2022 Exam Fuctional Anatomy

Question 1

From outside to in, what is the structure of a Skeletal Muscle. Breifly describe each.

Answer 1

1. Bone: Serves as an anchor for the muscle.
2. Tendon: Connects the muscle itself, to the bone.
3. Epimysium: Connective tissue around the whole muscle. Transfers tension to bone to create movement.
4. Perimysium: Connective tissue around the Fascicle.
5. Blood Vessel: Keeps blood and other nutrients/essential products flowing around your body.
6. Fascicle: A bundle of Muscle Fibres
7. Endomysium: Connective tissue around each Muscle Fiber.
8. Muscle Fiber: Made up of Myofibrils
9. Myofibril: Made up of Actin and Myosin.

Question 2

What is a Motor Unit?

Answer 2

A Motor Unit is the combination of the Motor Neuron and ALL Muscle Fibres that it innervates.

Question 3

What are the three types of muscle fibres?

Answer 3

Type I, Type II and Type IIb

Question 4

What do each of the fibres use as a fuel source.

Answer 4

Type I = Triglycerides
Type II = Creatine Phosphate and Glycogen
Type IIb = Creatine Phosphate and Glycogen

Question 5

What is meant by the term ‘Energy System Interplay’

Answer 5

Energy System Interplay refers to the progressive predominance of different energy system throughout an active time period. Immediately, the ATP-CP system takes predominance for the first 5-10 seconds, while the Anaerobic and Aerobic assist. Then the Anaerobic takes predominance for the next 2 minutes which ATP-CP and Aerobic take the back seat and then Aerobic finally kicks in until your smashed.

Question 6

Which is the fastest fibre, Type I, Type II or Type IIb

Answer 6

Type IIb

Question 7

What are the Origin and Insertion points. What are they also known as?

Answer 7

The Origin point is the point that connects to the stationary bone during muscle contraction. It is also known as the Proximal end.

The insertion point is the point that connect to the moving bone during muscle contraction. It is also known as the Distal end.

Question 8

What is meant by the term ‘Reciprocal Inhibition’

Answer 8

Reciprocal Inhibition is used to describe the coordinated relaxing of muscles on one side of a joint to accomodate contraction on the other side of that joint.

Question 9

What are the 3 types of muscle contractions

Answer 9

Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric

Question 10

Describe a Concentric Contraction in words and movement.

Answer 10

Movement is the opposite direction of gravitational pull.

Does Bicep Curl up

Question 11

Describe an Eccentric Contraction in words and movement.

Answer 11

Muscle movement is the same direction of gravitational pull.

Does Bicep Curl down

Question 12

Describe an Isometric Contraction in words and movement.

Answer 12

Muscle contracts but no movement occurs.

Flexes bicep without moving arm/shoulder

Question 13

List the points of the Sliding Filament Theory (7 points, 2 rules)

Answer 13

1. Nerve impulse stimulates the release of Acetylcholine.
2. Calcium is then released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
3. Calcium binds to troponin which displaces tropomyosin revealing the Actin binding sites.
4. ATP attatched to Myosin head and breaks off one Phosphate to form ADP+Pi, creating energy.
5. Energy is held in the Myosin head and used to create a crossbridge when the head grabs on to the Actin Binding Site.
6. Myosin head pulls on Actin Filament in a process called the power stroke, sarcomere shortens.
7. New ATP Molecule attatches to the Myosin head, releasing the cross bridge and the process begins again.
   * Contraction can continue as long as there is ATP present.
   * Once nerve impulse stops, Calcium is reabsorbed by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and contraction is no longer possible.

Question 14

What are the 4 sections of a Motor Neuron

Answer 14

1. Dendrites
2. Cell Body
3. Axon
4. Motor End Plates.

Question 15

What is the difference between the Sensory and Motor division of the PNS

Answer 15

Sensory division carries message from body/environment to the brain. SENSORY NEURONS

Motor division carries messages from the brain to the muscles. MOTOR NEURONS

Question 16

How does movement occur (In terms of Nervous Control)

Answer 16

1. Message is sent from brain in the form of Action Potential down spinal cord.
2. Action potential detected by dendrites of Motor Neuron which sends info to cell body.
3. The cell body directs information down axon to motor end plate, attached to the targeted muscle.
4. The action potential is delivered to the muscle which is innervated

Question 17

Name and define the three types of FORCES.

Answer 17

Isotonic Force: Muscle change in length against a constant load

Isokinetic Force: Muscle change in length against a varying load.

Isometric Force: Muscle length does not change.

Question 18

What is the ‘All or Nothing’ Principle

Answer 18

All the fibres in a motor unit will either contract at their maximum capacity or they will not contract at all.

Question 19

What does the ‘Force-Velocity’ graph look like in an Eccentric contraction

Answer 19

Curve up to the right (curvy tick)

Question 20

What does the ‘Force-Velocity’ graph look like in an Concentric contraction

Answer 20

Curve down to the right. (Inverted curvy tick)

Question 21

What does the ‘Force-Velocity’ graph look like through an Isometric Contraction

Answer 21

Downward hill to the right with Isometric in the middle.

Question 22

What does the ‘Force-Length’ graph look like

Answer 22

Inverted U.