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Clinical Chemistry > 2023 > Flashcards

2023 Flashcards

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1
Q

Specimen for blood gas analysis was received in the laboratory, which of the following criteria is correct?
a. On ice, with thin fibrin strand, no air bubbles
b. On ice, no clots, 4 air bubbles
c. On ice, no clots, no air bubbles
d. RT, no bubbles, no clots

A

C

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2
Q

A difficult draw requiring prolonged tourniquet gave serum potassium results of 7.0 mmol, what should be done to the specimen

a. Rerun the test using the same specimen
b. Adjust the results according to sodium results
c. Repeat the test using freshly drawn specimen
d. Cancel the test

A

C

Prolonged tourniquet applecation causes hemoconcentration

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3
Q

Why is NaF used as anticoagulant for glucose determination?
a. Inhibits glycolysis
b. Participates in enzyme reaction
c. Precipitates proteins

A

A

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4
Q

Which of the following are considered a graduating pipette?
I. Oswald
II. Mohr
III. Micropipette
IV. Kolmer

A. II, III, IV
B. I, II, III
C. I, III, IV
D. III only

A

A

RATIONALE:
Transfer pipettes: Oswald-Folin pipette, Volumetric pipette, Automatic pipette, Pasteur pipette
Graduated pipettes: Serological pipette, Mohr pipette, Bacteriologic pipette, Ball, Kolmer, Khan pipette and Graduated micropipette

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5
Q

Patient underwent a lab test after strenuous exercise. Which test will be affected?
1. AST
2. CPK
3. Glucose
4. TAGs

A. AOTA
B. NOTA
C. 1,2,3
D. 2,3,4

A

A

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6
Q

When making a calibration curve how many points or standards are needed to obtain a linearity?

A

3

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7
Q

The time it gets for a sample to be analyzed processed and results released:
A. POCT
B. Turnaround Time
C. Immediate Results Time
d. hehe peace

A

B.

RATIONALE: There is no such thing as Immediate results time or the other choice sa D. So automatic eliminate. Point of care testing refers to testing conducted close to the site of patient care where care or treatment is provided.

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8
Q

Howmanygramsofsoluteareneededto preparea500mlofa2Nsolutionof Na2CO3?
A. 78g
B. 100g
C. 29g
D. 53

A

D

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9
Q

Which of the following has properties being described?
I. It protects the Medtech
II.
III. Has different levels based on…and modes of transmission
IV. Needs to be calibrated

A. Fumehood
B. BiosafetyCabinet
C. Autoclave
D. Incubator

A

B

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10
Q

What PPE would protect the eyes and face from splash?
I. Safety glasses
II. Goggles
III. Visor
IV. Contact lens

A. I,II,III
B. II,III,IV
C. I,III,IV
D. I,II,III,IV

A

A

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11
Q

Whattypeofhazardresultswhen laboratoryprocessesrequirerepeated manipulationstorepetitivestraindisorders?
A. MechanicalHazard
B. ErgonomicHazard
C. PhysicalHazard
D. CryogenicMaterialHazard

A

B

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12
Q

What is the proper means of disposal of this type of waste?
A. Xylene down the drain
B. Radioactive waste soaked with water
C. Microbiological waste in autoclave
D. Blood and blood products in composting

A

C

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13
Q

Which Westgard multirule detects systematic error?
I. R4s
II. 13s
III. 41s
IV. 10x

a. I and IIIp
b. II and IV
c. III and IV
d. I only

A

C

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14
Q

Which of the following is used as a monochromator?
I. Colored glass filter
II. Quartz prism
III. diffraction grating
IV. Interference filter

A. AOTA
B. NOTA
C. 1,2,3
D. 2 & 4

A

A

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15
Q

The method of measuring concentration of light scattered in a forward direction with a small particles. The intensity of light scattered is directly proportional to the amount of scattered light
a. Turbidimetry
b. Fluorometry
c. AAS
d. Nephelometry

A

D

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16
Q

What is the value of HbA1C in DTT?
a. >6 mmol/L
b. >6.5 mmol/L
c. >6%
d. >6.5 %

A

D

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17
Q

Wavelength measurement of UV light, Visible light, and Infrared light
A. 720,180,320
B. 540,290,850
C. 180,550,720
D. 380,180,720

A

C

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18
Q

Which of the following analyzers offer random access capabilities?
a. Continuous flow
b. Centrifugal
c. Discrete
d. None of these

A

C

RATIONALE:
There are three basic approaches with instruments: continuous flow, centrifugal analysis, and discrete analysis. All three can use batch analysis (large number of specimens in one run), but only discrete analyzers offer random access, or stat, capabilities.

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19
Q

Polargraphic method for glucose determination is based on what principle

A

Rate of oxygen depletion

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20
Q

Conversion factor of glucose value is 75 mg/dL. What will be the result in the SI unit?

A

0.055

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21
Q

A 32 yo pregnant woman had her glucose levels checked during her 7th month of gestation. 1 hour OGTT revealed 150 mg/dL. What does this indicate?
A. Diabetes mellitus;administer insulin
B. Diabetes;reduce carbs
C. Suggestive; Proceed with 3 hour OGTT
D. Physiologic increase

A

D

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22
Q

Obese patient nga 40 years old female. FBS: 236 mg/dl
HBA1c: 15%
Urine: 1+
What will be the estimated average glucose of the patient?

a. 450 mg/dl
b. 185,7 mg/dl
c. 383,8 mg/dl
d. 225,6 mg/dl

A

C

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23
Q

Which of the following apolipoprotein are present in HDL?
1. Apo AI
2. Apo AIV
3. Apo CIII
4. ApoE

a. 1,2
b. 2,3
c. 1,2,3
d. AOTA

A

D

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24
Q

What enzyme clears triglycerides from chylomicrons in the circulation?
a. Hepatic lipase
b. Lipoprotein lipase
c. Hormone sensitive lipase
d. Pancreatic lipase

A

B

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25
Q

Lipoproteins least dense to most dense:

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

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26
Q

A 16 year old boy without history of any illness, went to his annual check-up.
TotalCholesterol:200 75
Triglycerides: 220 HbA1c: 5%
What is most likely the diagnosis?

A. Secondary to lipidemia due to diabetes
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. Patient doesn’t follow fasting period
D. Patient is at risk for coronary heart dieses

A

C

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27
Q

Which lipoprotein migrates with pre beta globulin?

A

VLDL

Rationale:
LDL- beta lipoprotein,
HDL - beta2 microglobulin

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28
Q

When naga used CHOD PAP for cholesterol determination, what enzyme hydrolyzes cholesteryl esterase to free cholesterol and fatty acid.
A. Cholesterol oxidase
B. Cholesterol
C. Cholesteryl esterase
D. Peroxidase

A

C

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29
Q

Which of the proteins has increased level in response to infection, inflammation and tissue necrosis?
A. Albumin
B. Transferrin
C. CRP
D. Histidine

A

C

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30
Q

Which of the following proteins serve as a carrier of vitamin A?

A

Transerythin

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31
Q

Dyes used for dye binding technique for albumin?
1. HABA. 3. BCG
2. Methyl orange. 4. BCP

a. 1,2
b. 3,4
c. None
d. All of the above

A

D

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32
Q

Which of the following methods measure the amount of peptide bonds with ….through the reaction of copper ion?
A. Berthelotreaction
B. Ninhydrin reaction
C. Biuretreaction
D. ?

A

C

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33
Q

Situational nga Increase in ALBUMIN
a. Malnutrition
b. Dehydration
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. NOTA

A

B

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34
Q

Which of the following is associated with decreased a-1-fetoprotein during pregnancy?
A. Down’sSyndrome
B. Spina bifida
C. Anencephaly
D. Twins

A

A

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35
Q

What is the average percentage of nitrogencontentispresentinproteins?
A. 20%
B. 16%
C. 80%
D. 100%

A

B

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36
Q

Which of the following proteins belong to the a-2 globulins?
1. Haptoglobin
2. Transferrin
3. Ceruloplasmin
4. Complement

A. 1 and 3
B. 2 and 4.
C. None of the above
D. All of the above

A

A

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37
Q

Adsorbent use in Jaffe Fuller’s determination?

A

Aluminum magnesium silicate

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38
Q

Which of the following conditions causes pre-renal failure
1. Congestive heart failure 2. Hemorrhage
3. Increase protein intake 4. Dehydration

A. AOTA
B. NOTA
C. 1,2,3
D. 2,3

A

A

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39
Q

Test use to compare the concentration of solute of urine from plasma?

A

Osmolality

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40
Q

Urea determination followed by glucose using anticoagulant sodium fluoride. Patient refused for the 2nd extraction.

A. Reject the specimen
B. Accept but performed within 30 minutes
C. If enough specimen, process both
the sample
D. Repeat collection for urea determination

A

D

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41
Q

False elevated creatinine clearance?
1. Px uses midstream clean catch
2. Px add water to urine container
3. Px include first morning urine in
24 hrs collection
4. Px does not include first morning urine in 24 hrs collection

A. 2,3
B. 3,4
C. 3 only
D. 1 only

A

C

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42
Q

A 33-yr old patient have undergone chemotheraphy for leukemia. His physician ordered a series of test. Which of the ff. Is most likel to be elevated.
A.Urea
B.UricAcid
C.Allantoin
D.Ammonia

A

B

Uric acid - breakdown product of purine, which is also present in cell’s DNA. Leukemia have defective cells = increase destruction/death = release of purine contents = uric acid forms

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43
Q

Which among the following npn is for total muscle mass
A. Ammonia
B. Creatinine
C. Creatine kinase
D. UA

A

B

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44
Q

Which of the following condition will exhibit increase levels of uric acid
1- increase cellular metabolism
2- Administration of salicylates
3- Alcohol intake
4- chemotherapy

a. 1 and 2
b. 3 and 4
c. 1,2,3
d. 1,2,3,4

A

D

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45
Q

Which is not true about GFR?
A. Comparison of concentration of urine and plasma
B. Clearance tests belongs to GFR
C. Inulin is the least accurate clearance test
D. Amount of blood filtered per minute

A

C

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46
Q

Which of the following disorders have the inability to transport bilirubin from sinusoidal tissue to hepatocytes?
A. Criggler-Najjar
B. Carcinomaofthecommonbileduct
C. Dubin-Johnson
D. Rotor-Syndrome

A

A

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47
Q

What is the most sensitive index on liver damage from alcohol intake?
a. Alkaline Phosphatase
b. Alanine Aminotransferase
c. Aspartate Aminotransferase
d. Gamma-glutamyl Transferase

A

D

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48
Q

What enzyme system catalyzes the conjugation of bilirubin
A. G6pd
B. Leucine…
C. …
D. UDPGT

A

D

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49
Q

In which liver disease is the de ritis ratio (ast:alt) is usually less than 1.0
A. Acute hepatitis
B. Chronic hepatitis
C. Chronic cirrhosis
D. Acute hepatocellular injury

A

A

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50
Q

If a patient is in a coma and physician diagnosed him with hepatic failure. What assay is requested to assess for ______??

a. Ammonia
b. GGT
c. AST
d. ALT

A

A

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51
Q

Enzyme specific for hepatobiliary disease?
a. ALP
b. Lipase
c. CPK (creatine phosphokinase)
D. Amylase

A

A

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52
Q

Which of the following enzyme substrates for prostatic acid phosphatase determination results in the highest specificity?

a. Phenyl phosphate
b. Thymolphthalein monophosphate
c. Alpha-naphthyl phosphate
d. Beta-glycerophosphate

A

B

Thymolphthalein monophosphate is one of the most specific substrates for prostatic ACP. It is a substrate used for endpoint reaction. (quantitative test)

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53
Q

The regan isoenzyme has the same properties as ALP that originates where

a. Skeletal
b. Kidney
c. Intestine
d. placenta

A

D

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54
Q

Bessy-lowry & brock alkaline phosphatase what substrate is used
A. monophosphate
B. phenylphosphate
C. phenolphthaleindiphosphate
D. p-nitrophenylphosphate

A

D

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55
Q

What is the major buffering capacity of blood?
A. Carbonic acid
B. Carbondioxide
C. Bicarbonate
D. Phosphorous

A

C

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56
Q

Form of calcium that is physiologically/metabolicallyactive.
A. Proteinboundcalcium
B. Freeionizedcalcium
C. Complexed
D. NOTA

A

B

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57
Q

What determines the selectivity of ISE?
a. Properties of the membrane used
b. Solution used to fill the electrode
c. Magnitude of the potential across the membrane
d. Internal reference method

A

C

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58
Q

Significantly increased in slight hemolysis
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Chloride
d. Bicarbonate

A

B

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59
Q

The buffering capacity of blood is maintained by reversible exchange process of bicarbonate and what other analyte?
a. Na
b. K
c. …
d. Chloride

A

D

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60
Q

Identify the statement below that is FALSE about electrolyte Magnesium.
A. It is the 4th most abundant cation in the body.
B. Approximately 53% of it is found in the bone.
C. Magnesium serves as an activator in the catalyzed reaction of amylase
D. Muscle contraction requires magnesium

A

C

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61
Q

Which of the following hormones is not
synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland.
a. vasopressin
b. follicle stimulating hormone
c. growth hormone
d. luteinizing hormone

A

A

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62
Q

What hormone function is based on its
ability to stimulate growth and activity to other endocrine glands?
A. Releasing
B. Inhibiting
C. Tropic
D. Effector

A

C

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63
Q

What pituitary disorder would result from pathologic or autonomic growth hormone excess?
a. Cushing
b. SIADH
c. Acromegaly
d. Hypopituitarism

A

C

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64
Q

The thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation test is a useful assessment in which of the following:
A. hyperthyroidism
B. TRH concentration
C. depression
D. iodinedeficiency

A

A

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65
Q

A 2 yr old with decreased serum t4 appears with weight stocky coarse features (not word for word pero muni ang main symptoms). What additional laboratory tests can be helpful?
A. TBG
B. Triiodothyronine
C. TSH
D. Cholesterol

A

A

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66
Q

What urinary estrogen is seen in pregnant women?
a. Estradiol
b. Estriol
c. Estrone
d. Pregnanediol

A

B

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67
Q

What could be the reason for the symptoms and result?
A. Primary Hypo
B. Primary Hyper
C. Secondary Hypo
D. Secondary Hyper

A

A

68
Q

Refer to those exogenous (not normally found inside the body) substances which have the ability to affect biochemical pathways in the body, thus they are considered toxic.

A

Xenobiotics

69
Q

Mode of drug administration that gives 100% bioavailability.
a. Oral
b. Rectal
c. Intravenous
d. Subcutaneous

A

C

70
Q

Which of the following does not belong to the opiates group?
a. Heroine
b. Morphine
c. Codeine
d. Nicotine

A

D

71
Q

A person committed suicide using a poison that has a garlic odor. What poison was used?
a. Cyanide
b. Carbon monoxide
c. Arsenic

A

C

Rationale:

Cyanide- odor of bitter almonds
Carbon monoxide- odorless, colorless and tasteless gas. Binds to hemoglobin 250 times as compared to oxygen. Makes blood cherry-red in color
Arsenic- Odor of garlic; keratinophilic

72
Q

In renal disease, uric acid is increased because filtration and secretion is hampered. Uric acid determination is a very useful indicator of kidney function.
a. Both are True
b. 1st is false, 2nd is true
c. Both are False
d. 1st True, 2nd False

A

B

Uric acid is the most delicate index of the kidney function

73
Q

Which of the ff functions as a coenzyme in transaminase reactions?
a. NAD/NADH
b. NAD/NADH and NADP/NADPH
c. NADP/NADPH
d. Pyridoxal phosphate

A

D

74
Q

For the determination of amylase activity, which of the assay methods below is based on the measurement of the quantity of reducing substances formed?
a. Chromolytic
b. Saccharogenic
c. Amylometric
d. Chronometric
e. Amyloclastic

A

B

75
Q

Carlo, a 25 year old physically fit person, submitted for a fasting blood glucose test. His result red: 130 mg/dL. According to the WHO criteria, under what category will the patient be classified.
a. Normal glucose result
b. Impaired fasting glucose
c. Impaired glucose tolerance
d. Provision Diabetes Mellitus

A

D
FBS of 125 or above mg/dL is considered provisional DM

76
Q

LDL-cholesterol will have the following chemical composition:
a. triglyceride-60%; cholesterol-15%; protein-10%
b.triglyceride-10%;cholesterol-45%;protein-25%
c. triglyceride-5%;cholesterol-15%;protein-50%
d. triglyceride-85%;cholesterol-5%;protein-2%

A

B

LDL is mostly made up op cholesterol

77
Q

When storing blood samples, freezing of blood samples is avoided. One of the following is the reason for this:
a. Electrolytes are lost
b. Enzyme will be destroyed
c. Red cells will rupture
d. Red cells will shrink

A

C

78
Q

What is being measured if the nanometer is used?
a. Wavelength of radiant energy
b. Specific gravity
c. Intensity of light
d. Density

A

A

79
Q

Gloves are designed to protect the user from contamination. One of the ff is not an acceptable protocol for glove use:
a. A MedTech assigned to collect naso-oro pharyngeal swabs changing gloves after obtaining samples from one patient to be able to the next patient
b. A Med Tech in full PPE has to change gloves because it became heavily soiled with blood after a messy blood collection
c. A phlebotomist in full PPE fixing one of her false lashes because it has gotten out of place and is getting in the way of her vision immediately after blood collection
d. A Med Tech inspecting her gloved hand after donning notices a tear in one of the fingers of gloves, immediately changes them before proceeding to working on her blood samples

A

C

80
Q

A 45 year old woman has a fasting serum glucose concentration of 95 mg/dL and a 2 hour postprandial glucose concentration of 105 mg/dL. Which of the ff statements best describes this patient’s fasting serum glucose concentration?
a. Abnormal, indicating hypoglycemia
b. Normal, reflecting glycogen
breakdown by the skeletal muscle
c. Abnormal, indicating diabetes
mellitus
d. Normal, reflecting glycogen breakdown of the liver

A

D

NOTE: Normal FBS is below 100 mg/dL. Normal 2 hour PP is below 200 mg/dL. Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) occurs int he liver.

81
Q

What is the statistical term for the average value?
a. Coefficient of variation
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Mean

A

D

82
Q

Ammonia is released from metabolic reactions that occur in skeletal muscle during exercise. They are used by the parenchymal cells of the liver to produce urea.
a. No correct choices
b. 1st True, 2nd False
c. Both True
d. 1st false, 2nd true
e. Both false

A

C

83
Q

What is the primary function of albumin in the peripheral blood?
a. Increase AB production
b. Increase Fibrinogen formation
c. Maintain Blood viscosity
d. Maintain Colloidal Osmotic pressure

A

D

84
Q

One of the ff is the basis for the UV technique in protein studies:
a. Carboxyl groups
b. Peptide bonds
c. Imidazole groups
d. Amino groups
e. Aromatic rings

A

E

NOTE: Proteins can absorb UV light at 280 nm due to 3 amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine & tyrosine) which contain aromatic rings.

85
Q

What 2 electrolyte show a reciprocal relationship
a. Calcium & phosphorus
b. Chloride and Carbon dioxide
c. Calcium and Magnesium
d. Sodium & Potassium

A

D

86
Q

What analyte is used to detect the presence of neural tube defects?

a. Amniotic fluid creatinine
b. Alpha-fetoprotein
c. Lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratio
d. Myoglobin

A

B

87
Q

This electrolyte will exhibit a red flame with flame photometry
a. Chloride
b. Potassium
c. Sodium
d. Lithium

A

D

88
Q

In determination of proteins, the quantitation of nitrogen content is the basis for this method:
a. Berthelot
b. Looney-Walsch
c. Biuret
d. Kjeldahl

A

D

89
Q

Which of the ff color coding for the NFPA fire diamond is mismatched?
a. Blue-health
b. Red-flammability
c. Yellow-special hazard
d. White-oxidizer

A

C

90
Q

A patient came to the clin lab with a request for HbA1c. What will be the estimated average glucose if the HbA1c is 23%?
a. 613.4 mg/dL
b. 500 mg/dL
c. 650 mg/dL
d. 625 mg/dL

A

A

91
Q

Optimum temperature is an important factor to consider in enzyme analysis. The higher the temperature, the slower the reaction because movement of molecules are hindered by increased temperature.
a. 1st true while 2nd false
b. 1st false, 2nd true
c. No choices
d. Both true
e. Both False

A

A

NOTE: the higher the temperature (but up to a certain limit since enzymes, being proteins, can be denatured if exposed to extremely high temperatures), the faster the reaction since molecules will also move faster.

92
Q

Which of the ff disorders is best characterized by laboratory findings that include increased serum level of inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, uric acid, urea and creatinine and decreased serum calcium and erythropoietin levels?
a. Chronic renal failure
b. Acute glomerulonephritis
c. Urinary Tract Infection
d. Nephrotic syndrome
e. Renal Tubular Disease

A

A

93
Q

Angelica is on her last trimester of pregnancy. Her attending physician requested for a 3 hour glucose tolerance test to rule out GDM. What will be the possible diagnosis when the following results were obtained?
blood sample plasma glucose in mg/dl fasting 100
1 hour 210
2 hour 150
3 hour 140

a. GDM is confirmed
b. not possible
c. repeat test for 2nd opinion
d. GDM is rules out

A

A

94
Q

One of these groups of substances require a chain of custody in the handling of specimens.
a. drugs of abuse
b. Alcohols
c. caustic agents
d. anabolic steroids

A

A

95
Q

Which of the following sets of serum enzymes would be most useful in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction?
a. AST, LD, CK
b. AST, ALT, LD
c. AST, LD, ALP
d. CK, GGT, ALT
e. CK,ALP,LD

A

A

96
Q

Electrophoresis was performed at pH 8.6 on an agarose gel. Which of the following will be the order of migration of the protein fractions beginning with the fastest to the slowest?
a. Alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin, albumin
b. albumin, alpha-2 globulin, Alpha-1 globulin, albumin
c. gamma globulin, beta globulin, alpha-2 globulin, alpha-1 globulin, albumin
d. Albumin, alpha-1 globulin, alpha-2 globulin, beta globulin, gamma globulin

A

C

97
Q

In the forward reaction of LDH demonstration, lactate loses 2 electrons and becomes oxidized. NAD gains 2 electrons and is reduced.
a. First statement is false second statement is true
b. Both statements are false
c. Both statements are true
d. No correct choices
e. First statement is true while second statement is false

A

E

NOTE: In the forward reaction of LDH, lactate loses 2 electrons and becomes oxidized. NAD gains 1 electron(?) and is reduced.

98
Q

Uric acid result of a patient was 9.5 mg/dl. Which of the following results will confer with the same pathologic condition in SI units?
a. 565
b. 700
c. 450
d. 650

A

A

NOTE: uric acid conversion factor = 0.0595
To get the SI unit, multiply the given value in conventional unit (mg/dL) with the conversion factor.

99
Q

Creatinine clearance is routinely used to assess the glomerular filtration rate. Given the following date, what will be the creatinine clearance?
Urine creatinine= 120 mg/dl
Plasma creatinine= 1.2 mg/dl
24 hour urine volume= 1.52L
Body surface area=1.73

a. 105.6 ml/min
b. 125 ml/min
c. 152 ml/min
d. 94.7 ml/min

A

A

NOTE: formula for clearance:
((U x V) / P) x (1.73/A*)
*A = body surface are
**if urine volume given is in 24 hours, divide the given with 1440 so that the answer will be in ml/min.

100
Q

What type of respirator helps reduce the concentration of microorganisms or particulates through the particulate filter?
a. Air-purifying respirators
b. Both of the choices
c. Atmosphere-supplying respirator
d. None of the choices

A

A

101
Q

Proteins are dipolar or zwitterion compounds containing both positive and negative charges. In serum electrophoresis, when a barbital buffer of pH 8.6 is used, what protein fraction migrates the fastest toward the anode>
a. Albumin
b. Beta globulin
c. Alpha-2globulin
d. Gamma globulin
e. Alpha-1 globulin

A

D

102
Q

When coupled enzymatic reaction is employed to measure creatinine, one of the following reagent is not required.
a. Picric acid
b. Creatinine amidohydrolase
c. Sarcosine oxidase
d. Chromogenic dye
e. peroxidase

A

A

NOTE: Picric acid is only used in the Jaffe reaction for creatinine determination, which is not the coupled enzymatic reaction.

103
Q

Upon completion of a run of cholesterol tests the Med Tech recognizes that the controls are outside of the confidence range. What is the appropriate course of action?
a. Recalibrate instrument and run controls
b. Report the results without any other action
c. Run a new set of controls and repeat specimens
d. Run a new set of controls

A

C

104
Q

One of the conditions below does not represent hepatic types of jaundice
a. Neoplasm of the common bile duct
b. Hepatitis
c. Cirrhosis
d. Crigler-najiar syndrome
e. Gilbert’s syndrome

A

A

105
Q

Direct bilirubin is water-soluble conjugated post-hepatic bilirubin. Indirect bilirubin is the direct product of the breakdown of hemoglobin and is non-polar
a. Both statements are true
b. First statement is true while second statement is false
c. First statement is false while second statement is true
d. Both statements are false

A

B

106
Q

One of the following is not a symptom of hyperthyroidism
a. Fine tremor of the outstretched hand
b. Lethargy
c. Weight loss
d. palpitation

A

B

107
Q

A medical technologist working in the
lab without complete PPE, accidentally spills serum samples on his working area. What is the best thing to do?

a. The medical technologist should wear gloves and mask only while inside the laboratory to protect him from lab hazards. In this case, spilled serum must be immediately cleaned with soap and water
b. The medical technologist should not wear complete PPE as long as he is careful in handling the specimens, in this case, spilled serum must be cleaned with distilled water
c. The medical technologist should always wear complete PPE while inside the laboratory to protect him from lab hazards, in this case spilled serum must be disinfected with 10% hypochlorite solution and clean the working area
d. The medical technologist should wear complete PPE while inside the laboratory to protect him from lab hazards, in this case spilled serum must be disinfected with 1% hypochlorite solution, and clean the working area.

A

C

108
Q

The metabolite when measured tends to underestimate the glomerular filtration rate.
a. Creatinine
b. Urea
c. Urea and amylase
d. amylase

A

B

109
Q

Given the following data, what will be the concentration of LDL- cholesterol in mmol/L
cholesterol=350 mg/dL
triglyceride= 450 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol- 85mg/dL
a. 4.95
b. 5.05
c. 7.45
d. 6.75

A

B

110
Q

Blood glucose was performed with the following obtained data.
O.D. of standard= 0.35O.D. of unknown=0.42
Concentration of standard= 5.55 mmol/L What will be the resulting concentration in the conventional unit?
a. 150 mg/dL
b. 120 mg/dL
c. 140 mg/dL
d. 125 mg/dL

A

B

NOTE: *O.D. is the same as absorbance. Formula for solving the unknown: Cu = (Au/As) x Cs
Conversion factor of glucose: 0.0555

111
Q

Hemolysis of serum samples may be a source of elevated CK activity. Electrolytes are virtually devoid to CK therefore presence of the rbc’s in the serum cannot interfere with test results
a. Both statements are true
b. No correct choices
c. First statement is false while second statement is true
d. First statement is true while second statement is false
e. Both statements are false

A

D

112
Q

Which of the following substances can potentially interfere with creatinine determination?
1. ketoacids
2. glucose
3. ascorbic acid
4. cholesterol

a. 1,2 and 3 only
b. 4 only
c. 2 and 4 only
d. 1,2,3 and 4
e. 1 and 3 only

A

A

113
Q

There is a second wave in the Coronavirus infection. DOH mandates full PPE for all laboratories personnel on duty. Julie is preparing for her afternoon shift in the clinical laboratory and she has to go through the motions of following the prescribed protocols in wearing the PPE. One of the following is the correct order of wearing the PPE.
a. Wash hands, gown, gloves, mask, face shield
b. wash hands, mask, gown, gloves, face shield
c. wash hands, gown, mask face shield, gloves
d. wash hands, mask, face shield, gown, gloves

A

C

114
Q

What do we call those autoantibodies that bind to receptor sites on the thyroid cell membrane?
a. TSH IgD
b. TS Ig
c. TSH IgE
d. anti-TSH IgA

A

B

115
Q

A patient comes to the lab for blood analysis. While waiting for his turn for blood extraction, he smoked a stick of cigarette ro while the time. Which of the following effects of smoking will be observed if blood extraction and analysis is performed?
I. glucose level will be decreased
II. growth hormone and cortisol will be increased
III. cholesterol and triglycerides will be increased
IV. no effect on leukocyte count

a. I, II, III
b. I and IV only
c. II and IV only
d. II, III, IV

A

D

116
Q

20 control samples for SGPT were run in a period of 20 days. If the values were 35, 37, 34, 35, 36, 33, 37, 35, 33, 36, 35, 39, 40, 32, 35, 37, 35, 34, 33, 36, What would be the +/-2 limit of confidence?
a. 35-39
b. 31-39
c. 33-37
d. 30-40

A

C

117
Q

When is the time for extraction of the non-fasting sample in OGTT start?
a. before drinking the sample
b. after waking up
c. after drinking the glucose solution
d. 30 minutes after drinking the glucose solution

A

D

118
Q

What condition is being described when there is the inability to transport bilirubin from the sinusoidal membrane into the hepatocytes?
a. Crigler-najjar syndrome
b. Dubin-johnson syndrome
c. Mechanical obstruction of the canaliculi
d. Carcinoma of the common bile duct
e. Gilbert’s syndrome

A

E

119
Q

A fasting specimen was obtained from an asymptomatic patient, a 45 year old woman. Results of both physical and chemical exam revealed the following:
Appearance of the serum after centrifugation: milky
Appearance of the serum after an overnight refrigeration: cream layer over turbid serum
Serum triglycerides: 2,500 mg/dL Cholesterol: 550 mg/dL
What does the sample predominantly contain?

a. High density lipoproteins
b. Chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins
c. Chylomicrons alone
d. Very low density lipoproteins and
low density lipoproteins

A

B

NOTE: milky serum and cream layer is due to CHYLOMICRONS; turbid serum is due to VLDL.

120
Q

When chemical agents act on enzymes this can cause enzymes to lose their activity. When enzyme activity is lost because of heat or agitation this is denaturation.

a. First statement is false while second statement is true
b. Both statements are true
c. No correct choice
d. Both statements are false
e. First statement is true while
second statement is false

A

B

121
Q

What cat-ionic substance is used to treat manic-depressive disorders?
a. Magnesium
b. Lithium
c. Potassium
d. Phosphate

A

B

122
Q

In the catabolism of bilirubin, this reduction product is partially reabsorbed from the intestine through the portal circulation for re-excretion in the liver. What product is this called?
a. Verdohemoglobin
b. Urobilinogen
c. Biliverdin
d. Mesobilirubinogen
e. urobilin

A

B

123
Q

Shift is an error that can appear in aa QC chart. What would cause it?
a. Dispense system cannot deliver reagents or samples
b. Reagents that are still in use 6
months after it was opened
c. Deterioration of light source
d. Sample tubing is clogged with dirt

A

A

124
Q

What would be the concentration of creatinine in umol/L given the following data:
Initial absorbance reading of unknown = 0.05
Final absorbance reading of the standard = 0.085
Initial absorbance reading of the standard = 0.07
Final absorbance reading of the standard = 0.12
Concentration of the standard = 1.5 mg/dL

a. 132.6
b. 150
c. 100
d. 175

A

C

NOTE: Same formula for Cu as before. But in this case, since two absorbance readings are given for the unknown and standard (initial and final), subtract the initial from the final.
Original formula: Cu = (Au/As) x Cs Formula for this case: Cu = ((Au final - Au initial) / (As final - As initial)) x Cs
Then, convert to SI (creatinine conversion factor: 88.4).

125
Q

The presence of increased CK-BB activity on a CK electrophoresis pattern is most likely found in patients who suffers from one of the following:
a. Malignant liver disease
b. Myocardial infarction
c. Acute muscular stress following
strenuous exercise
d. Severe head injury

A

D

126
Q

What will be the A/G ratio when given the following data?
Total Protein Albumin:
O.D. of unknown = 0.45 O.D of unknown = 0.25
O.D of standard = 0.29 O.D of standard = 0.28
Concentration of std = 50 g/L Concentration of std = 50 g/L

A. 3.01:1
B. 1.07:1
C. 2.5:1
D. 1.34:1

A

D

127
Q

Which of the following tests is the best indicator of hypothyroidism?
a. Thyroid stimulating hormone
b. Thyroid binding hormone
c. Free T4
d. Reverse T3

A

A

128
Q

There is s differential UV absorption method for uric acid estimation. What is the basis for this method?

a. UV absorption of allantoin
b. Coupling with hydrogen peroxide
c. Reaction of allantoin with a chromogen
d. UV absorption of uric acid

A

D

(uric acid has absorption capacity at 293 nm while allatoin DOES NOT.)

129
Q

The mean value of a series of BUN control values was found to be 15.2 g/dL, and the standard deviation was calculated at 0.20. Acceptable control range of +/-2 standard deviations. Which of the following values represents the allowable limits for the control?
a. 14.8 - 15.5 g/dL
b. 15.0 - 15.4 g/dL
c. 15.2 - 15.6 g/dL
d. 14.5 - 15.5 g/dL

A

B

130
Q

When blood gas determination is requested, what anticoagulant is recommended for use?
a. Oxalate
b. Citrate
c. No preservative
d. Heparin

A

D

131
Q

In the enzymatic colorimetric assay for ALT and AST, the measurement of enzyme activity is based on the reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine. What reaction product will this color developer react with?
a. Keto acid
b. Phosphate group
c. Amino group
d. Ester group

A

A

(this refers to the pyruvate and oxaloacetate products of the reactions of AST/ALT)

132
Q

What is the deiodinated form of T4?
a. Monoiodotyrosine
b. rT3
c. Diiodotyrosine
d. Thyroglobulin

A

B

133
Q

In what condition can increased albumin be observed?
a. Acute hepatitis
b. Nephrotic syndrome
c. Dehydration
d. Chronic inflammation

A

C

134
Q

Which description below describes the science of toxicology:
a. It is concerned with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicity, and specific mechanism of drug action
b. It deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts
c. It is the study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms
d. It is concerned with the nature, effects, and detection of poisons.

A

C

135
Q

What type of pipet is being described by the following statements?
1. It holds and delivers a specific volume
2. It does not bear a double etched ring
3. It is calibrated between two marks
4. The tip should not touch the vessel while the liquid is draining

a. Mohr pipet
b. Oswald folin pipet
c. Transpette
d. Volumetric pipet

A

A

136
Q

Lipoproteins can be separated into its different fractions using electrophoresis. What is the most widely used support medium for this purpose?
a. Agar gel
b. Agarose gel
c. Paper
d. Starch gel

A

B

137
Q

A patient came to the lab for cholesterol and triglycerides determination. It was later found out that fasting period observed was only for 6 hours. With the results obtained below, which is the best interpretation of the results?
Triglycerides = 260 mg/dL (2.93 mmol/L) Cholesterol = 120 mg/dL 93,10 mmol/L)

a. Both the results are below normal despite the recent meal indicating a metabolic problem
b. Both results are elevated, indicating a metabolic problem in addition to non-fasting state
c. Both results are normal and not affected by the recent meal
d. The cholesterol is normal but the triglycerides are elevated, which may be attributed to the recent meal

A

D

NOTE:
Total cholesterol normal value: 140-200 mg/dL
TAGs normal value: 60-150 mg/dL

138
Q

A hospitalized patient is experiencing increased muscular irritability. Which of the following tests should be ordered?
a. Chloride
b. Magnesium
c. Phosphorus
d. Calcium

A

D

139
Q

Proteins become denatured when subjected to mechanical agitation, heat or extreme chemical treatment. One of the following happens when protein is denatured.
a. There is alteration in the primary structure
b. There is breaking of the peptide bond
c. There is increase in solubility
d. There is alteration in the secondary structure
e. There is alteration in tertiary structure

A

E

140
Q

Which of the following statement is the reason for the toxicity of cyanide
a. It has 200x the affinity to oxygen for hemoglobin binding site
b. It is a protoplasmic poison
c. It combines with cytochrome oxidase
d. It sensitizes the myocardium

A

C

141
Q

What type of pipette is calibrated to deliver any amount of liquid within its capacity?
a. Transfer pipet
b. Volumetric pipet
c. Serological pipet
d. Ostwald-folin pipet

A

C

142
Q

One of the following statements describes delta bilirubin:
a. It is conjugated and is irreversibly bound to albumin
b. It is unconjugated
c. No correct choice
d. It is unconjugated covalently bound
to albumin

A

A

143
Q

In the test for hemoglobin A1c, the blood sample is allowed to hemolyzed before the actual analysis. What does the total glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect?

a. Blood glucose level at the time the sample was drawn
b. Average blood glucose levels of the past 2-3 months
c. Hemoglobin A1c levels at the time the sample was drawn
d. Average glucose levels for the past week

A

B

144
Q

Monitoring long-term glucose control in
a. Fructosamine
b. Weekly fasting 7 a.m glucose
c. 2-hour postprandial glucose
d. hbA1c
e. Glucose tolerance test

A

D

145
Q

High serum levels of creatinine can result from reduced glomerular filtration Serum creatinine is a more sensitive measure of renal function than creatinine clearance
a. First and second statement is true
b. No correct answer
c. First statement is false while the second statement is true
d. First statement is true while second statement is false

A

D

146
Q

Atherosclerosis is a condition that causes hardening of the arteries due to build-up cholesterol plaques lining the artery overtime. Premature atherosclerosis can occur when which of the following becomes elevated?

a. Low density lipoproteins
b. High density lipoproteins
c. Chylomicrons
d. Prostaglandins

A

A

147
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes alkaline phosphatase?

a. It is increased in obstructive jaundice
b. It is decreased in the third trimester of a normal pregnancy
c. It is decreased in Paget’s disease
d. It is optimally activate at pH 4.8-6.
e. It is primarily found in the cardiac muscle

A

A

148
Q

In quality control, +/- 2 standard deviations from the mean includes what percent of the sample population?

A. 98
B. 75
C. 95
D. 50

A

C

149
Q

A person is diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia. Which of the following lipoprotein fraction would be elevated?
a. HDL
b. LDL
c. Chylomicrons d. VLDL
e. IDL

A

B

150
Q

When a Med Tech is asked to reconstitute a 5 ml lyophilized control material, what glassware should be used to measure the volume of water to be added?
a. Volumetric pipette
b. Graduated cylinder
c. Beaker
d. Serologic to blow out pipet

A

A

(most accurate pipet, used for preparing QC materials)

151
Q

Which of the following determinations can establish the presence of seminal fluid?
a. Acid phosphatase
b. Amylase
c. Alkaline phosphatase
d. Lactate dehydrogenase

A

A

152
Q

Why is a reagent blank used in any analysis?

a. None of these
b. It will correct the absorbance from the use of icteric sample or hemolyzed specimen
c. It will correct the absorbance due to reagents used for analysis
d. It will correct the absorbance due to turbidity from the sample
e. All of these

A

C

153
Q

High levels of which lipoprotein class are associated with decreased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis?

a. HDL
b. VLDL
c. LDL
d. Chylomicrons

A

A

154
Q

What part of the spectrophotometer functions to select the amount of light that will pass through the cuvette?

a. Collimating lens
b. Read-out-device
c. Monochromator
d. Photocell

A

C

155
Q

Toxemia of pregnancy will show normal uric acid levels while in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome uric acid levels will be elevated?
a. Only the first statement is true
b. First statement is true while second statement is false
c. Only the second statement is true
d. Both statements are false
e. First statement is false while second statement is true
f. No correct choices

A

F

NOTE: In both toxemia of pregnancy and Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, UA is increased but with the choices, two answers are possible (only second statement is true, or first statement is false while second statement is true).

156
Q

Increased concentrations of ascorbic acid inhibit chromogen production in which of the following glucose methods?
a. Ferricyanide
b. Ortho-toluidine
c. Glucose oxidase-peroxidase
d. Hexokinase

A

C

NOTE: Any enzyme reaction which uses peroxidase can be affected by high concentrations of ascorbic acid (Vit. C). Vit. C can cause FALSELY DECREASED results in reactions involving peroxidase.

157
Q

One of the following anticoagulant may cause shrinking of the cells.
a. Citrate
b. Ammonium oxalate
c. Fluoride
d. Potassium oxalate

A

D

158
Q

When C-reactive protein is present in the blood, what does it indicate?
a. An inflammatory process
b. A state of hypersensitivity
c. Recovery from a pneumococcal infection
d. A recent streptococcal infection

A

A

159
Q

The 3 levels of dysfunction that may be evaluated in a patient with an endocrine dysfunction are primary, secondary and tertiary. What are the possible defective corresponding to this level of dysfunction?

a. Pituitary, hypothalamus, target gland
b. Pituitary, target gland, hypothalamus
c. Target gland, pituitary, hypothalamus
d. Hypothalamus, target gland, pituitary

A

C

160
Q

Which of the following is the formula for arithmetic mean?

a. Sum of values multiplied by the number of values
b. Sum of values divided by the number of values
c. Number of values divided by the sum of values
d. Square root of the sum of values

A

B

161
Q

What transport medium transports sixty to seventy five percent of the plasma cholesterol?
a. LDL
b. Chylomicrons
c. VLDL
d. HDL

A

A

162
Q

Glycogenolysis is a process that converts stored glycogen into glucose. During intense exercise, where does glycogenolysis occur?
a. Pancreas
b. Liver
c. Skeletal muscles
d. Adipose tissue

A

C

163
Q

Dye-binding methods are used for the quantitation of albumin in serum without preliminary extraction of the globulins. Of the dyes listed below, which one binds selectively with albumin?
a. Ponceau S
b. Bromocresol green
c. Coomassie blue
d. Amido black

A

B

164
Q

Why is the urine specimen commonly used for screening of drugs of abuse?
a. Drugs concentrate in the urine and analytically it is an easy sample to work with
b. It is influenced by age and sex
c. It has a short detection window of three days
d. Donor should not be allowed to have anything for 10-20 minutes before sample collection to avoid any recent oral drug exposure

A

A

165
Q

Which of the following electrolytes is the chief plasma cat-ion where the main function is to maintain osmotic pressure?
a. Sodium
b. Chloride
c. Potassium
d. Calcium

A

A

Clinical Chemistry (12 decks)

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