2023 Flashcards
start year 2022
V
to make something less harmful, unpleasant, or bad
mitigate
/ˈmɪt̬.ə.ɡeɪt/
As a cybersecurity analyst, you will need to communicate and collaborate with others. Understanding others’ questions or concerns and communicating information clearly to individuals with technical and non-technical knowledge will help you mitigate security issues quickly.
n
a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama.
Guanaco
/ɡwəˈnäkō/
n
information that proves who committed a crime:
smoking gun
The tapes provided prosecutors with the** smoking gun** they needed.
Human Evolution.
an extinct species of small archaic human that inhabited the island of Flores, Indonesia, until the arrival of modern humans about 50,000 years ago.
Homo floresiensis
/flɔːrˈɛziːˌɛn.sɪs/
The remains of an individual who would have stood about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) in height were discovered in 2003 at Liang Bua cave.(link to Smithsonian instituion)
noun [ C ] informal disapproving
a man known for seducing women and having many lovers.
Casanova
/ˌkæs.əˈnoʊ.və/
The word originates from the name of the Italian adventurer and author, Giacomo Girolamo Casanova. He was known for his charm and charisma, and his name has become synonymous with the term “libertine”. His autobiography, “Histoire de ma vie” (Story of My Life), is regarded as one of the most authentic sources of information about the customs and norms of European social life during the 18th century. Despite the Spanish translation of “casanova” meaning “new house”, it has been associated with a connoisseur of seduction since the year 18883.
phrasal verb
to be unable to think of anything to say, especially because you are nervous
freeze up
Do you freeze up when you see an attractive girl? Do you run out of things to say? Do you struggle to attract women through conversation? It doesn’t have to be this way
absent-minded
/ˈæbsəntˈmaindɪd/
Even the most absent-minded of us usually retain knowledge of which are our left and right hands.
n - anatomy
a large part at the back of the brain that controls your muscles, movement, and balance
**cerebellum**
the cerebellum is involved in movement and coordination, whereas the cerebral cortex is involved in memory, language and consciousness.
from Latin ***cerebellum*** "a small brain," diminutive of *cerebrum* "the brain"
| /ˌser.əˈbel.əm/
n
having a spine (= back bone)
vertebrate
مُهرهداران
/ˈvɝː.t̬ə.brət/
Birds, fish, and reptiles are all vertebrates. /
The brains of vertebrate animals have developed in both size and sophistication.
noun [ C ]
a group of similar things that are close together, sometimes surrounding something
cluster
/ˈklʌs.tɚ/
*Have a look at the cluster of galaxies in this photograph.
*The most primitive brains are little more than clusters of cells bunched together at the front of an organism.
verb [ T ]
to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change
Undergo
/ˌʌn.dɚˈɡoʊ/
The brain has undergone some remarkable changes through its evolution.
undergo - underwent- undergone
adjective
- causing someone to lose their balance; overwhelming or so great that it is difficult to deal with
- causing astonishment or disbelief; incredibly impressive or shocking
staggering
/ˈstæɡ.ɚ.ɪŋ/
- staggering debts
- The human brain, in all its staggering complexity, is the product of millions of years of evolution. / staggering scientific progress
noun [ C ]
a crack in the earth’s surface where the rock has divided into two parts that move against each other
fault line (OR fault)
/ˈfɑːlt ˌlaɪn/
Crucially, many of the predictions are vague enough to cover huge territory of where the earthquake(s) may strike, and/or focus on the well-known danger zones that are near prominent tectonic fault lines, and where spikes of seismic activity has been recorded.
گُسل
noun [ U ] GEOLOGY specialized
the scientific study of the sudden, violent movements of the earth connected with earthquakes
**seismology**
| /saɪzˈmɑː.lə.dʒi/
## Footnote
The scientists have done long-term work in geophysics, oceanography and **seismology**.
to come or bring something back to life, health, existence, or use
revive
Billion-dollar startup plans to bring the dodo back from the dead, and claims it can also revive the woolly mammoth
glib
/ɡlɪb/
glib glibber glibbest
I am not being glib. Keep it to yourself before you end up in a psyche ward.
noun / idiom
(idiomatic) A topic that is not clearly one thing or the other, that is open to interpretation.
grey area
It exists in a grey area between legal and illegal.
Of course there’s a grey area.
(Canadians prefer the spelling grey, although gray is also correct.)
noun
a very tall modern city building
skyscraper
Burj Khalifa is not just one of the most astounding skyscrapers on the planet, it’s also the tallest building in the world at the moment.
sky + scraper آسمان خراش
The term skyscraper originally applied to buildings of 10 to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height, generally greater than 40 or 50 stories.
noun
a tool used to remove something from a surface by rubbing
scraper
a paint scraper
خراشنده، زداینده
skyscaper آسمان خراش
to stop or take hold of; interrupt the movement or progress of.
intercept
Luckily, they intercepted the package before it was delivered to the wrong people.
to be attacked, injured, or killed by (someone or something)
fall victim to
Many of our ancestor fell victom to ferocious beasts.
Police think she may have fallen victim to a serial killer.
belonging to the period in the Earth’s history that started about two million years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago, when much of the Earth was covered with ice
Pleistocene
often referred to as the Ice Age
mid 19th century: from Greek pleistos ‘most’ + kainos ‘new’.
a large carnivorous North American dinosaur of the Cretaceous period that had small forelimbs and walked on its hind legs;
Tyrannosaurus rex (T_Rex)
Surely one of the most remarkable animals that had ever existed, and certainly one of the most famous is a dinosaur: Tyrannosaurus rex.
Greek tyrannos ( → TYRANT) + sauros “lizard”+Latin: rex“king”
a feeling or quality that causes excitement. /
a very small piece of fire
spark
T. rex: An animal to spark the imagination for all of us.
جرقه، اخگر، بارقه، جرقه زدن
next to, or together with
preposition, adverb
alongside
Bikes shared the road alongside cars and mopeds.
جنب، کنار، به کنار، به موازات
unusually large, or ugly and frightening;
like a monster
monstrous
66 million years ago the skies were filled with flying giants. In the seas,
monstrous reptiles patrol the depths. And on land, dinosaurs of every kind, all facing the struggle to survive.
SYN hideous
a group of young birds all born at the same time, or a person’s children:
brood
Turtles are normally on a Mosasaur’s menu But this T-Rex brood would make a welcome snack.
verb
to undergo decomposition from the action of bacteria or fungi
پوسیده
rot / rotting
The giant Turtle is dead, and the Tyrannosaur has smelled its rotting body.
There, he saw ‘several thousands of rotting fish’.
rot vs deacy:
Both rot and decay describe breakdown, but rot often implies faster decomposition, sometimes caused by fungus. Decay is more general.
to try to deal with something or someone
tackle
Hatchling turtles are the perfect size for a hatchling to tackle.
There are many ways of tackling this problem.
I tackled him about his careless work.
(of a person or a person’s behavior) eager to know a lot about people or things:
inquisitive
an inquisitive mind
Our neighbors are too inquisitive.
a large number of fish swimming as a group
shoal
It’s especially rich here in the North Atlantic, where huge shoals of fish
come close to the shore.
NOTE In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling.
the hard, pointed part of a bird’s mouth
beak
Birds use their beaks to pick up food.
SEE PICTURE ; The dagger beak of Phosphatodraco
(dagger: a short pointed knife used as a weapon)
to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something
plunge
We ran down to the beach and plunged into the sea.
no one seems quite ready to take the plunge.
شیرجه، غوطه، سقوط
done to avoid something bad happening
evasive
NOTE: : evasive action/ manouver
By the time the pilot realized how close the plane was to the building, it was too late to take evasive action.
Drivers had to make sudden evasive manoeuvres.
: گریزان: طفره
a young cow, or the young of various other large mammals such as elephants and whales
calf
This huge marine whale is accompanied by her calf, about six months old.
NOTE: If a cow is in calf, it is pregnant.
to stop something
cease
“Intellectual growth should commence at birth and cease only at death.” quote by Einestin
(cease is very formal)
cease ≠ commence
the period in which two people have a romantic relationship that often leads to marriage
courtship
They were married in 1923 after a long courtship.
اظهار عشق، معاشقه, دوران نامزدی یا خواستگاری
a small smooth round stone, especially one found on a beach or in a river
pebble
This part of the coast has pebble beaches.
not conscious of or careful about possible risks and dangers
unwary
If you are unwary, he will cheat you.
He sold fake insurance policies to unwary customers.
quick and exact in movement or thought; agile
nimble
A rival. A younger male, challenging for this territory. The old male is heavier, over 15 tons. But his rival is more nimble.
to push roughly or be pushed in a crowd
jostle
The males jostle for a place around the larger females.
We were jostled by the crowd.
taking a lot of time and effort
laboriously
She’s moving laboriously.
This is a highly detailed, laboriously researched study.
the period between around 144 and 65 million years ago, in which plants with flowers first appeared:
the Cretaceous
the Cretaceous period
Fossil remains from the Cretaceous are almost always found in sedimentary deposits. سنگ رسوبی
Origin cretaceous (1600-1700) Latin cretaceus, from creta “chalk
Noticing how words commonly go together
collocations /ˌkɑː.ləˈkeɪ.ʃən/
In the phrase “a hard frost”, “hard” is a collocation of “frost” and “strong” would not sound natural.
همایند,
the state of being extremely tired
exhaustion /ɪɡˈzɑː.tʃən/
She felt ill with/from exhaustion.
ill or very tired from working too hard
burnt out
Many doctors feel so tired and burnt out by the age of 55 or 60 that they retire early.
exhausted = very tired = burnt out
to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone
deprive sb of sth /dɪˈpraɪv/
He claimed that he had been deprived of his freedom/rights.
You can’t function properly when you’re deprived of sleep.
used to say that it is now your turn or responsibility.
over to you
“it’s over to you, the people of Scotland, to decide who should win”
to risk going somewhere or doing something that might be dangerous or unpleasant
venture
The west of South America and one of the most desolate places on this prehistoric planet. Few animals venture here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth.
An empty and not attractive place, with no people or nothing pleasant in it/
extremely sad and feeling alone
desolate
The west of South America and one of the most desolate places on this prehistoric planet. Few animals venture here, yet it is the stage for one of the most extraordinary gatherings on Earth.
She felt desolate when her best friend moved away.
to examine sb or sth very carefully
scrutinize
Crowds of females scrutinize the newly arriving males, assessing their strength and suitability.
All new products are scrutinized by the laboratory.
showing no interest or energy and unwilling to take action, especially over something important
apathetic /ˌæp.əˈθet̬.ɪk/
Don’t be so apathetic - how are you going to get a job if you don’t even start looking?
Apathetic agnosticism: An apathetic agnostic would say, “I don’t know whether any deity exists or not, and I don’t care if any deity exists or not.”
بی تفاوت، بی احساس، بی روح
to make something increase in size by filling it with air, or to increase in size when filled with air ///
to increase in price
inflate /ɪnˈfleɪt/
to inflate balloons/
Food prices are no longer inflating at the same rate as last year.
to prevent or discourage someone from doing something
deter
High prices are deterring many young people from buying houses.
***He weighs nearly 50 tons. And his display has, so far intimidated all challengers. But this new arrival is not deterred.
(of people and animals) nervous or easily frightened
skittish
The Pterosaurs are skittish, they will take to the air at the first sign of danger.
a particular degree or amount of something
quotient
Emotional intelligence (otherwise known as emotional quotient or EQ) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways to relieve stress, communicate effectively, empathize with others, overcome challenges and defuse conflict.
***Being rich doesn’t actually increase your happiness quotient.
Latin quotiens “how many times”, from quot “how many”
a group of people who spread from one original country to other countries, or the act of spreading in this way
diaspora
We now have a Western diaspora and that diaspora is bringing Iranians and Indians together.
“Iranian diaspora”
the Diaspora : the Jews living in different parts of the world outside Israel
Greek “ from dia “about, across” + speirein “to scatter”
پراکندگی، جماعت یهودیان پراکنده
to become greater, more serious, or more extreme, or to make something do this
intensify
Fighting around the capital has intensified in the last few hours.
not wanting to do something and therefore slow to do it
reluctant
I was reluctant to leave because I was having such a good time.
the scientific study of organisms that lived on earth before there were written records, esp. by examining fossils
paleontology
US spelling of Palaeontology
not completely safe or not completely honest
sketchy
a sketchy guy
They lived in a “sketchy neighborhood.”
protection or a safe place, especially for someone or something being chased or hunted
sanctuary
a wildlife/bird sanctuary
able to move your body quickly and easily
agile
Velociraptor’s body was kept warm by feathers, but they can’t fly. They are however exceptionally agile.
very heavy rain
torrential /tɔːˈren.ʃəl/
torrential rain/downpour/storm
Note: “Torrent: “a strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid.”
A …. area has a lot of green, healthy plants, grass, and trees:
lush
A lush forest/valleys
frightening and violent
ferocious /fəˈroʊ.ʃəs/
a ferocious dog/battle/hunter
She’s got a ferocious (= very bad) temper.
NOTE“These words describe people and things that use force to hurt others, or things that show people being hurt by force.” : violent, aggressive, Ferocious, fierce, savage, Brutal, vicious, Bloody, gory”
an animal that eats only plants
herbivore
Despite Triceratops’s fierce appearance, this famous ceratopsian, or horned dinosaur, was an herbivore.
Cows and sheep are herbivores.
“ADJ: herbivorous, OPP: carnivore”
to touch, rub, or press someone gently and affectionately, esp. with the head or nose
nuzzle
My dog came and nuzzled my foot to try and cheer me up.
very eager for something, especially a lot of food
voracious
He has a voracious appetite (= he eats a lot).
He’s a voracious reader of historical novels (= he reads a lot of them eagerly and quickly).
ADV voraciously: the male feeds voraciously
solid waste from animals, especially cattle and horses
dung
Note: “solid excrement from animals, esp. cattle and horses; manure”
force to go away from a particular place
drive off
The older female is driven off but younger female nest is wrecked/
The army was drivn off by the fierce attacks of the rebels.
We were driven off the island by the new owner.
easily damaged or broken object
fragile
fragile egg/vase/items
NOTE: Synonyms : “breakable, brittle (EASILY DAMAGED)
delicate (EASILY DAMAGED)”
rude but not seriously offensive /
confident or showing confidence
sassy
a sassy young girl/dog/teenager boy
I was a sassy kid who sometimes talked back to my mother.
idiom
If you need to go to the toilet, then this is the idiom to use (polite way to say)
Nature’s Call
OR: Nature’s calling
Why are you late? - I had to answer the call of nature.
I kept waking up to answer nature’s call.
used for telling someone that you agree with what they are saying.
“I second that”
“People should stop posting images over 200kb on the front page.”
“I second that.”
the particular importance or attention that is given to something
emphasis
In Humanism, the emphasis is on the human being. On the other hand, in Feminism, the emphasis is solely on the right of the woman. Humanists approach the human being in a holistic manner, despite their gender difference. Feminists, however, stress the positioning of women specifically.
public support for an idea, plan, or way of doing something
advocacy
Feminism is the advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.
something that especially annoys you
pet peeve مایه رنجش
what is your biggest “pet peeve”? - People being late without telling me first.
Weak coffee is one of my pet peeves.
NOTE: “peeve = to annoy someone” :”It peeves me that she didn’t bother to phone.”
To annoy someone or make someone angry
get under someone’s skin
Five Things Our Judgments of Others Say About Us. This might explain why certain people get under your skin.
the state of being drunk
inebriation
He was in an advanced state of inebriation.
to put one’s foot in something/
you get a job very easily
step into
“Upon those who step into the same rivers, different and again different waters flow.” Heraclitus
someone’s opinion about something, esp. when it was not asked for or wanted
/idiom
to remember a piece of information when you are making a decision or thinking about a matter
bear/keep sth in mind
Bear in mind that’s not an exact or by any means complete synopsis of how the study of philosophy came into being.
a short description of the contents of something such as a film or book
synopsis
Bear in mind that’s not an exact or by any means complete synopsis of how the study of philosophy came into being.
plural synopses
کوتهواره، چکیده، همبینی، مختصر
a comparison of the features or qualities of two different things to show their similarities
to choose someone officially to do a particular job:
(esp. of something bad) very great / extremely large
colossal /kəˈlɑː.səl/
colossal apetite /
a chemical substance for killing insects
insecticide
/ɪnˈsektɪsaɪd/
Smoke is an insecticide.
Etymology:
* Insectum: meaning “cut into” or “notched,” referring to the segmented bodies of insects.
* -cide: meaning “killer” (found in other words like herbicide and fungicide).
V
to guess, based on the appearance of a situation and not on proof
conjecture
/kənˈdʒek.tʃɚ/
Thales for instance observed that matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases, and he also observed that wate exists an all three states – which is why he conjectured that everything is made of water.
برداشت سطحی (برمبنای مدارک و اطلاعات ناکافی و حدسیات)
گمان بردن
(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail
robust
knowledge about any sunject becomes more robust as we question, challenge, and ultimately improve on it.
a fixed, especially religious, belief or set of beliefs that people are expected to accept without any doubts
dogma
skepticism
After all, skepticism is a healthy element of science
a method or way of doing something
means
Television is an increasingly important means of communication.
We need to find some other means of transportation.
to say that something is certainly true
assert
Philosophy isn’t just about asserting beliefs, It’s about defending them./
He asserts that she stole money from him.
V
to remove all signs of something; destroy:
obliterate
/əˈblɪt̬.ə.reɪt/
“after supernova, Any life that might have existed in the star’s own planetary system would have been obliterated. ”
an extremely destructive event or violent change
cataclysm /ˈkæt̬.ə.klɪ.zəm/
The age of dinosaurs ended in cataclysm one spring day 66 million years ago when an asteroid 12 kilometers wide hit Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula, triggering the extinction of those remarkable beasts and about three quarters of Earth’s species.
not possible to change; impossible to return to a previous condition
irreversible
North Korea declares itself a nuclear weapons state. North Korea’s leader Kim Jong-un called the move “irreversible”
intending to persuade other people to oppose their government
seditious
A Hong Kong judge has found five speech therapists guilty of publishing seditious children’s books. (News link)
فتنه جو، فتنه انگیز، آشوبانگیز
Noun : sedition
by a very large amount
astronomically
cost of living is rising astronomically.
to get rid of something completely or destroy something bad
eradicate /ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt/
The disease that once claimed millions of lives has now been eradicated.
از بین بردن، ریشه کن کردن
If you describe someone’s feelings or characteristics as ………, you are emphasizing that they are very strong and not mixed with any other feeling or quality./ pure
undiluted /ˌʌn.daɪˈluː.t̬ɪd/
1992 is not a year on which I shall look back with undiluted pleasure.
(Her Majesty The Queen Elizabeth II)
I will look back at this one with undiluted pleasure.
adjective
connected with the ability to smell
adjective
- showing a lack of respect for God or for something sacred
- shockingly rude or profane
**blasphemous**
| /ˈblæsfəməs/
## Footnote
A long time ago, on Valentine’s Day, 1989, Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini, declared Rushdie’s novel “The Satanic Verses” **blasphemous** and issued a fatwa ordering the execution of its author and “all those involved in its publication.”
an advantage that only one person or group of people has, usually because of their position or because they are rich
privilege
Life is the greatest show on Earth, and we humans have the extraordinary privilege of having brains large enough to begin to understand it.
n
the process of removing something
C2
elimination
/iˌlɪm.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
the adoption of AI in cybersecurity will have a significant impact on the industry, but it will not necessarily lead to the elimination of jobs.
n
a bird, such as an eagle or a hawk, that kills and eats small birds and animals
raptor
/ˈræp.tɚ/
Paragon falcon is a majestic raptor.
Synonum:** Birds of prey** or predatory birds
2nd meaning: a usually small-to-medium-sized predatory dinosaur (such as a velociraptor or deinonychus)
adv
in a way that is unceremonious (= rude, sudden, or informal):
unceremoniously
/ʌnˌser.ɪˈmoʊ.ni.əs.li/
“When I was recently unceremoniously thrown into a Siberian prison cell, I said to myself, ‘I will never visit a dodgy country again.’” Link
adj
likely to fail or cause problems:
dodgy
/ˈdɑː.dʒi/
“When I was recently unceremoniously thrown into a Siberian prison cell, I said to myself, ‘I will never visit a dodgy country again.’”
(2nd meaning: dishonest)
V
to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits, and customs:
integrate
/ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡreɪt/
It’s very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own.
adj
someone who repeatedly argues with other people; bad tempered
quarrelsome
/ˈkwɔːr.əl.səm/
He was moody, quarrelsome and indifferent to her and their son./
The hyena can be easily tamed, but even in captivity she often remains spiteful and quarrelsome.
V
to walk with your heels raised off the ground
tiptoe
/ˈtɪp.toʊ/
Finally, when all the other animals had gone, the humans tiptoed carefully to the carcass to look for scraps…but the only thing left was bare bones.
n
the body of a dead animal
carcass
/ˈkɑr·kəs/
Finally, when all the other animals had gone, the humans tiptoed carefully to the carcass to look for scraps…but the only thing left was bare bones.
V
to raise your shoulders and then lower them in order to say you do not know or are not interested:
shrug
/ʃrʌɡ/
V
to cause something to continue:
perpetuate
/pɚˈpetʃ.u.eɪt/
the dictator was trying to perpetuate his control.
We should perpetuate the rare species.
V
to punish or criticize someone strongly:
chastise
/tʃæsˈtaɪz/
A woman roundly was chastised by North Korean media for saving her kids in a house fire and not saving the pictures of leaders on her kitchen wall. Link
(In the given context, “roundly” means thoroughly or completely, strongly or severely.
n
someone who interrupts a public speech or performance with loud, unfriendly statements or questions:
heckler
/ˈhek.lɚ/
Robertson was interrupted several times by hecklers. ,.
The heckler was ejected from the hall by a couple of police officers.
n
someone who studies astrology and uses it to tell people how they believe it will affect their lives
astrologer
/əˈstrɑː.lə.dʒɚ/
an astrologer might interpret celestial events as omens, while a scientist would explain them using astronomy and physics
adj
….. descriptions, memories, etc. produce very clear, powerful, and detailed images in the mind:
vivid
He’s one of those people with a very vivid imagination - every time he hears a noise he’s convinced it’s someone breaking in.
adj
extremely angry:
livid
When Cleopatra learns that Arsinoe is still alive, she is livid. Because she knows the threat she represents. She knows you can’t trust your siblings. You can’t trust them.
adj
perfect, or complete in every way:
2nd meaning: “Make (a marriage or relationship) complete by having sexual intercourse.”
consummate
/ˈkɑːn.sə.meɪt/
The ancient Egyptians were consummate astronomers, and they had created a very effective solar-based calendar. Twelve months of the year, each month with 30 days, and they had five days at the end to create a year of 365 days. The origin of our calendar and the one that Julius Caesar adopts when Cleopatra visits Rome. link
(2nd meaning example):The marriage was never consummated.
n
a layer of feathers that covers a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers.
plumage
/ˈpluː.mɪdʒ/
The pattern and colours of plumage differ between species and subspecies and may vary with age classes. Within species, there can be different colour morphs. / Male peacocks have beautiful plumage./ BIRDS often have vibrant plumage, but the dazzling diversity in their eye colour also seems to be important for their success.
n
a precious stone, usually bright blue, that is often used in jewellery:
**sapphire**
| /ˈsæf.aɪr/
## Footnote
a **sapphire** ring/bracelet/
2nd meaning: bright blue (رنگ) آبی سیر
Many birds have brightly coloured eyes. The black-and-red-broadbill (Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos), for instance, has **sapphire** blue or vivid emerald eyes. ([New Scientist. Oct 28th, 2023](https://www.newscientist.com/article/2398428-why-birds-eyes-can-be-blue-green-pink-or-orange/#:~:text=Many%20birds%20have%20brightly%20coloured,blue%20or%20vivid%20emerald%20eyes.))
n
the inner bark of a South-East Asian tree, used in cooking as a spice, especially in sweet foods
cinnamon
/ˈsɪn.ə.mən/
ground cinnamon
n
the act of intentionally making someone slightly excited, usually with sexual images or descriptions:
titillation
/ˌtɪt̬.əlˈeɪ.ʃən/
I’m not out here for your sexual titillation. (Solar Opposites, S01E01 BY **Korvo **)
هیجان، لذت، کیف، غلغلک، غلغلک اوری
n
one of the main characters in a story or a play
protagonist
/prəˈtæɡ.ən.ɪst/
Korvo is the main protagonist of the Hulu animated series Solar Opposites. He is a leader of the main aliens and computer expert. He, along with the other aliens (Terry, Yumyulack, and Jesse) with the babylike alien as known as the Pupa leave their planet after the asteroid hits it and destroy.
n
a type of dog that is a cross between (= a mixture of ) a Labrador and a poodle
labradoodle
/ˌlæb.rəˈduː.dəl/
Solar Opposite Series, 2020
a species of aliens originating from planet Shlorp.
Shlorpian
The most notable Shlorpians on Solar Opposites are Korvo, Yumyulack, Terry, and Jesse.
Korvo: sometimes it feels i am the only shlorpians who wants to escape this garbage planet. (S01E01)
adj
unusual in a pleasing and exciting or silly way:
wacky
/ˈwæk.i/
Shlorpians - for the most part - ill-adjusted to Earth’s customs, and Korvo and his family try to overcome the challenge of being immigrants to a relatively unknown planet. Because of their inexperience, the Shlorpian family gets themselves in wacky situations.
adj
able to experience feelings:
sentient
/ˈsen.ti.ənt/ OR /ˈsen.ʃənt/
It is hard for a sentient person to understand how any parents could treat their child so badly.
V
to start to feel happier:
cheer (someone) up
She went shopping to cheer herself up.
adj
very good at noticing and understanding things that many people do not notice:
perceptive
/pɚˈsep.tɪv/
I am extremely perceptive.
V
to get rid of or kill something or someone, especially intentionally:
zap
/zæp/
I dont think we should have to go to schools with aliens who are probably gonna zap us with thier ray guns. (by Lydia “Solar Opposites”S01E01)
adj
extremely or unpleasantly dirty:
filthy
/ˈfɪl.θi/
Wash your hands - they’re filthy!
filthy habit I’ve never smoked - it’s a filthy habit.
filthy look UK figurative That girl just gave me a filthy look (= looked at me in a very unpleasant, disapproving way).
filthy temper/mood UK He was in a filthy (= a very bad) temper/mood.
n
a phrase that is often repeated by and therefore becomes connected with a particular organization or person, especially someone famous such as a television entertainer
catchphrase
/ˈkætʃ.freɪz/
His catchphrase, “Make my day”, has become part of the modern consciousness.
“Bingo Bango, I am Funbucket.” ..Korvo : I like that catchphrase
n
the feeling of not liking someone or something and thinking that they do not deserve your interest or respect:
disdain
/dɪsˈdeɪn/
as a VERB: The older musicians disdain the new, rock-influenced music.
as a Noun : Korvo: Funbucket apperars to have a healthy disdain for humans.
(slang, vulgar, intransitive) To force oneself to become more manly; to toughen up or man up.
sack up
Ms. Frankie : You need to sack up, Crook. (Solar Opposites)
V
to secretly tell someone in authority, especially a teacher, that someone else has done something bad, often in order to cause trouble:
tattle
/ˈtæt̬.əl/
Did you tattle on us to the teacher?
V
to sail, fly, or travel completely around the Earth, an island etc
circumnavigate
/ˌsɝː.kəmˈnæv.ə.ɡeɪt/
They circumnavigated Cape Horn Island in canoes.
V
spend time doing unimportant or trivial things.
fuck around
Stop fucking around and come home.
n
a stupid or silly person:
schmuck
/ʃmʌk/
Her husband is such a schmuck!
(from Yiddish (Yiddish: שמאָק, shmok), where it has similar pejorative meanings, but where its literal meaning is a vulgar term for a penis.)
n
showing feelings of hating women or a belief that men are better than women:
misogynistic
/mɪˌsɑː.dʒɪˈnɪs.tɪk/
to make a man feel less male by taking away his power and confidence:
emasculate
/ɪˈmæs.kjə.leɪt/
Some men feel emasculated if they work for a woman.
noun (formal)
a feeling of hate or dislike towards women, or a feeling that women are not as good as men
misogyny
/mɪˈsɑːdʒɪni/
studies in sociology, psychology, and gender studies might explore misogyny and its effects.
Etymology: Misogyny: The word itself is a combination of two Greek roots:
Misos (μῖσος): Meaning “hatred” or “dislike.” This root appears in other English words like “misanthrope” (hatred of humankind) and “misophone” (hatred of noise).
Gynē (γυνή): Meaning “woman.” We see this root in other words like “gynecologist” (specialist in women’s health) and “androgynous” (having characteristics of both sexes).
V
to accept or allow behaviour that is wrong:
condone
/kənˈdoʊn/
If the government is seen to condone violence, the bloodshed will never stop.
n
the seeds of an Asian fruit, used to give a special taste to Indian and Middle Eastern food
Cardamom
/ˈkɑːr.də.məm/
cardamom seeds
Add two teaspoonfuls of ground cardamom.
adj
(of food) very high quality:
gourmet
/ɡʊrˈmeɪ/
gourmet coffee
a gourmet meal
V
to touch or attack someone in a sexual way against their wishes:
molest
/məˈlest/
The girl had been molested frequently by her stepfather from the age of eight.
The man had previously been arrested several times for molesting young boys.
V
to severely punish someone who has committed a crime, or to force someone to suffer:
condemn
/kənˈdem/
Those who remember the past are not condemned to repeat it.
2nd meaning: critisize sb strongly usually for moral reasons
adj
done or acting secretly and quietly to avoid being noticed:
furtive
/ˈfɝː.t̬ɪv/
One discreet and furtive rodant plays a vital role in ecosysytem: the red squrriel.
adj
very shiny:
lustrous
/ˈlʌs.trəs/
long lustrous hair
adj
- causing dizziness or giddiness
- feeling dizzy or giddy
- very high or deep; so high or deep as to cause dizziness
vertiginous
/vɝːˈtɪdʒ.ə.nəs/
- Architecture: Vertiginous heights can be a design element in architecture, used to create a sense of awe or drama. For example, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai has vertiginous observation decks offering panoramic views of the city.
Note: The scientific use of “vertiginous” is primarily related to the sensation of dizziness.
N. paleoanthropology
An extinct hominid that is believed to have spread from Africa to Europe and Asia about 2 million years ago and appears to have survived in Asia to at least 150,000 years ago.
Homo erectus
(sometimes referred to as Homo Ergaster)
the protohumans lived on the temperate East Africa grasslands for five million years before Homo erectus emerged, the first hominid to venture further afield.
V
to die or suffer badly from an illness; to accept defeat:
succumb
/səˈkʌm/
H. erectus spread though Africa and embarked on the first exploration of the Earth before succumbing to extinction.
N. paleoanthropology
Homo ergaster (or African Homo erectus) may have been the first human species to leave Africa. Fossil remains show this species had expanded its range into southern Eurasia by … million years ago.
1.75 million years ago
source: Australian Museum
Their descendents, Asian Homo erectus, then spread eastward and were established in South East Asia by at least 1.6 million years ago.
N. geography
Around 1.8 million years ago, Homo Erectus migrated out of Africa via the … … and Horn of Africa to Eurasia
Levantine corridor
n
the practice of supplying land with water so that crops and plants will grow:
irrigation
/ˌɪr.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
Researchers investigate how irrigation practices can affect soil composition and fertility. This involves studying factors like salinization (salt buildup) and waterlogging, ensuring long-term sustainability of irrigated land
idiom
you should not make plans that depend on something good happening before you know that it has actually happened:
don’t count your chickens before they hatch
She wanted to buy a dress in case someone asked her to the dance, but I told her not to count her chickens before they hatched.
the relaxed, intimate conversation that can occur between sexual partners after sexual activity, usually accompanied by cuddling, caresses, kissing, and other physical intimacy.
pillow talk
It is associated with honesty, sexual afterglow, and bonding,[1] and is distinguished from dirty talk which sometimes forms part of foreplay and of sexual act.
(US slang, humorous) To have sexual intercourse (with someone)
doink
You kind of want to doink her, don’t you?
adj
(of a word) sounding similar to the noise the word refers to:
Onomatopoeic
/ˌɑːnəˌmætəˈpiːɪk/
نامآوا
“Pop”, “boom”, and “squelch” are onomatopoeic words.
The word “click” is onomatopoeic in itself.
n
the sound made by a rooster
cock-a-doodle-doo
cock-a-doodle-doois a onomatopoeic word.
n
an offensive word meaning to have sex with someone
bang
/bæŋ/
n
A sexually attractive and usually big and strong man:
hunky
/ˈhʌŋ.ki/
I think he’s quite hunky.
V
to make a short, very high cry or sound:
squeak
/skwiːk/
The mice in the cupboard squeaked.
The door squeaked as it swung back and forth on its rusty hinges.
adj
very cheap; low in price
budget
/ˈbʌdʒ·ɪt/
a budget holiday/hotel/price
V
to put someone in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill:
lock someone up
Murderers should be locked up for life.
n. CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY
Other Name: Vitamin C
ascorbic acid
/əˌskɔːr.bɪk ˈæs.ɪd/
- Function: Essential nutrient, antioxidant
- Importance: Helps with immune function, collagen production, wound healing
- Sources: Citrus fruits, berries, leafy green vegetables
adj
unfriendly and not liking something:
hostile
/ˈhɑːstaɪl/
/ˈhɑː.stəl/
“Since the publication of my first book, The End of Faith, thousands of people have written to tell me that I am wrong not to believe in God. The most hostile of these communications have come from Christians.
“Letter to a Christian Nation, Sam Harris, page 2”
V
to believe that a particular quality or feature belongs to or is typical of someone or something:
ascribe
/əˈskraɪb/
n
ancient Indian scripture, believed to be around 2,000 to 2,500 years old, consists of a conversation between Prince Arjuna and the god Krishna, who serves as his charioteer
Bhagavad Gita
Additional Info: The Bhagavad Gita is written in Classical Sanskrit.
The Bhagavad Gita, often referred to as the “Song of God,” is a 700-verse Hindu scripture. It is part of the Indian epic Mahabharata and was narrated by Lord Krishna to Arjuna. Interestingly, the narration of the Bhagavad Gita was first heard not only by Arjuna but also by Hanuman, Sanjaya, and Barbarika
V
to make a high, complaining sound, or to complain continually:
whine
/waɪn/
If you don’t stop whining, we won’t go at all!
n
the quality of showing no intelligent thought:
vacuousness
/ˈvæk.ju.əs.nəs/
In one letter to Karl Jaspers, Arendt say:But my dear and honored friend, I would never forgive myself if I didn’t go and see with my own eyes this real life disaster unfolding with all of its uncanny vacuousness.
adj
mysterious or unfamiliar, esp. in such a way as to frighten or make uneasy; preternaturally strange; eerie; weird.
uncanny
/ʌnˈkæn.i/
- All the clocks had stopped and the silence was uncanny ./
- In one letter to Karl Jaspers, Arendt say:But my dear and honored friend, I would never forgive myself if I didn’t go and see with my own eyes this real life disaster unfolding with all of its uncanny vacuousness.
- uncanny sounds
n
one of the tooth-like parts around the edge of a wheel in a machine that fits between those of a similar wheel, causing both wheels to move
cog
/kɑːɡ/
In one letter to Karl Jaspers, Arendt say
“Many years ago, I described the totalitarian system. It was always the system rather than the individuals that I was referring to. And if you look at the system as a whole, every individual person, indeed become a cog, small or big in the machine of terror.”
adj
very angry or out of control:
berserk
/bɚˈzɝːk/
My mother will go berserk (= be extremely angry) when she finds out I’ve ruined her favourite dress.
n
the state of being expressed in a way that is not clear, especially with ideas or words that are not connected in a sensible or clear way:
incoherence
/ˌɪn.koʊˈhɪr.əns/
The incoherence of the criticism makes it harder to respond.
n . Ancient Greek term
Anything transmitted by word of mouth, such as a fable, legend, narrative, story, or tale (especially a poetic tale).
mythos
adj
under the ground:
subterranean
/ˌsʌb.təˈreɪ.ni.ən/
subterranean passages / message /
a subterranean river/
If you look down beneath the surface there’ll be some subterranean messages that are ready to come out if you dig a little deeper and look at them a little more closely.
n
a person, especially a child, who complains or expresses disappointment or unhappiness repeatedly
whiner
/ˈwaɪ.nɚ/
adj
having knowledge or perception of something; aware of.
cognizant
/ˈkɑːɡ.nɪ.zənt/
We should be cognizant of the fact that every complaint is not a justified complaint.
adj
physically or socially awkward or not fashionable:
dorky
/ˈdɔːr.ki/
She looks dorky but cute in her uniform.
the dorky kid from down the street
adj
unable to think or speak clearly because of fever or mental confusion:
delirious
/dɪˈlɪr.i.əs/
She had a high temperature and was delirious.
V
to make continuous, small movements, especially if they do not have a particular purpose and you make them without meaning to, for example because you are nervous or bored:
fidget
/ˈfɪdʒ.ɪt/
Children can’t sit still for long without fidgeting.
adj
used for describing a feeling that is so strong that it cannot be satisfied:
unquenchable
/ʌnˈkwen.tʃə.bəl/
Genghis Khan had this unquenchable desire to take over the world
adv
in a way that becomes quicker and quicker as something that increases becomes larger:
exponentially
/ˌek.spoʊˈnen.ʃəl.i/
increase exponentially : Malthus wrote about the risks involved in the world’s population increasing exponentially. /
grow exponentially : We are growing exponentially in resources, people, and financing.
N . GEOLOGY
from or referring to the period of time beginning at the end of the Pleistocene (= around 11,000 years ago) and continuing to the present:
Holocene
/ˈhɑː.lə.siːn/
the Holocene epoch /
an early Holocene archeological site
late 19th century: coined in French from holo- ‘whole’ + Greek kainos ‘new’.
V phrasal verb
to intentionally destroy a building or other structure because it is not being used or it is not wanted any more:
tear down
/ter daʊn/
President Ronald Reagan: Mr.Gorbachev! “Tear Down This Wall”
tear / tore / torn
V
to have doubts about the honesty or abilities of someone:
mistrust
/ˌmɪsˈtrʌst/
Reagan Speech on Berlin 1987 “East and West do not mistrust each other because we are armed; we are armed because we mistrust each other.”
adj
unusual in an attractive and interesting way:
quirky
/ˈkwɝː.ki/
Do you have a quirky habit that makes your friends chuckle?
V
to laugh quietly:
chuckle
/ˈtʃʌk.əl/
Do you have a quirky habit that makes your friends chuckle?
adj
difficult to believe, or unlikely:
implausible
/ɪmˈplɑː.zə.bəl/
Lesley Stahl: The plot was to kidnap you and take you by speedboat to Venezuela?
Masih Alinejad: Hey, it sounds like a scary movie to you, no?
Lesley Stahl: No. It sounds implausible to me.
n
a person who publicly disagrees with and criticizes their government:
dissident
/ˈdɪs.ə.dənt/
It was the same for Jamshid Sharmahd, another Iranian dissident who lived in Los Angeles for two decades and created a website where people in Iran could report human rights abuses.
adj
extremely frightened:
**petrified**
| /ˈpet.rə.faɪd/
## Footnote
His daughter, Gazelle Sharmahd, soon saw her dad pop up on Iranian TV in a courtroom - looking **petrified**. [CBSNEWS](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iranian-dissidents-abductions-assassination-attemts-60-minutes-transcript/)
(2nd meaning: having changed to a substance like stone:
a petrified tree/shell:
V
to stop something from happening or someone from doing something:
thwart
/θwɔːrt/
The original plot to kidnap Masih Alinejad was thwarted, but according to the FBI, a year later, in 2022, Iran paid this Azerbaijani, living outside New York City, $30,000 to buy a semi-automatic rifle and kill her. CBSNEWS
n
the prevention of something, especially war or crime, by having something such as weapons or punishment to use as a threat.
بازدارندگی
deterrence
/dɪˈter.ənts/
nuclear deterrence /
V PHRASAL VERB
to get tears in your eyes, so that you almost start to cry, because you are experiencing strong emotion:
tear up
/tɪr/
She teared up as the award was presented to her.
tear / tore / torn
V
to force someone to go somewhere with you, often using threats or violence:
abduct
/æbˈdʌkt/
The company director was abducted from his car by terrorists.
adj
feeling shocked, usually because of something you were not expecting:
flabbergasted
/ˈflæb.ɚ.ɡæs.tɪd/
She is flabbergasted by the whole affair.
adj
the highest point or top of a shape or object:
apex
/ˈeɪ.peks/
Crocodiles and Wolves are apex predators using their teeth with terrifying effect.
plural apexes or apices
adj
making you think that someone is going to do something bad:
menacing
/ˈmen.ə.sɪŋ/
a menacing look/gesture
n
a sharp nail on the foot of a bird that it uses when hunting animals
talon
/ˈtæl.ən/
The cassowary is a large flightless bird that lives in Australia and New Guinea. It has a long daggerlike nail on the innermost toe of each foot, which it can use to slash at predators or rivals. The cassowary has been known to kill humans with its talons, and is considered the most dangerous living bird
adj
awkward because of being large, heavy, or not effective:
cumbersome
/ˈkʌm.bɚ.səm/
A large mascular bulk of the male lion’s powerful body, makes them too slow and cumbersome, but perfect for protecting the pride.
n
a slight smell, carried on a current of air:
whiff
wɪf
When male baboons get a whiff of the female scent, physicak combat ensues to decide who is alpha.
adj
(of water) slightly salty, dirty, and unpleasant.
brackish
/ˈbræk.ɪʃ/
As a river approaches the sea, its water becomes brackish.
(Synonym: briny: Briny water contains a lot of salt.)
n
a curved shape sticking out from the surface of something:
bulge
/bʌldʒ/
I wondered what the bulge in her coat pocket was.
n
a small metal bar that is used to fasten a door or a gate. You raise it to open the door and drop it to fasten it.
latch
/lætʃ/
verb: the crocodile latches onto their prey with a powerful bite of 3700 pound pressure per square inch
the white substance between the skin and the flesh of citrus fruits such as oranges and lemon, or the soft, white inside part of the stem of some plants
pith
/pɪθ/
The pith of a lemon, often discarded when consuming this citrus fruit, actually has several health benefits:
- Rich in Nutrients, 2. High in Antioxidants,
- Good for Bone Health, 4. Cancer Prevention, 5. Heart Health, 6. Digestive Health, 7. Lowers Cholesterol
adj
not friendly or willing to take part in things:
aloof
/əˈluːf/
She seemed rather aloof when in fact she was just shy.
adj
continuing for ever in the same way; often repeated:
perpetual
/pɚˈpetʃ.u.əl/
They lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.
n
a feeling of respect or admiration for someone or something:
reverence
/ˈrev.ɚ.əns/
Greeting each person you meet with that level of reverance and respect is a precondition for seeing them. David Brooks | author How to Know a Person
V
to remove one or all of the organs from the inside of a body
eviscerate
/ɪˈvɪs.ə.reɪt/
The chef eviscerated the fish before cooking it.
The film critic eviscerated the director’s latest movie in his review, calling it a “waste of time.”
adj
very polite, pleasant, and usually attractive, often in a way that is slightly false:
suave
He’s very suave and sophisticated. /swɑːv/
Use this Trick to Remember People’s Names:
if you meet somebody and forgot their name, seconds later, use this technique: Just remeber to be SUAVE
Say it : immidiately when you hear it, you say the name back : “Amy, Wonderful to connect”
Use it : Use the name in the conversation maybe 3 or 4 times
Ask it :(this is a great strategy for unusual names
Visualize it
End it
n
someone or something that is difficult or impossible to find:
unicorn
/ˈjuː.nɪ.kɔːrn/
n
a person, animal, or object that is believed to bring good luck, or one that represents an organization:
mascot
/ˈmæs.kɑːt/
People take tigers as totems, put them on their flags and embrace them as mascots for their favourite sport
n
a person, animal or thing that shows that something is going to happen soon, especially something bad:
harbinger
/ˈhɑːr.bɪn.dʒɚ/
Throught Africa and many native Americans, Owls are harbingers of death.
ANATOMY
the area between the anus and the scrotum or vagina:
perineum
/ˌper.ɪˈniː.əm/
A difficult childbirth may result in a tear of the perineum.
plural perinea
n
the process of analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information to make reasoned judgments and decisions.
critical thinking
n
a horn with parts like branches that grows on the head of a deer:
antler
/ˈænt.lɚ/
a pair of antlers
/ Antlers and horns are different types of head appendages. Antlers are found on deer, made of bone, shed and regrown every year, branched, and usually on males. Horns are found on bovids and pronghorn, made of keratin and bone, permanent, unbranched, and usually on both sexes.
n
a female fox
vixen
/ˈvɪk.sən/
Dog foxes (males) and vixens (females) are hard to tell apart, though dogs are generally about one fifth heavier. The dogs also have broader, slightly more domed heads. During winter (when mating), the male’s testes visibly protrude between his hindlegs, but these regress and are hard to see in summer.
verb (FISH)
to pull a large, cone-shaped net through the sea at a deep level behind a special boat in order to catch fish:
trawl
/trɑːl/
We did a wide trawl to find the right person to play the part./
(2nd meaning : a search among a large number or many different places in order to find people or information you want:) : Jellyfish trawls their stingers through the world’s aceans to capture prey and ward off predators
noun : a colloquial expression
a colloquial expression that is often used informally to refer to someone who has a large or prominent buttocks.
fat ass
V
to switch a feature on a computer on and off by pressing the same button or key:
toggle
/ˈtɑː.ɡəl/
Chrome: Go to the three dots in the upper right-hand corner and select Settings > System.
Look for Use hardware acceleration when available, and toggle it off.
(2nd meaning: a small bar of wood or plastic that is used to fasten something by being put through a hole or loop)
n
Screw on which the head is damaged and, thus, difficult or impossible to turn using conventional methods.
stripped screw
n.old-fashioned disapproving offensive
(of people or their way of life, activities, and ideas) having no religion, or belonging to a religion that is not Christianity, Judaism, or Islam (Abrahamic Religions)
heathen
/ˈhiː.ðən/
n
a woman’s breasts.
(Some people consider this word offensive.)
knocker
/ˈhiː.ðən/
(2nd meaning: a metal object attached to a door that visitors use to hit the door in order to attract attention)
n
a society in which the oldest male is the leader of the family, or a society controlled by men in which they use their power to their own advantage:
patriarchy
/ˈpeɪ.tri.ɑːr.ki/
Patriarchy has not disappeared - it has merely changed form.
// She rails against patriarchy and hierarchy.
phrase of ear
to have more of something than you want or need
have something coming out of your ears
He’s going to have money coming out of his ears if this deal comes off.
verb
(of a part of the body) to be reduced in size and therefore strength, or, more generally, to become weaker:
atrophy
/ˈæt.rə.fi/
After several months in a hospital bed, my leg muscles had atrophied.
In the 1980s, their political power gradually atrophied (= became weaker).
a device that can throw objects at a high speed:
catapult
/ˈkæt̬.ə.pʌlt/
In the past, armies used catapults to hurl heavy stones at enemy fortifications.
(2nd meaning: a Y-shaped stick or piece of metal with a piece of elastic (= material that stretches) attached to the top parts, used especially by children for shooting small stones)
adj
(of the ground or the sea) extremely dangerous, esp. because of bad weather conditions:
treacherous
/ˈtretʃ.ɚ.əs/
Snow and ice have left many roads treacherous, and drivers are warned to use caution.
noun
any animal that has a soft body, no spine, and is often covered with a shell. Many mollusks live in water:
mollusk
/ˈmɒl.əsk/
Oysters are mollusks, as are snails and cuttlefish.
adjecive
(of a space) very large; If something is …..
, there is a very large open space inside it:
cavernous
/ˈkæv.ɚn.əs/
a cavernous 4,000-seat theatre
N biology
Large, heavy-set turtle with a strong beak-like jawdark and rough shell that resembles a rock or debris.
Habitat:
Found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, and swamps in “the southeastern United States.”
Alligator snapping turtle
adje
calm and peaceful and without noise, violence, worry, etc.:
tranquil
/ˈtræŋ.kwəl/
Despite their trabquil nature, Stingray have become infamous for their potant weapon that trails behind them.
“People demand freedom of speech as a compensation for the freedom of thought which they seldom use.”
compensation
/ˌkɑːm.penˈseɪ.ʃən/
“People demand freedom of speech as a compensation for the freedom of thought which they seldom use.”
adj
An ……. liquid produces bubbles of gas:
effervescent
/ˌef.ɚˈves.ənt/
effervescent vitamin C supplements.
(2nd meaning : active, positive, and full of energy:
She’s one of those effervescent personalities that you often see hosting TV game shows.)
[intransitive, transitive, no passive]
to leave a person or place very quickly, especially because you are afraid of possible danger
C1
flee
/fliː/
flee - fled - fled
flee something: He was caught trying to flee the country.
flee to…/into : He fled to London after an argument with his family.
flee from somebody/something : a camp for refugees fleeing from the war
a small, agile four-legged robot that can run and do backflips. It is robust and has powerful actuators, allowing researchers to perform experiments and test new controllers without fear of breaking the robot.
/ˈtʃiː.t̬ə/
CREATOR
MIT Biomimetic Robotics Lab
YEAR: * 2018*
COUNTRY:* UNITED STATES 🇺🇸*
CATEGORIES: RESEARCH
FEATURES:
AGILITY
BIO-INSPIRED
LEGS
MOBILITY
PARTIALLY AUTONOMOUS
TELEOPERATED
a realistic humanoid robot capable of displaying humanlike expressions and interacting with people. It’s designed for research, education, and entertainment, and helps promote public discussion about AI ethics and the future of robotics.
Sophia
CREATOR: Hanson Robotics
YEAR: 2016
COUNTRY: Hong Kong
CATEGORIES:
“ENTERTAINMENT
HUMANOIDS
RESEARCH
FEATURES
ARMS
HANDS
LEGS
LIFELIKE
PARTIALLY AUTONOMOUS
SPEECH
VISION”
n
a specialist in robots or robotics
roboticist
/rouˈbɑtəsɪst/
noun
a person who enjoys a particular activity or who is in a particular mood
bunny
/ˈbʌn.i/
gym/beach/snow bunnies
an angry bunny
a child’s word for a rabbit
bunny
/ˈbʌn.i/
noun
harm or damage:
detriment
/ˈdet.rə.mənt/
She was very involved with sports at college, to the detriment of her studies.
verb
to refuse to accept (or obey) something or someone as true, good, or reasonable:
repudiate
/rɪˈpjuː.di.eɪt/
He repudiated the allegation/charge/claim that he had tried to deceive them. /
I utterly repudiate those remarks.
noun [ C ]
a picture or symbol that represents a word, used in some writing systems, such as the one used in ancient Egypt:
hieroglyph
/ˈhaɪ.roʊ.ɡlɪf/
The inscriptions that lined the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs were written in hieroglyphs.
noun [ U ]
a thick, whitish liquid containing sperm that is produced by the sex organs of men and some male animals
semen
/ˈsiː.mən/
noun [ C ]
a person who has been officially ordered to stay in a prison or similar place, especially for political reasons:
detainee
/ˌdiː.teɪˈniː/
a political detainee
noun
The act or fact of detaining or holding back someone, especially in custody.
detention
(2nd meaning: A form of punishment in which students are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended.)
adjective
very interesting because of being unusual or mysterious:
intriguing
/ɪnˈtriː.ɡɪŋ/
Lucy is one of the most intriguing fossils ever found, as it shows a mixture of ape-like and human-like features, such as a small brain, a flat nose, and a curved spine
noun . geography
a vast area of land that connected Siberia and Alaska during the last ice age, when the sea level was much lower than today.
The Bering ice bridge
also known as the “Bering land bridge” or “Beringia”
Noun Geography
sand or soil that is carried along by flowing water and then dropped, especially at a bend in a river or at a river’s opening
silt
لای یا سیلت
/sɪlt/
In 2012 a team of archaeologists made a startling discovery on a tiny island just off the east coast of MAryland. They discovered a series of ancient tools sticking out of a 20,000 year old layer of silt.
Source
Noun . History
an ancient people who lived in what is today Spain, Portugal and southern France during the last Ice Age over twenty thousand years ago
Solutrean
/səˈljuːtriən/
Paleolithic culture in Europe (22,000 to 17,000 years ago) known for finely crafted bifacial points and laurel-leaf blades. Skilled hunters and gatherers. Controversial theory links them to the peopling of North America by suggesting a possible North Atlantic crossing, but this is debated among archaeologists. SOURCE
Histoy . Archealogy
A controversial theory suggesting a possible connection between the Solutrean culture of Europe (22,000 to 17,000 years ago) and the peopling of North America.
solutrean hypothesis
The hypothesis proposes that Solutrean people may have crossed the North Atlantic ice sheets, contributing to the early population of North America. However, this idea is widely debated among archaeologists, and the majority of the scientific community does not currently accept it as a valid explanation for the peopling of the Americas.
adjective
perfect or without mistakes:
flawless
/ˈflɑː.ləs/
a flawless performance /
The countdown was flawless, and the space missile went off exactly on schedule.
n
a large bird with long legs and a long, downward-curving beak, that walks around in water to find its food
اکراس
ibis
/ˈaɪ.bɪs/
plural ibises
noun [ U ]
warmth or heat or bright light:
radiance
/ˈreɪ.di.əns/
verb formal
to pronounce words or parts of words clearly:
enunciate
/ɪˈnʌn.si.eɪt/
He doesn’t enunciate (his words) very clearly.
the area of the ocean that is far from land, where the water depth is greater than 200 meters.
The open ocean
also ( the Pelagic Zone)
The open ocean is also called the pelagic zone, and it covers about 90% of the *Earth’s surface. The open ocean is divided into different layers based on the amount of light, temperature, pressure, and biodiversity. The open ocean is home to many marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, tuna, squid, and plankton. The open ocean is also important for the global climate, as it absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen
adj
relating to or living in areas of the sea away from the land
pelagic
/pəˈlædʒ.ɪk/
Pelagic birds spend much of their time at sea.
N . Enviroment
the area of the ocean that is far from the coast, where the water depth is greater than 200 meters.
The pelagic zone
The pelagic zone covers about 90% of the Earth’s surface and has a mean depth of 3.68 km and a maximum depth of 11 km. The pelagic zone is divided into five layers by depth, from the epipelagic (sunlight) zone to the hadopelagic (deep sea) zone. The pelagic zone is home to many marine animals, such as whales, dolphins, sharks, tuna, squid, and plankton. The pelagic zone is also important for the global climate, as it absorbs carbon dioxide and produces oxygen.
phrasal verb
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries: To become involved in an argument or a fight with somebody/something.
Cambridge Dictionary: To become involved with someone, usually by arguing or fighting with them
Merriam-Webster Dictionary: To fight or argue with (someone or something)
Collins English Dictionary: If you tangle with another person, you get involved in a conflict with them
tangle with
Jellyfish across entire oceans feeding whatever happens to tangle with the tentacles.
noun [ C ]
one of the long, thin parts like arms of some sea animals, used for feeling and holding things, catching food, or moving
tentacle
/ˈten.t̬ə.kəl/
Jellyfish across entire oceans feeding whatever happens to tangle with the tentacles. BBC EARTH
noun [ C ]
it refers to “any living thing or organism”
life form
/ˈlaɪf ˌfɔːrm/
Jellyfish are one of the most common lifeform on the planet./ BBC Earth
They are searching for intelligent life forms in other solar systems.
noun [ C ]
a sea creature with a soft, oval, almost transparent body
jellyfish
/ˈdʒel.i.fɪʃ/ plural jellyfish
N . Zoology
a marine hydrozoan that is known for its powerful sting and is often mistaken for a jellyfish.
Portuguese man o’ war
noun [ U ] . mainly disapproving
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: The expression of opinions or actions carried out deliberately by individuals or groups with a view to influencing the opinions or actions of other individuals or groups for predetermined ends and through psychological manipulations6
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries: Ideas or statements that may be false or present only one side of an argument that are used in order to gain support for a political leader, party, etc1.
Cambridge Dictionary: Information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people’s opinions.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary: The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person.
Collins English Dictionary: Information, often inaccurate information, which a political organization publishes or broadcasts in order to influence people4.
Britannica Dictionary5: Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.
propaganda
پروپاگاندا / تبلیغات سیاسی، جوسازی
/ˌprɑː.pəˈɡæn.də/
Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries: A plant with flat, light green leaves that have a strong smell and are used in cooking as a herb. It can also refer to someone who is wise, especially because they have a lot of experience.
Cambridge Dictionary: A plant whose greyish-green leaves are used as a herb to give flavour to some foods. It can also refer to a person, especially an old man, who is wise.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary: A profoundly wise person; a person famed for wisdom. It can also refer to a plant used in cooking.
Collins English Dictionary: A herb with grey-green leaves or a person who is very wise. It can also refer to someone who is wise and knowledgeable, especially as the result of a lot of experience.
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: A herb with grey-green leaves or someone, especially an old man, who is very wise.
Britannica Encyclopedia: An aromatic herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae) cultivated for its pungent edible leaves. In classical philosophy, it refers to someone who has attained wisdom.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: In classical philosophy, it refers to someone who has attained wisdom.
Wikipedia: A form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional), to fully autocratic (absolute), and can span across executive, legislative, and judicial domains. It can also refer to plants such as Salvia officinalis, common sage, a small evergreen subshrub used as a culinary herb, or Lamiaceae, a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint or deadnettle or sage family. In philosophy, it refers to someone who has attained wisdom.
adjective
easily hurt or broken, either physically or emotionally.
fragile
/ˈfrædʒ.əl/
They can’t take a joke in Africa, They’re very fragile people. (Louis ck)
(2nd meaning): easily damaged, broken, or harmed:
a fragile piece of metal/
Their argument showed us just how fragile the teammate relationship can be./
I feel fragile, as if a breath of wind could knock me over.
noun
a parent whose children have grown up and left home.
empty nester
Cruise companies tend to cater to empty nesters who finally have both the time and the money to travel the world.
noun [ U ]
a white or light grey rock that is used as a building material and in the making of cement
سنگ آهک
limestone
/ˈlaɪm.stoʊn/
in the 1890s, a limestone hill was discovered while building a tunnel for train tracks. There an astonishing discovery was made. From 1 million years ago to 0 A.D the hill had been a human habitat .Archaeological site of Atapuerca
noun [ C ]
a long strip of sea between steep hills, found especially in Norway
fjord
/fjɔːrd/
(also fiord)
Seperable phrasal verb
to prepare something for use after it has not been used for a long time:
dust off something
/dʌst/
(UK also dust down)
time was dusted off and pieces were put together. /
Winter is coming, so dust off your skis.
metaphorical expression.
potential areas of focus for future development or improvement by the team or organization. /
scope or range of someone’s attention, interest, or awareness. / eing actively considered or monitored for future development or action.
radar screens
Better WYSIWYG tools, and colored font support are actually on our radar screens for the future.
noun
the study of family ancestral lines
دودمان، سلسله، نسب، شجره نامه، شجره النسب : دودمان نامه، آبا و اجداد، تب
genealogy
/ˌdʒiː.niˈæl.ə.dʒi/
The Greek word genealogía was composed of two parts: genea, meaning “generation, descent” and -logia, meaning “study of”. The Greek word genea was related to the Proto-Indo-European root gene**-, meaning “**give birth**, beget”, which also gave rise to words such as **genesis**, **genus**, and kin. The Greek word -logia was related to the Proto-Indo-European root **leg-, meaning “collect, gather”, which also gave rise to words such as legend, lecture, and logic
n
a human species that appeard 700 thousand years ago AND LIVED FOR 500 THOUSAND YEARS. They are shared ancestor ancestor between Neanderthals and us
Homo Heidelbergensis
verb [ T ]\
to hide something by covering or surrounding it:
shroud
/ʃraʊd/
Suddenly all the lights went out and the house was shrouded in darkness.
(2nd meaning: a cloth or long, loose piece of clothing that is used to wrap a dead body before it is buried
کَفَن
noun [ C ]
the bone at the front of your leg, between the knee and the foot;
Synonym
tibia
shinbone
/ˈʃɪn.boʊn/
The shinbone, or “tibia”, is relatively straight, slightly curving inwards.
adjective
very important because of effects on future events
momentous
/məˈmen.t̬əs/
momentous decision/event/occasion. /
“Millions of years ago, on the plains of Africa, a momentous event took place: Apes, which had previously walked on four legs, stood up and began to walk on two.”
noun [ C usually plural ]
a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger, original piece or amount
remnant
/ˈrem.nənt/
a carpet remnant
noun [ C ] . anatomy
a thick tendon located in the back of the leg
achilles tendon
/əˌkɪl.iːz ˈten.dən/
The etymology of the term “Achilles” is:
Achilles comes from Greek mythology. In Greek myths, Achilles was a hero of the Trojan War, the son of the Nereid Thetis and the mortal Peleus. He was considered the most handsome of all the heroes and the bravest fighter.
According to Greek mythology, Achilles was vulnerable only through his heel, where his mother Thetis held him when she dipped him in the River Styx as an infant to make him invulnerable. This is the origin of the term “Achilles’ heel” meaning a weak point or vulnerability.
noun [ U ] BIOLOGY specialized
a relationship between two species of animal in a community, in which one (the predator) hunts, kills, and eats the other (the prey)
predation
/prɪˈdeɪ.ʃən/
For local cattle ranchers, predation by mountain lions is a problem.
noun
1) compassion for the misery of another
2) sorrow for one’s own faults : remorse
ruth
/ruːθ/
The people of the totalitarian regime lived in fear and oppression, but they never lost their ruth for each other and their hope for freedom.
noun [ C ] POLITICS disapproving
a person who is opposed to political or social change or new ideas:
reactionary
/riˈæk.ʃən.er.i/
Richard Nixon in his book: Leaders,writes that Shah’s opponents were reactionaries. : Particularly in view of the fact that his opponents were not those who were basically more liberal, but because basically they were reactionary. Source
noun Politics
a monarchical government in which a ruler has unrestricted power over the State and its people due to lack of constitutional or legal restraints.”
Absolute monarchy
/ˈæbsəˌlut ˈmɑnɑrki/
The monarch does not have any constitutional or legal limits on their authority and can rule as they please. The succession of power is usually hereditary, meaning that the throne passes from one member of the royal family to another.
==> Constitutional monarchy
N Politics
a system of government in which a monarch (see monarchy) shares power with a constitutionally organized government. The monarch may be the de facto head of state or a purely ceremonial leader
Constitutional monarchy
/ˌkɑːn.stɪ.tuː.ʃən.əl ˈmɑː.nɚ.ki/
Constitutional monarchs do not directly rule. Instead, they carry out constitutional, ceremonial and representational duties. Canada’s monarch, King Charles III, is the head of state. The prime minister is the head of government. The monarch is represented by the governor general at the federal level and by lieutenant-governors in the provinces.
==> Absolute monarchy
adj
people, plants, animals, cultures, etc. that originated or developed naturally in a particular region or environment, rather than having been introduced from elsewhere.
indiginous
Latin indigena (“native, innate”),
/ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ə.nəs/
The Indigenous People of America - Documentary
noun [ S ]
a mega-world more than two times the mass of the other planets combined
Source: NASA Jupiter Facts
Jupiter
/ˈdʒuː.pə.t̬ɚ/
Jupiter, being the biggest planet, gets its name from the king of the ancient Roman gods.( God of the sky and thunder).
Jupiter has 95 moons that are officially recognized by the International Astronomical Union.
adjective formal
criminal or extremely bad; morally bad, especially of activities
nefarious
/nəˈfer.i.əs/
nefariously, adv
In a nefarious manner; wickedly, villainously.
nefariousness, n.
The quality or fact of being nefarious; wickedness, villainy.
Roman Mythology:
the sister and wife of Jupiter, queen of the gods, and goddess of marriage.
Juno
/ˈdʒuː.noʊ/
She is identified with the Greek Hera. Juno is also the protector of women and marriage.
space probe designed to orbit the planet Jupiter
/ˈdʒuːnoʊ ˈspeɪsˌkrɑːft/
The Juno spacecraft, which entered orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016, is the first explorer to peer below the planet’s dense clouds to answer questions about the gas giant itself and the origins of our solar system. Now in an extended mission phase, the agency’s most distant planetary orbiter continues its investigation. LINK
noun phrase
a word or phrase that covers a wide range of concepts belonging to a common category.
umbrella term
/ʌmˈbrel.ə tɜrm/
Queer is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of sexual and gender identities that are not heterosexual or cisgender.
verb [ I ]
to take control or possession of something in a gradual way and often without being noticed.
encroach
/ɪnˈkroʊtʃ/
The african tropical belt, dense rainforest for decades humans have been encroaching on it and reducing the number of great apes.
verb
to (make something) become less bright:
dim
/dɪm/
The lights in the theatre dimmed as the curtain rose.
adjective
serious, sad, and without humor or entertainment:
somber
(British English sombre)
/ˈsɑːmbər/
a somber atmosphere/voice/face
The funeral was a somber occasion.
I left them in a somber mood.
Phrase . Sociology.
A term introduced by sociologist Erving Goffman, describes the process whereby strangers who are in close proximity demonstrate that they are aware of one another, without imposing on each other.
Civil inattention means that, in public areas, we need to acknowledge the presence of other people, but we are also to give them their privacy. This is established through brief eye contact, but then the eyes avert.
(The Great Courses: The Science of Nonverbal Communication)
adjective
affected by strong feelings of love, admiration, or fascination; liking something a lot
enamored
UK= enamoured
/ɪˈnæm.ɚd/
I’m not exactly enamoured with the idea of spending a whole day with them.
adjective . (informal, disapproving)
false or not real, and intended to deceive someone
phony
/ˈfəʊni/
SYN fake
a comprehensive, anatomically based system for describing all visually discernible facial movement. It breaks down facial expressions into individual components of muscle movement, called Action Units (AUs).
ANATOMY
the small space between your collarbones.
suprasternal notch
The neck dimple, or more scientifically, the suprasternal notch, is the small space between your collarbones.
phrase
The purpose of the phrase “….. …….” is to show that certain words in a sentence or paragraph aren’t the speaker’s or writer’s own words; you’re just relaying what they said. The phrase is often used to put some emphasis on something or to clarify that the words are being borrowed from another source.
quote unquote
/ˌkwəʊt ˈʌnkwəʊt/
noun [c]
a way of walking or running
gait
/ɡeɪt/
“The first symptom is usually gait incoordination.”
verb
to stand, sit or move in a lazy way, often with your shoulders and head bent forward
slouch
/slaʊtʃ/
Sit up straight. Don’t slouch.
noun . [uncountable]
a mixture of rain and snow
**sleet**
also: **wintry mixes(US), wintry showers(UK)**
| /sliːt/
## Footnote
The rain was turning to **sleet**.
The wind was blowing hard and bringing with it **sleet**.
noun . (informal)
something very successful, especially a very successful book or film
blockbuster
/ˈblɑːkbʌstər/
His 2006 blockbuster “The God Delusion” made in the global face of atheism. LINK
adjective
showing very strong feelings, especially anger
SYNONYM forceful
vehement
/ˈviːəmənt/
a vehement denial/attack/protest, etc.
He had been vehement in his opposition to the idea.
noun [uncountable]
unkind comments that make fun of somebody/something or make them look silly
SYNONYM mockery
ridicule
LINK for video
/ˈrɪdɪkjuːl/
Project that called for phasing out of non-inclusive language deserves contemptuous ridicule, says eminent biologist, Richard Dawkins.
verb [transitive, intransitive]
if you ….. food in a liquid or leave it to ……, you put it in the liquid and leave it for some time so that it becomes soft and takes in the taste of the liquid
steep
/stiːp/
steep (in something): Black teas need to steep for three minutes.
steep something (in something): Steep the fruit in brandy overnight.
Idioms
be steeped in something
(formal) to have a lot of a particular quality: a city steeped in history
phrasal verb
steep yourself in something
(formal) to spend a lot of time thinking or learning about something: They spent a month steeping themselves in Chinese culture.
noun
“a group of small islands or an area of sea in which there are many small islands”.
archipelago
/ˌɑːrkɪˈpeləɡəʊ/
(plural archipelagos, archipelagoes)
“the Hawaiian archipelago”,
“the Indonesian archipelago”,
“the Galapagos archipelago”.
verb . [intransitive]
(of a dog, wolf, etc.) to make a long, loud call
howl
/haʊl/
the sound of wolves howling in the night
noun
a small round hill
knoll
SYNONYM mound
/nəʊl/
a grassy knoll
verb [I] [T]
to remove dead cells from the surface of skin in order to make it smoother
exfoliate
/eksˈfəʊlieɪt/
Regular deep-cleansing and exfoliation should be part of your beauty routine.
noun
“a steep cliff or slope, especially by the sea or a river”
bluff
/blʌf/
I find carcasses in some starnge places; on bluffs, and even deep in the forest.
(A solitary wolf living against the odds off Vancouver Island | The Nature of Things) Link
verb
- to cut off somebody’s head
- to reduce the power of a group or organization by removing its leaders
decapitate
SYNONYM behead
/dɪˈkæpɪteɪt/
- Wolves decapitate their prey.
- According to some media reports, Israel is currently trying to decapitate Hamas by killing its top leaders, especially those who were involved in the October 7 attack
adjective
receiving or involving very little attention
low-profile
/ˌləʊ ˈprəʊfaɪl/
a low-profile campaign
adjective [only before noun]
showing a lot of love for somebody, often ignoring their faults
C2
doting
/ˈdəʊtɪŋ/
a doting mother/father
noun
a climbing plant that produces grapes
vine
also grapevine
/vaɪn/
vine leaves
grapes on the vine
noun. science
hypothesized to have been a common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life, the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated
*luca
last universal common ancestor
Luca “last universal common ancestor”, from which all life, everything is descended.
The first universal common ancestor (FUCA) is a hypothetical non-cellular ancestor to LUCA and other now-extinct sister lineages
phrasal verb
to admit that you were wrong or that you have been defeated
(North American English also back off)
back down
(North American English also back off)
Eventually, Roberto backed down and apologized.
noun . zoology
a large animal of the cat family with two very long curved upper teeth, that lived thousands of years ago and is now extinct
sabretooth
(US English sabertooth)
(also sabre-toothed tiger)
(US English saber-toothed tiger)
/ˈseɪbərtuːθ/
Smilodon
verb [intransitive]
to increase rapidly in number or amount
proliferate
/prəˈlɪfəreɪt/
when Earth was stable for 100 million years. A period which allowed one group to become the mightiest of dynasties. This was the age of dinosaurs. The long calm helped dinosaurs to proliferate in huge numbers.
noun zoology
whose name means ‘three-horned face’, is a genus of dinosaur that lived during the late Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period, about 68 to 66 million years ago in what is now western North America1. It was one of the last-known non-avian dinosaurs and lived until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 million year ago.
Triceratop
noun [ U ]
a gas without colour or smell, that burns easily and is used as fuel. Natural gas consists mainly of ……. .
(symbol CH4)
methane
(symbol CH4)
/ˈmiː.θeɪn/
Far back in the depths of time (about 2.4 billion years ago), Earth looked nothing like the world we know today. Nearly 90% of its surface was water, yet this was no blue planet. Instead, vast clouds of methane had turned the atmosphere yellow.
Methane is the main constituent of natural gas.
[“chemical formula CH4, which means it has one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
noun
a large piece or area of something
swathe
(also swath)
/sweɪð/
With the world made up of nothing but toxic air and rivers of molten rock… life as we know it was impossible. But out in the prehistoric seas, something is stirring. Beneath the surface hangs a great swathe of plankton.
BIOLOGY, EARTH SCIENCE noun . [uncountable + singular or plural verb]
the very small forms of plant and animal life that live in water
plankton
/ˈplæŋktən/
With the world made up of nothing but toxic air and rivers of molten rock… life as we know it was impossible. But out in the prehistoric seas, something is stirring. Beneath the surface hangs a great swathe of plankton.
from Greek planktos ‘wandering’,
noun [U] . (biology)
the process by which green plants turn carbon dioxide and water into food using energy obtained from light from the sun
COMPARE chemosynthesis
photosynthesis
/ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθəsɪs/
about 2.4 billion years ago, Microscopic cells like Planktons have just evolved something new, photosynthesis. This means they can harness the sun’s energy to grow, a breakthrough so important that plankton will one day give rise to every single plant on Earth.
VERB photosynthesize
noun
a sea creature with a body like jelly and long thin parts called tentacles that can give a sharp sting (= a painful wound on the skin)
Jellyfish
/ˈdʒelifɪʃ/
(plural jellyfish)
Jellyfish: 530 million years ago, they were the very first animals to escape the seafloor and swim. (source: Life on Our Planet. S01E02) but probably their claim is not accurate.
noun
a long, heavy spear (= a long, sharp weapon) attached to a rope, used for killing large fish or whales
**harpoon**
| /hɑːrˈpuːn/
## Footnote
They hunt whales with **harpoons**.
nonun biology
a type of animal with no spine, a hard outer skin, legs with bones joined together, and a body divided into different parts, for example a spider, crab, or ant
C2
arthopod
/ˈɑːrθrəpɑːd/
Trilobites are one of the first in a brand-new dynasty, the arthropods. They’ve evolved an external skeleton that protects their soft insides.
noun biology
a simple, flat sea creature that lived in the earliest period of life on earth, with a hard outer layer and a body in three parts
Trilobite
Trilobites are one of the first in a brand-new dynasty, the arthropods. They’ve evolved an external skeleton that protects their soft insides.
adjective
- that cannot be entered, passed through or seen through
- impossible to understand
(=incomprehensible)
impenetrable
/ɪmˈpenɪtrəbl/
- the trilobite’s armor comes into its own. Rolling into a ball, it becomes completely impenetrable.
- an impenetrable mystery
noun . [uncountable]
physical strength
brawn
/brɔːn/
In this job you need brains as well as brawn.
verb [ I ]
to fall very quickly and suddenly:
C2
plummet
/ˈplʌm.ɪt/
House prices have plummeted in recent months.
Several large rocks were sent plummeting down the mountain.
She plummeted to the ground.
noun
a person who helps another to commit a crime or to do something wrong
accomplice
/əˈkɑːmplɪs/
The police suspect that he had an accomplice.
idiom
to stop holding something or someone:
let go (of something/someone)
Brandon let go of her hand and ran across the street.
phrasal verb . (informal)
to take somebody to the police or somebody in authority because they have committed a crime
turn somebody in
She threatened to turn him in to the police.
He decided to turn himself in.
noun . [uncountable, countable]
very small grey or yellow plant [they are not plants or animals] that spreads over the surface of rocks, walls and trees and does not have any flowers
lichen
/ˈlaɪkən/, /ˈlɪtʃən/
Neither plant or animal, lichen are a strange combination of fungi and algae
noun [uncountable, countable]
a very small green or yellow plant without flowers that spreads over wet surfaces, rocks, trees, etc.
moss-covered walls
C2
moss
/mɔːs/
Micro plants like moss, were first to appear.
noun
(sometimes humorous) a man who treats people in an unkind, cruel way
brute
/bruːt/
Our ancient cousins, Neanderthals, have a bad rap as dim-witted brutes.
His father was a drunken brute.
adjective
1.of very high quality or great beauty
2. (formal, often disapproving) (of a person’s behaviour or attitudes) extreme, especially in a way that shows they are not aware of what they are doing or are not concerned about what happens because of it
3. (verb) CHEMISTRY: to change a solid directly into a gas without the solid first becoming a liquid
sublime
/səˈblaɪm/
-
sublime beauty
a sublime combination of flavours
The location of the hotel is sublime. - He possesses sublime self-confidence.
adjective
(of a person) short, with a strong, solid body
C2
SYNONYM thickset
stocky
/ˈstɑːki/
(comparative stockier, superlative stockiest)
a stocky figure/build
noun
curse
/kɜːs/
[countable] a rude or offensive word or phrase that some people use when they are very angry
SYNONYM oath, swear word
He muttered a curse at the other driver.
curse
/kɜːrs/
noun
a powerful and highly addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. It is commonly known as “meth” and is illicitly used for its euphoric effects.
(also informal meth, crystal meth
TOPICS Social issues C2
methamphetamine
(also informal meth, crystal meth
/ˌmeθæmˈfetəmiːn/
Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant made from chemical ingredients and is highly addictive and very dangerous to health. Methamphetamine increases the levels of naturally occurring dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain.
verb
to create a false picture of a situation:
mythologize
(UK usually mythologise)
/mɪˈθɑː.lə.dʒaɪz/
The book’s ten chapters each focus on a different strategy used by fascist politicians to gain and hold onto power. The first strategy is to mythologize the past, establishing false narratives about a country’s cultural heritage.
Opposite: demythologize
noun [ U ]
a thick liquid produced inside the nose and other parts of the body:
Body C2
mucus
/ˈmjuː.kəs/
snail mucin, the mucus that snails secrete, appears to have moisturizing and protective qualities that are beneficial for the skin.
noun
A natural substance secreted by snails, known for its moisturizing and protective properties.
Snail Mucin
/sneɪl ˈmyü-sᵊn/
Snail Mucin contains antioxidants that can help reduce signs of aging and may aid in skin regeneration. It’s also being studied for potential acne prevention benefits. However, sourcing methods vary and some may cause stress to snails.
- a soft round sweet made of chocolate
- a type of fungus that grows underground and can be eaten. Truffles are expensive because they are very rare:
C2 food
truffle
/ˈtrʌf.əl/
- He bought a box of rum truffles for his girlfriend.
- He also eats expensive food at recess, such as caviar, truffles, and a special version of turon for congressmen.
anatomy
an anatomical location in the human body, which has an important role in urinary and anal continence, sexual function, and support of the pelvic organs.
pelvic floor muscle
/ˈpɛlvɪk flɔːr ˈmʌsəl/
Your pelvic floor is a group of muscles that stretches like a hammock from your pubic bone to your tailbone. It supports internal organs such as your uterus, colon, and bladder. If your pelvic floor is weak, you may experience frequent trips to the bathroom, lower back aches, urine leaks, and a decline in intimate sensation.
nonun
The shape of a mass of land or other object, especially its curved surface or the curved shape formed by its outer edge.
contour
/ˈkɑːn.tʊr/
eye contour: The term “eye contour” refers to the area around the eye, which is defined by the orbital bone. This includes your eyelids and extends up to your eyebrows
adjective
connected with something else, but in addition to it and less important
ثانوی، جنبی، ملازم، ضمیمه، همراه، همایند، امر
collateral
/kəˈlætərəl/
collateral benefits
noun
deaths of or injury to civilians (= people not in the armed forces) or damage to buildings that are not connected to the military during a war.
collateral damage
/kəˌlætərəl ˈdæmɪdʒ/
People say ‘collateral damage’ to avoid saying ‘innocent people being killed’.
Geological . noun
a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
the ring of fire
Deep beneath the pacific ocean waves lurks a terrifying monster: the planet’s largest and most dangerous seismic zone: the ring of fire. 90 percents of all earthquacks strik here
noun [ C usually singular ]
something that is likely to cause harm:
menace
/ˈmen.əs/
- Drunk drivers are a menace to everyone.
- Dogs running loose are a public menace.
- the menace of industrial pollution
