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PE Studies ATAR > 2022 Exam: Functional Anatomy / Exercise Physiology / Sport Psychology / Motor Learning and Coaching / Biomechanics > Flashcards

2022 Exam: Functional Anatomy / Exercise Physiology / Sport Psychology / Motor Learning and Coaching / Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

From outside to in, what is the structure of a Skeletal Muscle. Briefly describe each.

A
  1. Bone: Serves as an anchor for the muscle.
  2. Tendon: Connects the muscle itself, to the bone.
  3. Epimysium: Connective tissue around the whole muscle. Transfers tension to bone to create movement.
  4. Perimysium: Connective tissue around the Fascicle.
  5. Blood Vessel: Keeps blood and other nutrients/essential products flowing around your body.
  6. Fascicle: A bundle of Muscle Fibres
  7. Endomysium: Connective tissue around each Muscle Fiber.
  8. Muscle Fiber: Made up of Myofibrils
  9. Myofibril: Made up of Actin and Myosin.
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2
Q

What is a Motor Unit?

A

A Motor Unit is the combination of the Motor Neuron and ALL Muscle Fibres that it innervates.

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3
Q

What do each of the fibres use as a fuel source.

A

Type I = Triglycerides
Type II = Creatine Phosphate and Glycogen
Type IIb = Creatine Phosphate and Glycogen

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4
Q

What is meant by the term ‘Energy System Interplay’

A

Energy System Interplay refers to the progressive predominance of different energy system throughout an active time period. Immediately, the ATP-CP system takes predominance for the first 5-10 seconds, while the Anaerobic and Aerobic assist. Then the Anaerobic takes predominance for the next 2 minutes which ATP-CP and Aerobic take the back seat and then Aerobic finally kicks in until your smashed.

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5
Q

Which is the fastest fibre, Type I, Type II or Type IIb

A

Type IIb

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6
Q

What are the Origin and Insertion points. What are they also known as?

A

The Origin point is the point that connects to the stationary bone during muscle contraction. It is also known as the Proximal end.

The insertion point is the point that connect to the moving bone during muscle contraction. It is also known as the Distal end.

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7
Q

What is meant by the term ‘Reciprocal Inhibition’

A

Reciprocal Inhibition is used to describe the coordinated relaxing of muscles on one side of a joint to accomodate contraction on the other side of that joint.

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle contractions

A

Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric

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9
Q

Describe a Concentric Contraction in words and movement.

A

Movement is the opposite direction of gravitational pull.

Does Bicep Curl up

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10
Q

Describe an Eccentric Contraction in words and movement.

A

Muscle movement is the same direction of gravitational pull.

Does Bicep Curl down

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11
Q

Describe an Isometric Contraction in words and movement.

A

Muscle contracts but no movement occurs.

Flexes bicep without moving arm/shoulder

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12
Q

List the points of the Sliding Filament Theory (7 points, 2 rules)

A
  1. Nerve impulse stimulates the release of Acetylcholine.
  2. Calcium is then released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
  3. Calcium binds to troponin which displaces tropomyosin revealing the Actin binding sites.
  4. ATP attatched to Myosin head and breaks off one Phosphate to form ADP+Pi, creating energy.
  5. Energy is held in the Myosin head and used to create a crossbridge when the head grabs on to the Actin Binding Site.
  6. Myosin head pulls on Actin Filament in a process called the power stroke, sarcomere shortens.
  7. New ATP Molecule attatches to the Myosin head, releasing the cross bridge and the process begins again.
  • Contraction can continue as long as there is ATP present.
  • Once nerve impulse stops, Calcium is reabsorbed by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and contraction is no longer possible.
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13
Q

What are the 4 sections of a Motor Neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell Body
  3. Axon
  4. Motor End Plates
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14
Q

What is the difference between the Sensory and Motor division of the PNS

A

Sensory division carries message from body/environment to the brain. SENSORY NEURONS

Motor division carries messages from the brain to the muscles. MOTOR NEURONS

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15
Q

How does movement occur (In terms of Nervous Control)

A
  1. Message is sent from brain in the form of Action Potential down spinal cord.
  2. Action potential detected by dendrites of Motor Neuron which sends info to cell body.
  3. The cell body directs information down axon to motor end plate, attached to the targeted muscle.
  4. The action potential is delivered to the muscle which is innervated
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16
Q

Name and define the three types of FORCES

A

Isotonic Force: Muscle change in length against a constant load

Isokinetic Force: Muscle change in length against a varying load.

Isometric Force: Muscle length does not change.

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17
Q

What is the ‘All or Nothing’ Principle

A

All the fibres in a motor unit will either contract at their maximum capacity or they will not contract at all.

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18
Q

What does the ‘Force-Velocity’ graph look like in an Eccentric contraction

A

Curve up to the right (curvy tick)

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19
Q

What does the ‘Force-Velocity’ graph look like in an Concentric contraction

A

Curve down to the right. (Inverted curvy tick)

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20
Q

What does the ‘Force-Velocity’ graph look like through an Isometric Contraction

A

Downward hill to the right with Isometric in the middle.

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21
Q

What does the ‘Force-Length’ graph look like

A

Inverted U

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22
Q

Describe the 4 steps of Neuromuscular Facilitation

A
  1. Message is sent from the brain in the form of action potential down the spinal cord.
  2. Action potential detected by dendrites of Motor Neuron which sends info to the cell body.
  3. The cell body directs information down the axon to the motor end plate, attached to the targeted muscle.
  4. The action potential is delivered to the muscle, which will be innervated in accordance with the ‘All or Nothing’ principle.
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23
Q

Name and Define the 4 methods of Heat Transfer

A
  1. Conduction: Heat exchanged by 2 objects in contact.
  2. Convention: Heat exchanged with a fluid that is flowing (Air & Water)
  3. Radiation: Heat transfer from a warmer body to a cooler body.
  4. Evaporation: Cooling of the body as a result of vaporisation of sweat.
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24
Q

What is Heart Rate

A

The number of times the heat beats per minute.

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25
Q

What is Stroke Volume

A

The amount of blood ejected from heart with each beat.

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26
Q

What is Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood circulating around the body each minute = HR x SV

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27
Q

What is Double Heat Load

A

Situation where the body is forced to deal with metabolic and environmental heat.

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28
Q

What is Cardiovascular Drift

A

When the heart rate increases in an attempt to maintain cardiac output caused by a decrease in stroke volume.

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29
Q

What is Dehydration

A

Dehydration is when the amount of water leaving the body is more than the amount entering it.

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30
Q

What is, and how do you hyper-hydrate

A

Involves increasing the body’s fluid stores by consuming extra fluid prior to an event.

600ml 3-4 hours before event.
400ml just before game to prime the stomach
Avoid caffeine as it is a diuretic

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31
Q

How do you manage water intake during exercise

A

Drink approximately 200ml, every 15 mins.
Don’t just drink when thirsty
Make sure to also have sports drinks an hour after beginning as you will lose salts in sweat

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32
Q

How do you manage water intake after exercise

A

You need to replenish back to pre exercise weight.
For every 1L sweat loss, you need 1.5L as you will urinate some out.
Consume sport drink to keep osmality high so you don’t urinate as much.

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33
Q

What is Hyponatremia

A

An abnormally low concentration of Sodium in the blood.
When a person is exercising and just drinking water, the salts are not being replaced.

Essentially, it is an imbalance where a lack of salt can interfere with the heart and muscle functions.

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34
Q

What are 5 physiological responses to exercising in the heat.

A
  1. Increased HR, Decreased SV
  2. Rapid Dehydration
  3. Increased blood viscosity due to decreased plasma vol.
  4. Increased peripheral blood flow.
  5. Increased core and peripheral temperatures.
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35
Q

4 ways to help cope with exercising in the heat.

A
  1. Hydration
  2. Clothing
  3. Pre cool body
  4. Acclimatise
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36
Q

Name and describe 3 Physiological responses to exercising in the cold.

A
  1. Peripheral Vasoconstriction: Blood flow away from skin surface to core.
  2. Shivering: Muscle contractions designed to create heat
  3. Piloerection: Body hair stands on end to trap warm air layer.
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37
Q

Why is it harder to breathe at altitude.

A

It is harder to breathe as there is a smaller concentration of oxygen in the air. When breathed in, it affects the concentration gradient needed to diffuse oxygen into blood, causing a lack of oxygen to enter.

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38
Q

List, judge which of the 3 Altitude Acclimatisation methods are the best.

A
  1. Live High, Train Low: This is BEST
  2. Live High, Train High: This is STUPID
  3. Live Low, Train High: This is STUPID
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39
Q

Name 3 acute, and 3 chronic adaptations to altitude training

A

Acute: Higher Resp rate, Higher Tidal Volume and Higher levels of nausea

Chronic: Higher Haematocrit, Higher Mitochondria, Higher Aerobic Enzymes

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40
Q

What are 3 functions of Protein

A

Growth of muscle tissue, Repair of muscle tissue, Production of red blood cells and antibodies.

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41
Q

What % of Caloric Intake should a normie have, vs an athlete.

A

Normie:
45-55% of daily caloric intake.
Approx 4.2g/kg bodyweight

Athlete:
60% daily caloric intake.
Approx 8-10g/kg bodyweight

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42
Q

What is Carbohydrate loading

A

Carbohydrate loading is a nutritional intervention aimed at delaying the depletion of glycogen stores.

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43
Q

What is the 3 day Carbo-load method

A

Consume approximately 7-8g/kg bodyweight of carbohydrates for 3 days leading up to competition

Players can still exercise, however there is significant tapering occurring leading up to competition so as to not deplete glycogen stores.

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44
Q

What is the 1 day Carbo-load method

A

Consume 8-10g/kg of bodyweight of carbs the day before competition. = about 3 loaves of bread (Supplements have to be used)

Tapering is required to spare muscle glycogen stores.

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45
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to Carbo loading

A

Adv:
- Builds glycogen stores delaying its depletion
- Allows athletes to maintain intensity for longer periods of time due to glycogen sparing.

Neg:
- Increases water absorption = increase in weight.

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46
Q

What is peaking?

A

Involves the achievement of optimal performance at the appropriate time in the training plan.

47
Q

What is tapering

A

Reduction of training volume in the days/weeks leading up to a competition to allow the body to recover from training overload

48
Q

How are training programs periodised?

A

They are periodised into Macrocycles (3 months), Mesocycles (4 weeks), and Microcycles (3-10 days)

49
Q

What are the 5 phases to Macrocycles?

A

Preparation, Pre Comp, Comp, Evaluation and Transition Phase

50
Q

What is the Preparation Phase (Hint: Broken up into 2)

A

Can be broken up into two:

General Prep: Training designed to build up an aerobic base. Usually high training volume with low/med intensity. Basic Skills

Specific Prep: Develop Game specific fitness, skills and strategies. Reduced training volume with increased intensity

51
Q

What is the Pre Comp Phase

A

Reach peak match condition
Match specific intensity
Intensity increase, Volume decrease
Trial games
Recovery sessions.

52
Q

What is the Competition phase

A

Maintain fitness
Focus on psychological and tactical preparation
Recovery critical
Peaking and Tapering critical
Variation in hard and easy training

53
Q

What is the Evaluation Phase

A

Mostly for the coach
Analyses strengths and weakness of programme
Gives info for next year.

54
Q

What is the Transition Phase

A

Training vol and intensity significantly reduced to allow physical and psychological recovery
Aerobic fitness hopefully maintained
Differing Sports
Monitor nutrition

55
Q

List 3 advantages and disadvantages of Anabolic Steroids

A

ADV:
- Increase Strength
- Decreases recovery time
- Stim protein synthesis

DisADV
- Acne
- Liver Damage
- Depression

56
Q

List 3 advantages and disadvantages of Stimulants

A

ADV
- Increase awareness
- Increase aggression
- Masks fatigue

DisADV
- Anxiety
- Restlessness
- Insomnia

57
Q

What are GRIPS? What does GRIPS stand for? Give definitions for each. (11 points)

A

GRIPS are Mental Strategies

  1. Goal Setting: Deciding what you want, planning how to get there, executing the plan.
  2. Relaxation: Undertaken to reduce tension and affects of physical and mental stress.
  3. Imagery: Mental recreation of successful past performance.
  4. Performance Routine: A ritual followed by a player before during or after a task.
  5. Self Talk: Talking or thinking positively before during or after a performance
58
Q

What are SCAMS? What does SCAMS stand for? Give definitions for each. (11 points)

A

SCAMS are Mental Skills

  1. Stress Management: Managing stress occurring when there is an imbalance between necessary stress and execution of skill.
  2. Concentration: Ability to focus on task at hand while ignoring unnecessary cues.
  3. Arousal: Degree of stimulation or alertness present in a performer towards given task.
  4. Motivation: Direction of intensity and effort by a player towards given task
  5. Self Confidence: belief a player has in their self to execute required skill well.
59
Q

What do SMARTER Goals stand for? Give definitions for each. (14 points)

A
  1. Specific: Clear and unambiguous.
  2. Measurable: Needs to be assessable to evaluate progress.
  3. Action Oriented: Actions required to achieve goal is clear.
  4. Realistic: Goals need to be achievable and within the athletes capacity.
  5. Time Based: Specific date for completion needs to be set.
  6. Effective: Capable of attaining desired results
  7. Reviewed: Goals are monitored. Adjustments are made if necessary.
60
Q

Name 3 ways to measure Group Cohesion. (3 points)

A
  1. Group Environmental Questionnaire (GEQ)
  2. Sociograms
  3. Observation
61
Q

What is a GEQ and how can it be used? (2 points)

A

The “Group Environment Questionnaire” (GEQ) which recognises that group cohesion is made up of a task and social cohesion

The coach is able to analyse the degree of cohesion in each dimension and address the poorly performed dimension.

62
Q

What is a Sociogram and how can it be used? (2 points)

A

A sociogram is a diagram which shows the inter-relationship between individuals in a team.

Can be used to determine potential leaders, tight friend groups off the field, Player cliques, Isolated players and potential conflicts.

63
Q

What is an Observation and how can it be used? (2 points)

A

A coach can use a checklist to observe how players in the group relate to each other, who they mix with, who they avoid, who they interact with.

Not overly valid as players display what coach wants to see.

64
Q

How would you construct a Sociogram? (3 points)

A
  1. Ask players to name 1 person who you’d like to practice with in off season and 1 who you wouldn’t.
  2. Place most listed people (+/-) on the inside, and the rest on the outside
  3. Use different coloured arrows/lines to represent attraction or rejection between players
65
Q

What is Carrons Model? (1 point)

A

Carrons model outlines 4 key factors that affect group Cohesion.

66
Q

What are the 4 Factors of Carrons Model?
(4 points)

A
  1. Personal Factors
  2. Environmental Factors
  3. Leadership Factors.
  4. Team Factors.
67
Q

Define and Outline the Personal Factors pillar of Carron’s Model. (5 points)

A

Refer to the individual characteristics of group members, such as their motives for participating.

  1. Task Motivation: Want to be involved in a successful team
  2. Affiliation Motivation: Happy to be there for the social aspect.
  3. Self Motivation: Improving personal performance.

Cohesion will be higher if all players have the same participation motivation (impossible at club level)

68
Q

Define and Outline the Environmental Factors pillar of Carron’s Model. (1 point, 2 half points)

A

Refers to the normative forces which bring and hold a group together

Ie. Contracts, Father/son rule, Age, School Team, Geographical limitations

Essentially what brings the players together.

69
Q

Define and Outline the Leadership Factors pillar of Carron’s Model. (1 point, 2 half points)

A

Refers to the leadership style and how this affects the dynamics of the group

Have to ensure that the appropriate type of leadership is use for the right environment.

Leaders must display appropriate behaviour and work ethic to set an example for the rest of the team.

70
Q

Define and Outline the Team Factors pillar of Carron’s Model. (1 point, 5 half points)

A

Relates to the characteristics of the team including team stability, prior successes and failures

  • A stable group becomes cohesive over time due to familiarity
  • Prior successes or FAILURES
  • Common goals within the team
  • Team identity
  • Team goals over individual goals.
71
Q

What are 3 ways a coach could increase Task Cohesion
(3 points)

A
  1. Communicating clearly and regularly so all members understand their roles and responsibilities
  2. Having clear and understood expectations / norms
  3. Making clear what each individual must do in order for the team to achieve its goals
72
Q

What are 3 ways a coach could increase Social Cohesion
(3 points)

A
  1. Encouraging social interaction away from the sport eg paint-balling, bbq’s.
  2. Maintain open and honest communication
  3. Resolve conflicts quickly
73
Q

What is Social Loafing? (1 point)

A

Social loafing, or the Ringelman Effect is the tendency of individuals to lessen their effort when they are part of a group.

74
Q

Name 3 conditions Social Loafing can occur under.
(3 points)

A
  1. When individual effort cannot be determined
  2. A belief that their efforts won’t make a difference to the team and the desired outcome will still be reached.
  3. The individual is competing against a perceived weaker opponent
75
Q

What are 5 ways a coach could minimise Social Loafing?
(5 points)

A
  1. Sign a CONTRACT which states group expectations, individual responsibilities and methods of discipline
  2. Provide regular FEEDBACK to individual players.
  3. Create appropriate GROUP SIZES
  4. Evaluate all members INDIVIDUALLY
  5. Set challenging team and individual GOALS
76
Q

What are two factors that contribute to a transfer of learning? (2 Marks)

A
  1. Similarity in the physical skills required between 2 sports. The greater the similarity, the greater the transfer.
  2. Skills that require a particular type of cognitive processing transfer to skills with similar cognitive processing.
77
Q

Name and describe the 3 CATEGORIES of Transfer of Learning? (6 marks)

A
  1. Skill to Skill: When a skill previously developed in one sport has an influence on the learning of a skill in another sport.
  2. Theory to Practice: The transfer of theoretical skills into practice or performance scenario
  3. Training to Completion: Refers to the transfer of skills developed at training into a competition situation.
78
Q

Name and describe the 2 types of Skill to Skill ToL? (4 marks)

A
  1. Proactive: A previously learnt skill affects the skill being learnt.
  2. Retroactive: Learning a new skill affects a previously learnt skill
79
Q

Name and describe the 3 EFFECTS of Transfer of Learning? (6 marks)

A
  1. Positive ToL: Occurs when skills and/or information gained from a previous learning experience “helps” with the learning of a new skill
  2. Negative ToL: Occurs when the learning from a previously learned hinders the learning of a new skill
  3. Zero ToL: Occurs when the learning of a new skill is not affected by either positively or negatively by previously learned skill.
80
Q

Name and describe the 3 formats of Analysing Performance? (6 marks)

A
  1. Laboratory Testing: Performance is analysed in laboratory conditions so that various factors can be varied or manipulated.
    - Computerised analysis can be used.
    - Cameras can be very close for better observation
  2. Field Testing: An athlete’s performance is analysed at training in normal surroundings
  3. Competition: An athlete is analysed when performing a competition.
81
Q

Name and Describe the two methods of movement analysis. (4 marks)

A
  1. Quantitative Analysis: Uses numbers
  2. Qualitative Analysis: Refers to a description / analysis of movement without using numbers.
82
Q

Name the 5 stages of the Knudsen Morrison Model of Qualitative Analysis?

A
  1. Preparation
  2. Observation
  3. Evaluation
  4. Intervention
  5. Re-Observation
83
Q

What stage is the Preparation phase and what does it entail. (3 marks)

A

The Preparation phase is stage 1.

  • Coach is concerned with the process of developing a pre-requisite of knowledge base about the particular skill.
  • A checklist could be made up outlining key points of techniques prior to analysis.
  • Would include prep, execution and follow through.
84
Q

What stage is the Observation phase and what does it entail. (3 marks)

A

The Observation phase is stage 2.

  • Observation involves the systematic gathering of information about the performance or movement.
  • Decide on the best way to observe and gather information about the skill.
  • What is the best angle/method to observe the skill.
    Direct observation or video?
  • Observe/record several trials to get more accurate results and record results on the checklist.
  • How close to the subject are you going to be? This is influenced by what you are looking for eg. court movement vs technique.
85
Q

What stage is the Evaluation phase and what does it entail. (6 marks)

A

The Evaluation phase is stage 3.

  • Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the performer, prioritise in order of importance for correction and identify methods which can be used to improve performance.
  • Mark off on the checklist things that are done correctly, incorrectly or not at all.
  • List the weakness in order of priority for correction;
  • Determine methods which can be used to recity identified weakness.
  • Technical flaws which do not impact performance may not always be addressed.
86
Q

What stage is the Intervention phase and what does it entail. (4 marks)

A

The Intervention phase is stage 4.

  • Involves providing feedback and corrections to the performer, usually under practice conditions, to improve performance.
  • Coach explains what errors are occurring and why and describe drills/activities should be done to address these identifies problems.
  • Feedback has 3 main functions; to motivate, to change, or to reinforce practices.
87
Q

What stage is the Re-Observation phase and what does it entail. (3 marks)

A

The Re-Observation phase is stage 5

  • Observe the performer in a similar context to the initial observation phase to see if changes implemented have improved performance.
  • Use Checklists or Video to compare to observation stage
88
Q

What is a good way to provide feedback

A
  1. Try address more positives than negatives (feedback sandwich) {depends on level of athlete}
89
Q

What are the four stages of the Reflective Learning Process?

A
  1. Reflection
  2. Recognition of things that need to improve
  3. Planning for future improvement
  4. Action
90
Q

What are the 5 methods of reflection stage of the Reflective Learning Process?

A
  1. Video Analysis
  2. Mentoring
  3. Reflective Journals
  4. Questionnaires
  5. Checklists
91
Q

What is the second stage of the Reflective Learning Process and what does it entail?

A

Recognition of things that need to improve

  • What can be done better?
  • What aspects of performance could be improved
92
Q

What is the third stage of the Reflective Learning Process and what does it entail?

A

Planning for future improvement

Address how you are going to improve and identify methods to improve.

93
Q

What is the last stage of the Reflective Learning Process and what does it entail?

A

Action

*Implement the methods and strategies which will lead to improvements in performance

94
Q

Name and describe the 4 sections of the Basic Coaching Process

A
  1. Introduce the skill to be learned: Get athletes attention and explain name of the skill and how/when it is used
  2. Demonstrate and explain skill: Demonstrate skill using 2 or 3 steps and ensure the group understands.
  3. Practice the Skill: begin practicing the skill straight away. Should be fun and age appropriate.
  4. Correct errors / provide feedback: feedback sandwiches.
95
Q

What are the two ways you teach simple skills?

A
  1. Imitation Method: Coach learns, learner copies
  2. Demonstration / Explanation / Practice / Correction
    in the name.
96
Q

What are the two ways you teach complex skills?

A
  1. Shaping: Learning a simple version of a skill and building on it.
  2. Chaining: Learning a part of a skill perfectly, and then adding the next/previous part.
97
Q

Name and define the 4 types of frictional force.

A
  1. Static Friction: Friction between two objects that are not moving.
  2. Sliding Friction: This occurs when two objects slide over each other.
  3. Rolling Friction: When one object rolls across another object.
  4. Fluid Friction: Friction caused by water or air.
98
Q

What is Newtons 1st Law of Motion

A

A body continues in a state of rest or state of motion unless acted upon by an external force.

99
Q

Define Inertia

A

Inertia is the term used to describe the amount of resistance to change in an objects state of motion.

100
Q

What is Newtons 2nd Law of Motion

A

The rate of change of acceleration to a body is proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object”

Essentially, it is Force = Mass x Acceleration

101
Q

Define Momentum

A

Momentum is a measure of the amount of motion possessed by a moving body and can be expressed mathematically as p=mv

102
Q

Define Impulse

A

Impulse is the application of force over a period of time to change the momentum of an object.

103
Q

What is Newtons 3rd Law of Motion

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

104
Q

What 3 factors affect the Coefficient of Restitution

A
  1. Equipment and Materials
  2. Temperature of the balls
  3. Velocity of the collision
105
Q

What is a concentric force in regards to biomechanics?

A

Force applied to produce linear motion (knuckleball)

106
Q

What is an eccentric force in regards to biomechanics?

A

Force applied to produce angular momentum (curveball)

107
Q

Define Torque

A

Torque is the turning effect created as a result of an eccentric force being applied around a pivot or axis.

108
Q

Define Angular Momentum

A

The quantity of angular motion possessed by a rotating body and is expressed mathematically as;

Angular momentum = angular velocity * moment of inertia

109
Q

What is the lever rule?

A

FLE - 123

110
Q

Name and describe the two factors that affect fluid resistance

A
  1. Density: The more dense the fluid, the more disturbed the fluid becomes and hence the greater the resistance
  2. Viscosity: The more viscous the fluid (internal resistance of a fluid to flow), the more disturbed the fluid becomes and hence the greater the resistance
111
Q

Name and describe the three types of drag

A
  1. Surface Drag: Friction produced between fluid and surface of a moving object
  2. Form Drag: Resistance created by pressure differential between front and back of an object
    moving through a fluid
  3. Wave Drag: Resistance formed by creation of waves at the point where air and water
    interact.
112
Q

What are the six factors that will affect drag

A
  1. Drag Coefficient
  2. Cross Sectional Area
  3. Speed
  4. Surface Roughness
  5. Mass
  6. Shape
113
Q

Define Bernoulli’s Principle

A

As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure the fluid exerts on an object decreases. Velocity is inversely proportional to pressure.

PE Studies ATAR (6 decks)

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