of his death.
Genghis Khan (1167?-1227)
Originally named Temujin, Native folklore is the only source for details about his ancestry, birth, and early life, and thus the facts are intermingled with purely legendary material. His line of descent is traced back, through many generations, to the mythical union of a gray wolf and a white doe. The newborn infant is said to have held in his hand a large clot of blood, thus presaging the future career of the world conqueror.
the state of being forced to do something because it is your duty, or because of a law, etc.
obligation
The universe is under no obligation to make sense to you.
Now that you know how habits work, you have an obligation to take control of them.
=duty, responsibility, requirement, compulsion, commitment, onus
antonym: option
to leave somebody/a place suddenly; to escape from somebody/a place
run away
Back to those dinosaurs. How do we know that they once roamed the Earth? We have never seen them or heard them or had to run away from them.
=escape, flee, run off, abscond, elope, abandon, turn your back on
the German kaiser (emperor) and king of Prussia from 1888 to 1918, was one of the most recognizable public figures of World War I (1914-18).
Wilhelm II (1859-1941)
He gained a reputation as a swaggering militarist through his speeches and ill-advised newspaper interviews
Kaiser has abandoned his men and fled to Holland, Germany is on the verge of surrender
to (make something) become less
diminish
Elevated stress may also lead to alcohol consumption, further taxing the liver (which filters toxins from the body). The effectiveness of the body’s immune system continues to diminish.
the first teacher of Gautama Buddha
Alara Kalama
He was a hermit saint and a teacher of ancient meditation.He was the specialist of Samkhya philosophy. According to the Pāli Canon scriptures, he was the first teacher of Gautama Buddha.
to dislike greatly and often with disgust or intolerance
loathe
love him or loathe him, what you can not dispute is that Karl Marx dramitaccaly transformed our world
not satisfied because something is not as good as you had expected
dissatisfied
If you are dissatisfied with this product, please return it.
“dissatisfied customer”
=disgruntled, displeased, discontented, disappointed, unhappy, frustrated, fed up (informal)
antonym: satisfied
to take control of another country by going to live there or by sending people to live there
colonize /ˈkɒlənaɪz/
For some reason those of European descent were able to colonize indigenous peoples of Australia, the New World, and Africa.
was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, in which the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer.
The Munich massacre
The female principle of divine energy, especially when personified as the supreme deity. (Hinduism)
Shakti
(or Sakti)
From Sanskrit śakti ‘power, divine energy’.
easily influenced or affected by something
susceptible
Even knowing how Social media tricks works, I am still susceptible to them.
=receptive, open, impressionable, sensitive, swayable, amenable, suggestible
antonym: impervious
the protection of public health by removing and treating waste, dirty water etc
sanitation
Overcrowding and poor sanitation are common problems in prisons.
=hygiene, cleanliness, cleanness, public health, health
(formal) using power without limits and without considering other people
arbitrary
Arrests were often arbitrary, as were torture and assassination.
if something bad or unpleasant is …., it is very common
rife
Remember what we learned about domesticable animals? Well these domesticable animals are rife with deadly diseases, which their masters eventually adopted an immunity to. So, while the Spanish, for example, were immune to Incan diseases, the Incans, were not immune to the Spaniard’s version.
(Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond)
growing wildly/ occuring unchecked
rampant
Misinformation about Corona Virus is rampant
a man who has sexual relationships with many different women – used to show disapproval
womenizer
Charles Bukowski was an alcoholic, a womanizer, a chronic gambler, a lout, a cheapskate, a deadbeat, and on his worst days, a poet. He’s probably the last person on earth you would ever look to for life advice or expect to see in any sort of self-help book. —–> man- eater (for a woman)
the distance or expanse between two extremes or limits
span
Cuba is the biggest island in the Caribbean. It spans 760 miles from east to west. That’s roughly the distance from Washington, DC, to Miami
=distance, width, length, extent, area
attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way
quaint /kweɪnt/
Today’s Cuba is a curious mix of tropical paradise and quaint nostalgia. (THe cuba libre story)
=old-fashioned, old-world, picturesque, charming, pretty, antiquated, attractive, appealing
antonym: modern
lowest class in ancient Rome excluding slaves.\
somebody regarded as ill-educated:
plebian
make (someone) agitated or confused.
flustered
the part of your body where faeces (=solid waste) are formed. This word is usually used in the plural, except in medical language
bowel(s) /ˈbaʊəl/
Naturopaths also pay a lot of attention to the health of the bowels (where nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream). The diet prescribed in the treatments usually involves reducing alcohol, eating healthy, unprocessed foods rich in vitamins. They also recommend restricting fats, salt, and sugar.
=intestine(s)
used to say that there is something good even in a situation that seems very sad or difficult
every cloud has a silver lining
The brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.
neuroplasticity
what we know is that whenever we engage in a behaviour over and over again, that this can lead to changes to your brain. and this is what’s refered to as neuroplasticity and what this just means is your brain is plastic and that the neurons can change how they talk to each other with experience.
Greek neuron “nerve”, lastos Form, mold”
causing feelings of shame
inglorious
an inglorious chapter in the nation’s history!
=shameful, dishonorable, disgraceful, humiliating, unsuccessful, ignominious, ignoble
antonym: glorious
a chemical element that is not a metal and that your body needs in smallamounts in order to be healthy
selenium /səˈliːniəm/
Consume a good supply of antioxidants (such as beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and selenium). These are found in fresh fruits, vegetables, and fresh herbs. Choose foods that will eventually rot. This usually means they are whole, fresh foods.
dangerously unstable, unsteady, uncertain, or insecure
precarious
Fossilization is a precarious process, so it is not surprising that there are gaps in the fossil record. And there is so much other evidence for evolution that it would be unreasonable to worry about a few missing links.
sinister or ghostly in a way that causes fear and unease.
spooky
“I bet this place is really spooky late at night”
the belief that after you die you can be born again as a different person, animal, or thing
Reincarnation
also Metempsychosis
the cycle of death and reincarnation
The Aboriginal rock art of Australia has featured
X-ray figures showing the internal anatomy of humans and animals for ….years.
4,000
to sleep lightly for a short time
snooze /snuːz/
Dad was snoozing in his armchair.
“you snooze, you lose”, a proverb that means if you don’t remain aware or open to communication you will miss out on a great opportunity”
=sleep, doze, nap, catnap, forty winks (informal), siesta, kip
hostility to or prejudice against Jews
AntiSemitism
Himmler, Goebbels and Goering jockery for position while the Nazis rise to control Germany and plot to launch their vicious antisemitic programs. (Hitler’s circle of Evil, S01E04)
known to be real and what somebody claims it is and not a copy
authentic
I don’t know if the painting is authentic.
=genuine, original, authenticated, valid
antonym: fake
Israel’s internal security service.
Shin Bet (also Shabak)
It is one of three principal organizations of the Israeli intelligence community, alongside Aman (military intelligence) and the Mossad (foreign intelligence service).
was a pogrom against Jews carried out by SA paramilitary forces and civilians throughout Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938.
Kristallnacht
(night of broken glass)
also called the November Pogrom, a coordinated attack was made on Jews and their property. Kristallnacht refers to the shattered glass that was left after that night of savage violence. The pretext for this first mass outburst of anti-Semitic hysteria in Germany was the assassination in Paris of a German diplomat, Ernst vom Rath, by a young German Jew, Hirsch Grynszpan. Grynszpan was enraged by the deportation of his parents from Germany to Poland by the SS, the elite military force within the Nazi Party. The assassination took place in early November.
an opportunity or occasion of seeing a holy person or the image of a deity.
darshan
“Hindus attach great importance to a darshan, or view, of a saint or holy image”
a red-orange pigment found in plants and fruits, especially carrots and colorful vegetables.
The human body converts it into vitamin A. (retinol)
Beta carotene
Greek “beta” and Latin “carota” (carrot)
Formula: C40H56
benefit: antioxidant, healthy skin and mucus membranes, boost immune system, and good eye health and vision.
the process of breathing
respiration
Respiration is usually an involuntary, automatic action that allows us to take in the oxygen we need from the air and exhale carbon dioxide. These gases are exchanged in the pulmonary alveoli.
=breathing, inhalation, exhalation
Saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol are……… found in many food products and are the ones to be careful of eating because of the health risks they can cause including heart disease and obesity.
the bad fats
Most bad fats, such as gravy, butter, and margarine, are solid at room temperature.
There are two kinds of good fats, monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated fat.
a doctor who studies and treats the diseases of the eye
ophthalmologist
I’d been at the Western for a year as a junior ophthalmologist.
Greek ophthalmos < Indo-European, “see”]
acting or existing in fact but without legal sanction
de facto
- Batista emerged the de facto leader of Cuba.
- the de facto rules of the country
=actual, genuine, effective, existing, real
the shame or disgrace attached to something regarded as socially unacceptable
stigma
how far have we come in finding a cure for HIV and battling the stigma?
= shame, disgrace, dishonor, humiliation
something important that must be done first or needs more attention than anything else
priority/praɪˈɒrəti/
Organize your life so quality sleep is a priority. The amount is not as important as the quality of sleep.
a country that is controlled and protected by a more powerful country
protectorate
- At the end of the war against Spanish Army in Cuba in 1989, previously a spanish colony, Cuba was now an American protectorate.
- a British protectorate
=dominion, colony, dependency, region, territory, satellite
He had discovered plant cells , it was him who coined the term “cells”:
Robert Hooke (1635–1703)
Pioneering microscopists showed that living things are made up of much smaller units, which Robert Hooke, likened to the cells, or rooms, of monks in a monastery. The term “cells” has been used ever since.
very common in a particular place or among a particular group
prevalent
This negative attitude is surprisingly prevalent among young boys.
the prevalent diseases in Western society
the eighth and most important avatar (=god in human form) of the god Vishnu.
Krishna
Sanskrit: कृष्ण, literally “the Black One”
pic: Krishna Statue at the Sri Mariamman Temple (Singapore). playing a flute
a Cuban politician who is currently serving as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba, the most senior position in the communist state, succeeding his brother Fidel Castro in April 2011.
Raúl Castro (1931-Present)
Raul Castro ensured the army’s grasp on power. Under his leadership, the military controlled large past of Cuba’s economy and foreign trade.
to deal with only a very small part of a subject or problem
scratch the surface
There is so many different ways of meditation can influence the body and the brain and we’re really just beginning to scratch the surface.
I think we have only scratched the surface of this problem.
increase rapidly
Soar
in 1973, US dollar weakens with economic recession, just as the Middle East explodes into chaos, and oil price soar.
Pose name?
Downward-facing Dog
Adho mukha svanasana
(Sanskrit: अधोमुखश्वानासन)
adhas (अधस्) meaning ‘down’,
mukha (मुख) meaning ‘face’,
śvāna (श्वान) meaning ‘dog’,
render (something) poorer in quality by adding another substance, typically an inferior one
تقلبی
adulterated
In an effort to crack down on food fraud, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency zeroed in on honey imports and found about 22 per cent of samples were ‘adulterated’ with cheaper sugars like rice and sugar cane syrup.
antonym: pure
without a clear outline; not clear
blurry
For some people, there is a line as to what extent they are willing to go to get the best for themselves. For others, the line is blurry and sometimes even non-existent. Where the line is blurry or does not exist is where dark psychology begins. / blurry, distorted photographs
=fuzzy, blurred, dim, shadowy, indistinct, unclear, hazy
antonym: clear
to attack somebody with a piercing or stabbing movement with a weapon
thrust
September the 1, 1939 German troops thurst deep into Polandto win a swift and absolute victory
=attack, assault, offensive, push, drive, onslaught
microbes that living in our guts
microbiome
to relax and stop being careful and alert.
let one’s guard down
On the very first date, she let her guard down
rule of speech
syntax
if i say: “the Zoo to go let us” instead of saying: Let us go to the Zoo” … syntax is violated
o decide in what order you should do things, based on how important or urgent they are
prioritize /praɪˈɒrɪtaɪz/
If you wait too long to do something, that opportunity might become unavailable. /proverb
you snooze, you lose!
(usually disapproving) tending to allow somebody to have or do whatever they want
indulgent
- indulgent parents
- an indulgent smile
- Mothers tend to be less indulgent towards daughters.
- She was usually very indulgent with him.
= permissive, kind, lenient, tolerant, generous, nonjudgmental, easygoing, understanding, forbearing (formal)
antonym: strict
the layer of living tissue just below the epidermis in human skin that contains blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands and other structures
dermis
Just below eidermis is dermis, which gives skin its thickness. the dermis regulates our body’s temperture and supplies the epidermis with nutrient-rich blood.
(layers: epidemis, dermis, subcutanous tissue(fat) )
Greek, “outer skin” < derma “skin”]
preventing evil: intended to ward off evil or bad luck
apotropaic
A winged figure from a doorway at Cyrus’ palace at Pasargadae. It has been suggested that this depicts Cyrus himself, but it is more likely that it represents a protective spirit or genius of the royal palace. The crown is similar to that associated with apotropaic figures in the ancient Near East.(picture from Persian Mythology by JOHN R HINNELLS)
=Greek apotropaios < apotrepein “turn away” < trepein “to turn”]
was an Egyptian billionaire. Marwan worked as a spy for the Israeli Mossad, though some contend that he was a double agent.
Ashraf Marwan (1944-2007)
n 2002 it became known that, during the period leading up to the October 1973 Yom Kippur War, Marwan spied for Israel (under the Mossad code-name “The Angel”). He was son-in-law of Egypt president Gamal Abdul Nasser (he married with his daughter Mona)
a former American senior analyst at the Defense Intelligence Agency in the United States and a convicted spy. On September 21, 2001, she was arrested and subsequently charged with conspiracy to commit espionage for the government of Cuba. Wikipedia
Ana Montes
Montes advanced rapidly through the ranks at the DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency) and became its most senior Cuban analyst.
Born: February 28, 1957
an action or change that has a very big effect
drastic
those cultures which spread out of The Fertile Crescent, had agricultural, live-stock, and therefore leisure advantages due to the climate of that region. These advantages, when compounded
over thousands of years, led to drastic differences in immunities & weaponry, ultimately leading to the supremacy of certain civilizations and cultures.
having total power; able to do anything
Omnipotent
Phoebe: If I were omnipotent for a day, I would want, um, world peace, No more hunger, good things for the rain forest, … and bigger boobs.
having a major impact or effect
impactful
What is the most impactful element of your diet? Calorie Balance
pretend to be (another person) as entertainment or in order to deceive someone.
impersonate
it’s a very serious offense to impersonate a police officer/
There is no way to 100% identify anyone over the phone and anyone could try to impersonate someone else easily if they know a few details about the person.
=pretend to be, personate, masquerade as, pass off, pose as
experiencing or characterized by severe physical or mental suffering
tormented
“he is a tormented genius”
about “Never Look Away” movie: German artist Kurt Barnert has escaped East Germany and now lives in West Germany, but is tormented by his childhood under the Nazis and the GDR-regime.
=anguished, tortured, distressed, grief-stricken, plagued, persecuted, haunted
any Hindu religious texts containing traditional teachings on religion, such as the Mahabharata.
smritis
The law books (dharmashastras), the epic literature of the Hindus, the mythological texts (Puranas), and even the Bhagavad Gita, the most widely known work of Hindu literature in the West, all number among the smritis.
to kill large numbers of people or animals of a particular type so that they no longer exist
exterminate
In 1980, Walter Alvarez, a geologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and his colleagues proposed that the dinosaurs had been exterminated by an asteroid that smashed into the Earth.(T. Rex and the Crater of Doom)
=kill, eliminate, annihilate, destroy, eradicate, wipe out (informal), take out (slang), decimate, massacre, murder, assassinate, liquidate, terminate
disease that can spread from one person to another
infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs/
our emotions are infectious.
(in ancient Mesopotamia) a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. they are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel
Ziggurat
From Akkadian ziqqurratu, Notable ziggurats include the Great Ziggurat of Ur near Nasiriyah, the Ziggurat of Aqar Quf near Baghdad, the now destroyed Etemenanki in Babylon, Chogha Zanbil in Khūzestān and Sialk.
Assyrian ziqquratu “pinnacle: highest point”]
(of food) prepared according to the rules of Jewish law
kosher
a kosher meal
a kosher butcher/restaurant (= one that prepares or serves this food).
Hebrew kāšēr “fit, proper”]
=lawful, acceptable, legitimate, aboveboard, proper
antonym: unlawful
to keep someone away, or stop them doing something to you, by fighting or opposingthem
fight off
Rather than fighting off disease agents (germs) in hopes of destroying them, it makes more sense to strengthen our resistance to them.
the action of spending or using time, money, energy etc
expenditure
Nutral Calorie Balance means A peson’s intake of calories is the same as the expenditure of activities and body processes.
a group of Indo-European peoples who brought the Indo-Iranian languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, to major parts of Eurasia in the second part of the 3rd millennium BC
the Indo- Iranians
(Indo-Iranic peoples by scholars, and sometimes as Arya or Aryans)
The peoples who settled in India and Persia are known as the Indo- Iranians. Their religion is preserved in the collection of ancient Hindu hymns, the Rig Veda, and the ancient Persian hymns, the Yashts. Their religion reflected their way of life as nomads and warriors. They delighted in the beauty of nature, yet stood in fear of its venom and apparent malice; hymns dwell on the beauty of the dawn, and the terror of the drought.(Persian Myhtology by JOHN R HINNELLS)
one of the three main gods in the Hindu religion, who is considered to be the god of creation
Brahma
Sanskrit: ब्रह्मा
picture: A depiction of the Hindu Creator god Brahma. The god is frequently depicted with four faces representing safety, fortune, blessing, and compassion. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Shiva: the Destroyer’ and ‘the Creator’ of the universe
Vishnu: the Preserver’ and is known for his many avatars
in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia;
Marduk
as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Originally, he seems to have been a god of thunderstorms.
In the United States, the two major political parties, the Republicans and the Democrats, are often referred to as…
“the two (both) sides of the aisle”
- Do you work both sides of te aisle?
- No we only work for the Republicans in the United States.
noticeable or obvious
pronounced
He walked for rest of his life with a pronounced limb.
the unhappy feeling that you have when you want very much to do something that someone else does or to have something that they have.
envy /ˈenvi/
In the United States, the quantity of available food is the envy of the world. Yet our food quality is not as admirable given the amount of processed, high-sugar food we eat—food that also contains herbicides, pesticides, hormones, additives, antibiotics and other less-than-healthy elements.
in a way that is experienced in the imagination through the actions of another person
vicariously
fear can be born through firsthand exprience like feeling pain or informationally through stories. we can also learn fear vicariously by watching others expirencing fear. It’s called “Social Fear transmission”
…. ideas, activities etc are secret and intended to damage or destroy a government or an established system
subversive
He was engaged in subversive activities
A written, formal, and consistent set of rules prescribing righteous behavior, accepted by a person or by a group of people.
Moral code
There is no society without some moral code.
a Hypothesis suggested that chimps have a much superior short term memory relative to humans beacuase we human had to develop Language
The Cognitive Tradeoff Hypothesis
all the material in the cell of a living thing except the nucleus (=central part)
Cytoplasm
the complex of chemical compounds and structures within a plant or animal cell excluding the nucleus.
Cytoplasm contains the cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and cytoskeleton.
from Greek cyto- “cell” +-plasma “something molded or created”
someone who behaves or thinks in a way that is typical of someone much younger – used to show disapproval
immature
Immature, a word boring people use to describe fun people!
SYN childish
a well-known statement about what often happens in life
saying
Eat real food—food you can pronounce. Avoid foods that have ingredients too complex to read. There is a saying: “If your grandmother wouldn’t know what it is, don’t eat it.”
when people do something that’s sure to cause self-harm, whether it’s emotional or physical.
self-destructive behavior
to ruin completely, break,
bust
in this course, we bust the dietary myths
=break, smash, shatter, burst, rupture, fracture, damage
antonym: mend
a relationship or situation that is rocky is difficult and may not continue or be successful
rocky
They had a really rocky relationship. she couldn’t get to him
=difficult, troubled, uncertain, not easy, hard, trying, strenuous, tough
antonym: easy
in Norse mythology, the king of the gods.
Odin
He made the universe, and is also the god of war and wisdom. In German mythology his name is Wotan, and in Anglo-Saxon mythology his name is Woden.
Odin, father and ruler of the Norse gods, always wore his golden helmet and carried his magic sword. His two ravens, Huginn (“Thought”) and Muninn (“Memory”), bring him news from all over, and his two wolves, Geri (“Greedy”) and Freki (“Gobbler”) wait at his feet.
to have been made in or to have come into being in (a certain time in the past)
date back to
The modern study of anatomy dates back to the Renaissance period, in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Born in Italy around 1451, Found cuba while seaching for a westward route to India and China
Christopher Columbus
An animal or person that eats a variety of food of both plant and animal origin.
Omnivore
latin: omnis : all, + vorare :swallow
‘It is important to realize that, though Primates are viewed as omnivorous, they are omnivores of a very particular type in that the great majority of their foods each day come from plants.’
Herbivore: an animal that feeds on plants
carnivore: an animal that feeds on flesh.
the sugar in milk
lactose
expressing or involving prolonged thought
.contemplative
“she regarded me with a contemplative eye”
watchful and alert, especially to guard against danger, difficulties, or errors
vigilant
Please remain vigilant at all times and report anything suspicious.
=watchful, on your guard, attentive, alert, wary, cautious, observant, heedful, on the alert, aware
antonym: slack
careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do
conscientious
He is a very consientious man and fastidious man
relating to physical and mental activity: relating to bodily movement triggered by mental activity, especially voluntary muscle action
psychomotor
Meditation acutely improves psychomotor vigilance, and may decrease sleep need.” Behavioral and Brain Functions 6: 47.
a German politician and a leading member of the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany. Appointed The Deputy Führer to Adolf Hitler in 1933, He served in that position until 1941, when he flew solo to Scotland in an attempt to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom during World War II.
Rudolf Hess
young idealist Rudolf Hess was the first disciple of Hitler and a founding member of the inner circle
to kill all the members of a group of people or animals
exterminate (sb/sth)
A hundred years after Columbus’s landing, the natives of Caribbean had been all but exterminated.
=kill, eliminate, annihilate, destroy, eradicate, wipe out (informal), take out (slang), decimate, massacre, murder, assassinate, liquidate, terminate
one of the later Hindu or Buddhist scriptures dealing especially with techniques and rituals including meditative and sexual practices
Tantra
(Sanskrit: तन्त्र) literally means “loom, warp, weave”
a formal investigation to determine the facts of a case
inquiry /ɪnˈkwaɪəri/
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY: “Scientific inquiry is a deliberate way of asking and answering questions about the natural world”. (Biology: How life works)
=review, autopsy, investigation, examination, analysis, survey, probe, inquest, study, postmortem
Soluble fiber
Soluble fiber
Soluble fiber lowers the absorption of cholesterol, regulates blood sugar, and absorbs and removes toxic materials and carcinogens from the body. Oat bran, flax seeds, pectin (from apples), and psyllium seeds are examples of soluble fiber.
a place that many people like to visit, especially for a particular reason
mecca
The coast is a mecca for tourists.
=center, focus, focal point, magnet, hub, seat, heart
to treat (a dead body) so as to protect from decay
embalm
Some 5,000 years ago, the Egyptians believed that a dead body remained home to its owner’s soul in the afterlife, but only if preserved as a lifelike mummy. Natron, a type of salt, was used to dry out the body to embalm it and stop it from rotting.
syn: mummify
if someone or a part of their body is ….., their muscles hurt and it is difficult for them to move
stiff
stiff leg
stiff from doing something: Her legs were stiff from kneeling.
stiff with: Her fingers were stiff with cold.
=aching, painful, sore, arthritic, tender
to completely get rid of something such as a disease or a social problem
eradicate
- eradicate something from something
We can eradicate this disease from the world.
an attempt to eradicate inflation
This problem has now been completely eradicated.
=eliminate, get rid of, wipe out (informal), destroy, exterminate, do away with, stamp out, remove
antonym: introduce
to cheat or trick somebody, especially by taking their money
gyp
I felt like I was gypped, I was gypping myself.
a series of rulers or leaders who are all from the same family, or a period when a country is ruled by them
dynasty
She was born into a powerful political dynasty
to destroy something so that nothing remains
obliterate
In today’s world, where physical boundaries have been obliterated by the Internet and numerous other technologies, you are at an even greater risk of being preyed upon by other humans.
=destroy, wipe out (informal), demolish, eliminate, eradicate, annihilate, abolish
antonym: create
a sign that someone has an illness
symptom /ˈsɪmptəm/
Modern medicine tends to look at the symptom and disease as one and the same so that when the symptom disappears, it is assumed that the disease is cured. The naturopath sees a symptom as a signal that something is wrong. They believe that when a symptom alone is eliminated, it is most likely suppressed. Unless the original cause is eliminated, the symptom may return later in a chronic form.
an object made out of stone, wood, clay etc by an artist
sculpture
Early humans made sculptures and cave paintings of human figures.
pic”The Venus of Hohle Fels”, dated to between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago
…. cleans the blood
Liver
the first city in the world
Jericho (in west bank “Palestine”) اریحا
The city of Eridu, close to Uruk, was considered the first city in the world by the Sumerians while other cities which lay claim to the title of `first city’ are Byblos, Jericho, Damascus, Aleppo, Jerusalem, Sidon, Luoyang, Athens, Argos, and Varasani.
a journey that a religious person makes to a holy place
pilgrimage /ˈpɪlɡrɪmɪdʒ/
Perhaps the most obvious elements we can use to identify and compare religions are the observances of a faith. These includes such activities as prayer, pilgrimage, meditation, feasting and fasting, dress, and of course ceremonies and rituals.
=journey, trip, visit, hajj, tour, excursion
an area on your body that is swollen, red, and painful because of an infection or injury
inflammation
Steroid creams help to reduce inflammation on your skin.
to move people from a place of danger to a safer place
evacuate
-On April 1986 the nearby nuclear power station of Chernobyl exploded, and in less than 48 hours the city was evacuated. No one has lived here since.
=empty, abandon, withdraw from, leave, vacate, relinquish, clear
antonym: fill
a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of something
decline
As Rome’s power declined, medical knowledge spread east to Persia, developed by physicians such as Avicenna (980–1037 CE).
OPP: increase
god of Zoroastrianism: the creator god in Zoroastrianism, and the opponent of Ahriman
Ahura Mazda
This motif appears at the palace of Persepolis and thereafter in most forms of Zoroastrian Persian art down to the present day. The wings and central ring were based on Egyptian and Mesopotamian prototypes. Western scholars have usually interpreted this as a symbol of Ahura Mazda holding the ring of cosmic sovereignty with his hand raised in the traditional gesture of blessing. Parsis and some recent scholars doubt if this symbolises God himself, but rather the divine grace men seek and, on royal reliefs, the glory and power particularly associated with the divinely appointed monarch.(Persian Mythology by JOHN R HINNELLS)
A chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.
micronutrient
explain the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients
“Greek mikros=small, Latin nutrire=nourish”
1-More calories IN than OUT over time =
2-More calories OUT than IN over time =
1-weight gain
2-weight loss
struggle to deal with or comprehend something
grapple
Who are we? Why are we here? Why do we suffer?
Humans have grappled with these questions since time immemorial. Philosophers, spiritual leaders, scientists, and artists have all weighed in on them. In Western philosophy, the best answer to the question of who we are is that thinking is the defining characteristic of humanity. There is no more concise example of this than philosopher René Descartes’ famous statement cogito, ergo sum, or, “I think, therefore I am.”
when something blocks a road, passage, tube etc, or the thing that blocks
obstruction /əbˈstrʌkʃ(ə)n/
Obstructions to healing can be physical and nonphysical. Unhealthy thinking patterns such as guilt, anger, or anxiety can also prevent healing. No one is sure why this happens, but one theory is that negative thinking might involve the mind using nerve cells that limit processes, which aid in healing.
remote: a great distance away
faraway (far away)
What about stars, which are so far away that, by the time their light reaches us and we can see them, they may have fizzled out?
=remote, far-off, far-flung, outlying, distant, far
antonym: nearby
considering a person or thing as a whole, rather than as separate parts
holistic
a holistic approach to cancer
In this certificate program, you’ll gain a holistic overview of current food and nutrition issues and their impact on physical, social, emotional, and spiritual health.
dressed in clothes that are too formal for the occasion
overdressed
Ego is just an overdressed insecurity.
OPP underdressed
the first artificial Earth satellite.
Sputnik 1
Launch On October 4th, 1957, Sputnik 1 was the size of a beach ball with four antenna sticking out. It takes just 1 watt to run its radio transmitter. It circled the Earth once every 96 minutes.
accept standards that are lower than is desirable
compromise
She admitted that she was unable to compromise.
intended to deceive people in an illegal way, in order to gain money, power etc
fraudulent
If depressed people and those with low self-esteem find that they’re successful, or that people like them, they tend to feel fraudulent.:”They don’t know the real me. I just got lucky on that test; I’m really not that good.” Feeling insecure and fraudulent, they typically reject love or success;
the act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens
intervention /ˌɪntə(r)ˈvenʃ(ə)n/
Unless you learn to notice and be annoyed by early stages of illness, you will lose your chances of managing your body through its changes, and you will become dependent on outside help and interventions, which can be costly.
It’s your body’s main stress hormone. It works with certain parts of your brain to control your mood, motivation, and fear.
cortisol /ˈkɔːtɪsɒl/
Acute stress increases cortisol levels that in turn increase the production of the chemical neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the brain. NPY is believed to be responsible for cravings for carbohydrate-rich foods (especially sweet food)
contribute something as one’s share of a joint activity, cost, etc
chip in
If everyone chips in we’ll be able to buy her a really nice present.
We each chipped in (with) £5.
to speak or act officially for another person, group, or organization
represent
My lawyer will represent me in court.
It’s a type of cannabinoid, which are the chemicals naturally found in marijuana plants. Even though it comes from marijuana plants, It doesn’t create a “high” effect or any form of intoxication — that’s caused by another cannabinoid, known as THC.
CBD
(Cannabidiol)
one of several types of fatty substances in living things, such as fat, oil, or wax
lipid
Lipids, or fats, are one of the nutrient groups vital to the human body. A lipid is a naturally occurring chemical compound that cannot be dissolved in water.
Greek lipos “fat, grease” (see lipo-) + chemical suffix -ide.
to talk about (something, such as an idea) with (someone) in an informal way in order to get an opinion
bounce off
I wanted to bounce some ideas off you before the meeting.
the speed of something that is moving in a particular direction
velocity
the velocity of light/
225 miles per hour (360 km/h) THE VELOCITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM’S SIGNALS.
there are 8 unique innate aversions selected to engender panic in us by evolution over millions of year. They come pre-learned in our DNA and include:
1- pain
2- suffocation
3- isolation
4- unknown/ abnormal
5- falling
6- disease
7- sudden movement
8- incapacitation
in an unwilling and hesitant way
reluctantly /rɪˈlʌktəntli/
“He reluctantly agrees to do his duty”
The religions of the modern world continued to evolve with advances in society, sometimes reluctantly, and often by dividing into branches.
introducing new ideas or methods
Groundbreaking
She was honored for her groundbreaking work in nuclearphysics.
=revolutionary, innovative, pioneering, radical, trailblazing, brand-new, cutting-edge, leading-edge
antonym: old hat (informal)
someone who believes in the ideas of a great teacher or leader, especially a religious one
disciple
young Idealist Rudolf Hess becomes a first disciple of Hitler.
Like veganism, it excludes all foods of animal origin. Then it adds the concept or raw foodism, which dictates that foods should be eaten completely rawor heated at temperatures below 104–118°F (40–48°C)
Raw Vegan Diet
a cold aloof person
cold fish
when Bill Clinton visited moscow; he found putin a cold fish
strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising
peculiar
There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.
Something peculiar is going on.
It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.
The peculiar way our brains store memories
=odd, strange, weird, unusual, irregular, abnormal, uncharacteristic, atypical, curious, eccentric, unconventional
antonym: normal
short and heavy and looks strong
stocky
Neanderthals were short and stocky, with brad chest, bulky torso and muscular limbs.
a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.
Achilles heel
While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.
one of the symbolic hand gestures used in religious ceremonies and dances of India and in yoga
mudra
From Sanskrit मुद्रा (mudrā, “seal”).
the state or quality of a material or membrane that causes it to allow liquids or gases to pass through it.
permeability /ˌpərmēəˈbilədē/
Stress increases the production of free radicals in the body and it is Changing the permeability of the cell membrane (possibly allowing viruses and bacteria to enter the cell)
a nutrient-rich food considered to be especially beneficial for health and well-bein
superfood
The second part of the course will be dedicated to introducing superfoods. We will share a list of foods that improve your life and reduce the risk of disease.
death instinct: the universal death instinct theorized by Sigmund Freud
Thanatos
Freud had to invent the death instinct (Thanatos), a primal force within us that drives us to destruction. That’s an idea that has generally been abandoned for lack of evidence.(rewire by Richard O’Connor)
relating to the movement of blood around your body
circulatory system
The heart, usually thought of as the wellspring of love and the emotions, is actually the engine of the circulatory system.
a Cuban poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and publisher, who is considered a Cuban national hero because of his role in the liberation of his country, and he was an important figure in Latin American literature.
José Martí (1853-1895)
José Martí was a writer and political activist who is a symbol to all Cubans of Cuba’s aspirations to be independent. He was killed in 1895 in a skirmish with Spanish soldiers.
(of two or more people) in agreement.
on the same page
The best way to get someone on the same page as you is to Make them laugh
a break or crack in a bone
fracture
She was admitted to hospital with fractures of both legs.
an Arab pagan physician who lived in the same time and region as the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
نَضر بن حارث
یکی از بزرگان عرب مکه در دورهٔ صدر اسلام و از معدود اعراب باسواد و پزشک بود
در جنگ بدر اکبر، ابن حارث اسیر شد، محمّد تا او را دید دستور قتل داد، و علی بن ابیطالب گردن او را زد. پدرش در دانشگاه جندیشاپور در ایران دوره ساسانی درس پزشکی خوانده بود. وی نیز پزشک بود و در حجاز پزشکی میکرد. داستان های پارسی رستم و اسفندیار را برای مردمان میخواند و میگفت محمد درباره اساطیر مردمان باستان سخن میگوید و سخن ها از وی نیست.
a 1925 autobiographical manifesto by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler. The work describes the process by which Hitler became antisemitic and outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany.
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Adolf Hitler in Prison wrote a book in which he blamed Germany’s ills on the Jews and demanded that it rebuilds its strength and seek new territories in the East.
in the Bible, the first man, created by God
Adam
Adam is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible, and in the Quran and Christian belief. According to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, he was the first man.
from Hebrew adam “man,” literally “(the one formed from the) ground” (Hebrew adamah “ground”); compare Latin homo “man,” humanus “human,” humus “earth, ground, soil.”
the domino effect
the domino effect
something that you think is more important than other things and should be dealt with first
priority
a high/low priority
Education is a top priority.
Our first priority is to improve standards.
=importance, precedence, urgency, import, significance, primacy
a condition of chronic undernourishment occurring especially in children and usually caused by a diet deficient in calories and proteins
marasmus
Marasmus is a combined protein-energy deficiency resulting from starvation
a type of round green vegetable, which has buds with leaves that you eat, which are like the petals of a flower
artichoke
(also “globe/french/green” artichoke)
کنگر فرنگی
relating to or characterized by the belief that there is only one God.
monotheistic
Some religions, for example, have a number of gods, while others, especially the more modern major faiths, are monotheistic; and there are major differences of opinion between religions on such
matters as the afterlife.
having a moral or legal duty to do something
obligated (to do something)
He felt obligated to help.
=indebted, obliged, grateful, thankful, in somebody’s debt, beholden, owing a favor, appreciative
antonym: ungrateful
looking or sounding very serious
grim
Meditation isn’t sth you do as a grim duty. The trouble with religion is that it is so mixed up with grim duties
=stern, serious, dour, severe, morose, surly, unkind
antonym: kind
Brussels Sprouts
Brussels Sprouts
Green, leafy vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, spinach, and Brussels sprouts are some foods that can help fight against cancer.
(of a substance) become concentrated inside the bodies of living things.
bioaccumulate /ˌbīōəˈkyo͞omyəlāt/
“mercury has bioaccumulated in the fish”/
food that also contains herbicides, pesticides, hormones, additives, antibiotics and other less-than-healthy elements. These toxins become stored in the body (“bioaccumulate”) and compromise/stress the immune system, leading to a host of health-related problems.
comprises the large or giant animals of an area, habitat, or geological period.
Megagfauna
from Greek μέγας megas “large” and New Latin fauna “animal life”)
A whole human skeleton surrended by the bones of Ice Age Megafauna has never been found before. Naia was found in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico in 2007. oldest, most complete and genetically intact human skeleton in the New World” (America continent)
somebody who tries to be like somebody else or to belong to a specific group (informal disapproving)
wannabe
a teenager wannabe soldier, Heinrich Himmler, finds the chance to fight for his crazy ideals.
(North American English) one of the parts into which a town or city is divided in order to organize elections
precinct
Now, each of those states were broken down by precinct.
=zone, district, area, sector, quarter, division, ward, borough
to make a particular idea, image, or feeling appear in people’s minds by describing an event or situation, or by talking about a person
invoke
Weather and the seasons, creation, life, death and the afterlife, and the structure of the cosmos were all
subject to religious explanations that invoked controlling gods, or a realm outside the visible inhabited by deities and mythical creatures.
the fact of being untrue, incorrect, or insincere
falsity
Science is not about truth and falsity, It is about reducing uncertainty
standard unit of mass in astronomy
The solar mass ( M ☉)
A solar mass is the mass of the sun. Astronomers use a solar mass as a basic unit of mass.
(chiefly of drugs) causing increased passing of urine
diuretic/ˌdʌɪjʊ(ə)ˈrɛtɪk/
As a well-documented diuretic, caffeine has been widely reported to decrease vitamin D and calcium uptake as well as decrease bone mineral density.
a sudden and surprising moment of understanding
epiphany
She had an epiphany and realized it was time to leave her job and become a full-time artist.
to teach someone a subject or skill
instruct
All children are instructed in the use of the library.
=teach, train, coach, tutor, educate, drill, inculcate, initiate
relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood.
endocrine glands /ˈendəkrən/
The endocrine system is a chemical messenger system consisting of hormones, the group of glands of an organism that secrete those hormones directly into the circulatory system to regulate the function of distant target organs, and the feedback loops which modulate hormone release so that homeostasis is maintained
the science of the action of food, beverages, and their components in biological systems.
Nutrition
an old object or custom that reminds people of the past or that has lived on from a past time
relic
Roman relics found in a field/
We know about the religions of the earliest societies from the relics they left behind and from the stories
of later civilizations.
Following ……………. leads to liberation in the form of nirvana: Just this noble eightfold path: right view, right aspiration, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration.
the Noble Eightfold Path
There is also often an ethical element, with rules of conduct and taboos, and a social element that defines the institutions of the religion and of the society it is associated with. Such rules are typically concise— the Ten Commandments of Judaism and Christianity, or the Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism, for example.
the action or fact of winning support by exciting the emotions of ordinary people rather than by having good or morally right ideas
Demagogue /ˈdem.ə.ɡɑː.ɡi/
What the Nazis themselves claimed to be their chief discovery-the role of the Jewish people in world politics and their chief interest-persecution of Jews all over the world-have been regarded by public opinion as a pretext for winning the masses or an interesting device of demagogy. (The Origins of Totalitarianism. pg:3
ادم عوام فریب، هوچی، عوام فریب
to think carefully and deeply about something
ruminate
ruminate on/over/about
He sat alone, ruminating on the injustice of the world.
=ponder, think over, reflect, cogitate (formal), meditate, mull over, deliberate, contemplate, muse, chew over
to end a romantic relationship with somebody
/informal
dump (somebody)
Did you hear he’s dumped his girlfriend?
A thesis that people’s cultural, and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-cold war world.
clash of civilizations
The american political scientist Samuel P Huntington argued that future wars would be fought not between countries,but between cultures,
to pay money back to someone when their money has been spent or lost
reimburse
The company will reimburse you for travel expenses
generous: giving or spending generously or to excess
lavish
Her wealthy father paid for a lavish honeymoon in New York.
=lush, luxuriant, luxurious, copious, abundant, rich
antonym: sparse
A type of food (e.g. fat, protein, carbohydrate) required in large amounts in the diet.
macronutrient
explain the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients
“Greek makros= large, long, inclusive, Latin nutrire=nourish”
destructive spirit in the dualistic doctrine of Zoroastrianism.
Angra Mainyu انگرهمَینیو
All men, zoroaster taught, must choose for themselves between the forces of good and evil. Ahura Mazda, he preached, was wholly good. Everything in life which is evil emanates from Mazda’s opposing spirit, his twin power in the universe, Angra Mainyu, the Destructive Spirit. Life in this world is caught up in the cosmic battle between them.(Persian Mythology By JOHN R HINNELLS)
a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills.
Procedural memory
a type of cell that makes up the nervous system and sends messages to other parts of the body or the brain
neuron
a grayish or reddish granular cell that is the fundamental functional unit of nervous tissue transmitting and receiving nerve impulses and having cytoplasmic processes which are highly differentiated frequently as multiple dendrites or usually as solitary axons which conduct impulses to and away from the cell body
SYN nerve cell
likely or able to cause cancer
carcinogenic /ˌkɑː(r)sɪnəˈdʒenɪk/
Eat organic foods as much as possible. Find ways to reduce or eliminate the consumption of pesticides, fungicides, herbicides, and fertilizers found in and on produce and dairy foods. Many of these are toxic and/or carcinogenic.
are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be derived from the diet
Essential nutrient
Diet is the food people eat. Nutrition refers to the ingestion of foods and their relationship to health. Nutrients are chemicals in food that are used by the body for growth, maintenance, and energy. Essential nutrients are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be derived from the diet
riminal; extremely bad
nefarious
The Russian didn’t hack Facebook, what they did was they used the tools that Facebook created for legitimate advetisers abd legitimate users, and they applied it to a nefarious purpose.(The Social Dilemma documentary)
=wicked, evil, despicable, immoral, reprehensible, disreputable, degenerate, infamous, perverse
antonym: reputable
a country in the southwest Pacific Ocean, north of Australia, Capital: Port Moresby.
New Guinea
Jared Diamond’s first trip to New Guinea was an adventurous one. Upon arrival, he quickly realized that the “primitive” New Guineans were in many ways MUCH smarter than he was. Though one local politician asked him, “Why do you white people have so much cargo?” Meaning – material goods. Good question. Why did European cultures spread as they did?
food or the substances in food that are necessary for life, growth, and health
nourishment
Some believe that people are forced to overfeed themselves in order to get a little nourishment because foods are not as nutritionally complete as they were a hundred or more years ago.
count or calculate something
reckon
The age of the earth is reckoned at about 4.6 billion years.
My debts were reckoned at $12 000.
=calculate, add up, total, tote up (US, informal), count, number, tot up, estimate, figure
an area of your body that has become larger than normal, because of illness or injury
swelling
swelling in/on: a painless swelling in his neck
The spider’s bite can cause pain and swelling.
These tablets should reduce the swelling.
=bulge, bump, puffiness, inflammation, distension, enlargement, engorgement, growth, blister, bunion, boil, abscess, protuberance
the practice of obeying a law or rule, or of doing something according to a tradition
observance
Perhaps the most obvious elements we can use to identify and compare religions are the observances of a faith.
=adherence, compliance, observation, execution, performance, fulfillment, obedience
antonym: violation
In biology, the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems
homeostasis
homeostasis Represents a ‘‘control of sameness’’ or relative constancy of the body’s internal environment
هم ایستایی
a supporter of a set of ideas, an organization, or a person
adherent
adherents of Islam /
Hare Krishnas, the most visible sign of Hinduism’s spread to the West, emphatically declare that they do not view themselves as Hindus. The word “Hindu” itself is not of Indian origin, and Hindus did not describe themselves as such until the 18th century. Yet, Hinduism’s adherents characterize it as the world’s oldest faith.
the large muscle between your lungs and your stomach that helps you breathe
diaphragm /ˈdaɪəfræm/
The correct way to breathe effectively is using the diaphragm, a muscle separating the chest from the abdomen. Contractions and relaxation of the diaphragm force the flow of air in and out of the lungs. When one inhales, the diaphragm moves downward, giving the lungs more room to expand. When one exhales, the diaphragm moves upward helping you to force the air out of the lungs.
from Greek, from dia ‘through, apart’ + phragma ‘a fence’.
precise and painstaking: extremely careful and precise
meticulous
after a year of meticulous planning, the final pieces are falling into place.
careful, scrupulous, thorough, particular, painstaking, fussy, finicky, duteous
antonym: careless
an injured area of skin on your body, caused by your skin rubbing hard against something
abrasion /əˈbreɪʒ(ə)n/
inflammation is the body’s first response to infection or irritation and is necessary to help heal acute trauma, abrasions, broken bones, or the invasion of foreign substances (such as the venom from a bee sting).
- to help a plan, idea, feeling etc to develop
- to feed and take care of a child or a plant while it is growing
nurture
When you do yoga, you nurture the movement of prana—the life force.
a bird that is kept on a farm for its eggs and meat, for example a chickenor a duck
fowl /faʊl/
(also an old word for ‘bird’)
Foods that consist of essential amino acids are considered complete proteins; examples include meats, dairy, fish, fowl, and eggs as well as plant-based foods such as soy, quinoa, tempeh, tofu, miso, and edamame.
an organ of the body which produces a substance that the body needs, such as hormones, sweat, or saliva
gland
this community of organs that is the body—an integrated system that includes the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, muscles, bones, skin, and endocrine glands— acts together in exquisitely regulated harmony.
a Chinese form of physical exercise characterized by a series of very slow and deliberate balletic body movements
tai chi
Similar astonishing effects have been found as a result of tai chi, a form of movement-based meditation. The promising effects of tai chi range from the physical (for example, lower blood pressure) to the mental (enhanced cognitive function)
Chinese, literally “extreme limit”]
to attract someone very much, and hold their attention
captivate
Eckart isn’t the only person captivated by Hitler. in the crowd is a young university student, Rudolf Hess
= attract, charm, enchant, fascinate, entrance, draw
antonym: repel
to cut up the body of a dead animal or person in order to study it
dissect
The modern study of anatomy dates back to
the Renaissance period, in the 15th and 16th
centuries. For the first time, it became legal
to dissect, or cut open, a dead body to
examine its parts in minute detail and
make accurate drawings.
impossible to achieve or reach
unattainable
an unattainable goal
Setting unattainable goals will only lead to frustration.
=unachievable, impossible, unfeasible, inaccessible, unreachable
antonym: attainable
any of several sects of Orthodox Judaism that reject modern secular culture and many of whom do not recognize the spiritual authority of the modern state of Israel
Haredi
to be a very good example of an idea or quality
embody
She embodies everything I admire in a teacher
=exemplify, symbolize, represent, personify, express, stand for
(embalm: preserve dead body)
a period of time when a person or animal is kept apart from others in case they are carrying a disease
quarantine
If you are put under quarantine, you should understand why, and respect it.
in quarantine: The monkeys were kept in quarantine for 31 days.
=isolation, seclusion, confinement, solitary confinement, cordon sanitaire, separation
antonym: integration
quar·an·tine
Latin quadraginta “forty”; because ships suspected of carrying disease were refused entrance to port for 40 days]
to a great extent; extremely.
immensely
The president was immensely popular.
I’m immensely grateful that this book is in your hands.
=hugely, vastly, enormously, massively, immeasurably, greatly, incalculably, very, extremely, gigantically, colossally, infinitely
Defeat, to conquer or subdue by superior force, as in battle
vanquish
13th-century Persian poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic originally from Greater Khorasan.
Rumi
(MOVIE)
“In Nazi-occupied France during World War II, a plan to assassinate Nazi leaders by a group of Jewish U.S. soldiers coincides with a theatre owner’s vengeful plans for the same.”
inglourious basterds (2009)
Director: Quentin Tarantino
Stars: Brad Pitt, Diane Kruger, Eli Roth
IMDB: 8.3/10
Rotten Tomatoes: 89%
Movie
In 1904 a Russian woman named Sabina Spielrein arrives at Carl Jung’s clinic, seeking treatment for hysteria. Jung is eager to test Sigmund Freud’s theories on Sabina and, in fact, successfully treats her. Two years later Jung and Sabina meet Freud in person, and Jung takes over the treatment of Otto Gross, whose influence leads Jung to begin an affair with Sabina, contributing to a rift with Freud.
A Dangerous Method
A look at how the intense relationship between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud gives birth to psychoanalysis.
Release date: 2011
Director: David Cronenberg
Stars: Michael Fassbender, Keira Knightley, Viggo Mortensen
IMDB: 6.4
any of the small air spaces in the lungs where carbon dioxide leaves the blood and oxygen enters it
pulmonary alveoli
Respiration is usually an involuntary, automatic action that allows us to take in the oxygen we need from the air and exhale carbon dioxide. These gases are exchanged in the pulmonary alveoli.
3 Different states of Calorie Balance
- Negative Calorie Balamce(Burning more Calorie than consumes=losing weight)
- Netural Calorie Balamce(Burning as much as getting)
- Positive Calorie Balamce(Burning less than getting)
extremely dirty
filthy
- The bathroom was absolutely filthy
- The inside of the oven was filthy.
- We didn’t go swimming because the water looked filthy.
- You ought to wash that sweatshirt - it’s absolutely filthy.
=dirty, grimy, muddy, mucky (informal), soiled, grubby, messy
antonym: clean
The massive network of cells and connections in your brain is called The:
Neuroverse
the small black round area in the middle of your eye
pupil
Light enters the eyes through your pupils, and is focussed on the back of the eye, called the retina مردمک چشم
(offensive term) a person who acts in a strange or crazy way
kook
I am responsible, I am organized but hey I can be a kook.
a doctrine during cold war: if one side launches an attack so does the other; the final resault we all die
M.A.D (Mutual Assured Destruction)
When someone is ….., they are happy.
pleased [pli:zd] adj.
She was pleased with the phone call she received
syn: happy, glad, alive
someone who praises powerful people too much because they want to get something from them – used to show disapproval
sycophant
this is the story of Hitler’s henchman, the jealousy, power struggle and fawing sycophants that will create a monster and fuel the most horrors of the Third Reich /
a dictator surrounded by sycophants
made dirty, polluted, or poisonous by the addition of a chemical, waste, or infection
contaminated
contaminated food/water/blood
Today, the typical American diet increasingly consists of more processed and contaminated foods than ever before. The typical Western diet today is characterized by a high intake of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and low intake of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, and micronutrients.
morraly corruped
depraved
to use energy that is stored in your body, by being physically active
burn up
People do lose weight by cutting out carbohydrates because the body first burns up all the glycogen as well as the water that is with it, leaving protein for the body to burn as its fuel source, but doing this does not last long and does not assist in brain functioning.
one of the most powerful figures in the Third Reich, overseeing the creation and management of the vast Nazi police state as well as the infrastructure of the Holocaust.
Heinrich Himmler
a teenager wannabe soldier, Heinrich Himmler, finds the chance to fight for his crazy ideals. He established the first concentration camp at Dachau and organized extermination camps throughout occupied Europe.
changeable: likely to change, especially in affections, intentions, loyalties, or preferences
fickle
Avocados are very fickle, they like good weather, humid.
“You are not a drop in the ocean. You are …
… The entire ocean, in a Drop.
Rumi
used for describing something such as a story or a film that keeps you wanting to know what will happen next
suspenseful
while watching a suspenseful movie, have you ever noticed the sound of people munching popcorn, eating candy, or sipping on their extra-large soft drinks?
known and understood by only a few people who have special knowledge about something
esoteric
Banish the thought that yoga is too esoteric to understand, too mystical, or on the fringe.
Ancient Greek ἐσωτερικός originally referred to the secret teachings of Greek philosophers, versus public or exoteric ones).
an…. system, institution etc combines many different groups, ideas, or parts in a way that works well
integrated /in·tuh·grei·tuhd/
the body—an integrated system that includes the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, muscles, bones, skin, and endocrine glands— acts together in exquisitely regulated harmony.
=combined, united, joined, unified, cohesive, assimilated, incorporated, included, amalgamated
antonym: separated
bioflavonoid
bioflavonoid
Eat a “rainbow” of foods—foods of all colors—since these foods contain bioflavonoids (super antioxidants).
a Hindu religious text in which the god Krishna teaches the importance of detachment from personal aims, the fulfillment of religious duties, and devotion to God
Bhagavad Gita
Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire
Galen
(129–C. 216 CE)
His most important discovery was that arteries carry blood although he did not discover circulation.
Galen set out ideas about anatomy and physiology that would last for centuries.
the science that studies the way in which the bodies of living things work
physiology
We may look different from the outside, but
our bodies are all constructed in the same
way. The study of anatomy, which explores
body structure, shows that internally we are
virtually identical—except for differences
between males and females. The study of
physiology, which deals with how the body
works, reveals how body systems combine
to keep our cells, and us, alive.
Greek: physio- “nature” + logia “study”
without moral principles; not honest or fair
unscrupulous
unscrupulous traders found the solution in Africa’s slave markets.
=dishonest, unprincipled, corrupt, crooked (informal), dodgy (UK, informal), immoral, deceitful, devious, ruthless
antonym: honest
the outer layer of the skin
epidermis
Our skin is put together like a three layer cake. At the top is the eidermis, home of hair, freckles and wrinkles. only about a half millimetre thick in places, It is made of mostly keratinocytes, cells that slough off to be replaced by younger, healthier ones- a turnover that slows as we get older.
(layers: epidemis, dermis, subcutanous tissue(fat) )
Greek, “outer skin” < derma “skin”
commonly known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym Tzahal, are the military forces of the State of Israel.
IDF (Israel Defense Forces)
They consist of the ground forces, air force, and navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel.
Founder: David Ben-Gurion
Founded: 1948
to show something in a picture, painting, or sculpture
depict
A winged figure from a doorway at Cyrus’ palace at Pasargadae. It has been suggested that this depicts Cyrus himself, but it is more likely that it represents a protective spirit or genius of the royal palace. The crown is similar to that associated with apotropaic figures in the ancient Near East.(picture from Persian Mythology by JOHN R HINNELLS)
=portray, show, represent, describe, illustrate, paint, give a picture of
to do or give something, because something similar has been done or given to you
reciprocate
- They wanted to reciprocate the kindness that had been shown to them.
a male donkey
2: a stupid, annoying, or detestable person
jackass
This episode is the story of a real jackass abuser who literally bullies an entire town in Missouri for decades.
- to put food onto plates and give it to people
- to give, offer or provide something
serve up
The Web works through a system of servers and clients. The servers are computers where the websites are stored. They’re called servers because they “serve up” webpages to anyone who requests to see them.
interval of time from t=0 up to t=10−43
Planck era.
also (Planck epoch)
(one-million-trillion-trillion-trillionths of a second)
father of quantum mechanics
Max Planck
the supposed ability to recognize other people who are gay
gaydar
1980s: blend of gay and radar.
a small tropical animal with fur, that kills snakes, rats, etc.
mongoose
predator eats almost every animal as long as it can kills it
“non-discriminatory predator”
(like Mongoose)
an Iranian economist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Iran from 27 January 1965 to 7 August 1977. He was the longest serving prime minister in Iran’s history. He also served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance in Mansur’s cabinet.
Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
a state of confusion, excitement, or anxiety
turmoil
a small group of people who make secret plans, especially in order to have political power
cabal
In early 2000, a reformist member of the Iranian parliament, Akbar Alami, claimed that a cabal-like group of 200 individuals had controlled Iranian politics since the revolution.
Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook
a period of time when you get well again after an illness or a medical operation; the process of getting well
convalescence
REVOLUTIONS ARE like fevers, Crane Brinton wrote in his classic work The Anatomy of Revolution. And like fevers, they progress through stages. The initial phase is marked by the onset of a raging temperature and other extreme conditions, including delirium. The next stage witnesses the breaking of the temperature and a long and fitful convalescence, often marked by a relapse or two. Finally comes the recovery and restoration to normal health. (the last great revolution. Robin Wright)
an Iranian diplomat, writer and thinker. He was the Iranian ambassador to the United Nations from 1971 until 1979.
Fereydoon Hoveyda
فریدون هویدا (زادهٔ ۳۰ شهریور ۱۳۰۳ در دمشق – درگذشتهٔ ۱۲ آبان ۱۳۸۵ در کلیفتون، ویرجینیا) نویسنده، سیاستمدار و نقاش ایرانی بود. وی از ۱۳۴۹ تا هنگام انقلاب ۱۳۵۷ ایران سفیر و نمایندهٔ دائم ایران در سازمان ملل متحد بود.[۱] او برادر امیرعباس هویدا بود.
فریدون هویدا در سال ۱۹۶۷ از طرف محمدرضا پهلوی مأموریت یافت تا در فرانسه به عنوان میانجی جنگ ویتنام با نمایندگان دولت ویتنام شمالی ملاقات نماید اما بعلت بیمیلی دولت ویتنام شمالی این مأموریت شکست خورد.
an Iranian physician, educator and parliamentarian. She served as Minister of Education of Iran under Amir Abbas Hoveida and was the first female cabinet minister of an Iranian government.
Farrokhroo Parsa
(24 March 1922– 8 May 1980))
Parsa was an outspoken supporter of women’s rights in Iran.
was executed by firing squad on 8 May 1980 in Tehran, at the outset of the Islamic Cultural Revolution.
cephalopod
from Greek kephalē ‘head’ + pous, pod- ‘foot’.
the seeds of crops such as corn, wheat, or rice that are gathered for use as food, or these crops themselves
grain
Chip implant no bigger than a grain of rice is powered by wireless breakthrough
behaviour or actions that are clever but dishonest and unfair, and are used to get what you want
cunning
a cunning opponent
able to move quickly and easily with light neat movements
nimble
SYN agile
nimble fingers a nimble climber
needing a lot of effort or strength
strenuous
a strenuous climb
The doctor advised Ken to avoid strenuous exercise.
having a very strong feeling of love or attraction for somebody/something so that you cannot think clearly and in a sensible way
infatuated (with somebody/something)
Many young people today are infatuated with revolution, but for those who fled Communist dictatorships, revolution is a serious matter.
to trick somebody into doing something, especially by being nice to them
beguiled
Revolutionary Monsters provides a warning to those beguiled by the siren call of revolution. The lessons of the tragic revolutions in the twentieth century are all too apparent in the failures of the former Soviet Union, China, Cuba, Zimbabwe, and Iran.
to eat all of something quickly, especially because you are very hungry
devour /dɪˈvaʊər/
“The Revolution had devoured its own children.”
likely to suffer from a particular illness or be affected by a particular problem
susceptible
Older people are more susceptible to infections.
Soil on the mountain slopes is very susceptible to erosion.
to secretly join an organization or enter a place in order to find out information about it or harm it
infiltrate
Police attempts to infiltrate neo-Nazi groups were largely unsuccessful.
infiltrate into: Rebel forces have been infiltrating into the country.
to search for something by moving things around in a careless or hurried way
rummage
Looks like someone’s been rummaging around in my desk.
a phrase that is typically said in connection with children who show qualities or talents that are similar to those of their parents.
“The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree”
Your mother is a skilled pianist and from what I have heard, you are too! I guess the apple doesn’t fall far from the tree.
to come out from a source;
to produce a smell, light etc, or to show a particular quality
emanate
As humans, we are aware of ourselves. We each have a strong sense of self that emanates from our unique consciousness, and which seems to naturally lead us to ask questions about who we are, and where we come from. Like no other animal, we seem to have a very deep-seated need to know ourselves.
based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on ideas
empirical
For thousands of years, humans have attempted to answer questions about our origin, our place in the natural world, and our relationship with other forms of life. Religion and philosophy may provide one way of exploring these questions, but science leads us to look for evidence and answers in the world around us, and within us. This empirical approach to age-old questions has revealed extraordinary secrets from our past, allowing us to reach far back in time to investigate our family tree and to meet long-dead ancestors.
OPP theoretical, hypothetical
Cannot be stopped
inexorable
inexorable progress…
……. meeting or discussion is one in which people argue a lot and get very angry
SYN bitter
acrimonious
for some 200 years now, the remains of our human relatives and ancestors have benn discovered from rocks and sediments scattered all over the world. trying to make sense of all this material has involved many sceintists and much debate, which has often been highly acrimonious.
the fact that something is certain to happen, or something that is certain to happen
inevitability
evolution by natural selection is a mathematical inevitability.
seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously
ubiquitous
Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.
to talk or think about pleasant events in your past
reminisce
reminisce about: a group of former students reminiscing about their college days
to officially take private property away from someone, usually as a punishment
confiscate
Many opposition supporters had their goods confiscated.
a dirty mark
smudge
Those babies in the air force cry when their sunglasses get smudged
SYN smear
to hit someone so that they become unconscious
knock sb out
His opponent knocked him out with one punch.
The three drinks knocked him out.
idiom:
to criticize someone in a playful way : tease
bust someone’s chops
My brother likes to bust my chops.
idioms:
To not reveal or share some secret until the day one dies.
take it to grave
A: “Please, don’t tell anyone what I told you today!” B: “I swear, I’ll take it to the grave.”
used to tell someone to stop criticizing you or complaining about you
get off my case
OK, OK, just get off my case!
get on someone’s case: to nag sb repeatedly
to take a particular role or do a particular task
step into
She stepped into the role/position of director.
You have no idea what you are stepping into!
an abrupt and apparently unaccountable change of mood.
mood swing
A mood swing is a sudden or intense change in emotional state. During a mood swing, a person may quickly switch from feeling happy and upbeat to feeling sad, irritable, or angry.
نوسان خلقی
Idioms:
to drive a vehicle
take the wheel
My sister offered to take the wheel.
To take or assume control (of something).
to come back to a place for just a moment /
To return (to some place) very quickly or briefly
pop back
Okay, I think I can pop back for a minute.
I have to pop back for something I forgot.
to prevent somebody from doing what they want to do
thwart
They were going to try to thwart us but we are not going to let that happen
SYNONYM frustrate
not important or worth considering
inconsequential
The speech was full of inconsequential details.
SYN insignificant, trivial
the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.
cognitive dissonance
People tend to seek consistency in their attitudes and perceptions, so this conflict causes feelings of unease or discomfort.
a statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true
assertion
Do you have any evidence to support your assertions?
SYNONYM claim
idioms:
to understand something, especially something strange or out of the ordinary
wrap sb head/mind around (something)
I just couldn’t wrap my mind around what had happened.
to make something clearer by explaining it more fully
elucidate
Let me elucidate.
SYNONYM explain
well informed about or proficient in the use of modern technology, especially computers
tech-savvy
today’s tech-savvy consumers
to loss of faith in a religion and returned to a previous religion or non-religion
deconvert
I was 15 when I deconverted from Islam to reason
Four Horsemen of the New Atheism?
The ‘Four Horsemen of the New Atheism’
clockwise from top left: Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens, Daniel Dennett, and Sam Harris
causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.
contentious
a contentious issue/topic/subject
not disputable, unquesionable
indisputable
indisputable proof / evidence/ fact
(especially of hair) long enough to reach your shoulders
shoulder-length
capable of being deciphered : comprehensible.
scrutable
Mormons believe that God is scrutable through revelation, and anthropomorphic, in that he has a physical body of flesh and bone.
OPP: inscrutable
C17: from Latin scrūtārī to inspect closely
to say something about a subject that another person is already talking about : to join a conversation
jump in
Jump in if you have any questions.
Before we jump in, Can you summerize your intellectual and academic backgroungd?
an effect caused by hot air in deserts or on roads, that makes you think you can see something, such as water, which is not there
mirage
SYNONYM illusion
His idea of love was a mirage.
وهم، سراب، کوراب، نقش بر اب، امر خیالی
the state of being unclear, confusing, or not certain, or things that produce this effect
ambiguity
Policy of deliberate ambiguity: Finally, the United States also tolerates Israel’s deliberate ambiguity as to whether Israel has nuclear weapons
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