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AVECCTN 2025 > 2021 MDRs > Flashcards

2021 MDRs Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the AVECCT Examination does the Urogenital System comprise?

A

Approximately 8%

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2
Q

What is azotemia?

A

An abnormal concentration of urea nitrogen and creatinine in the blood

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3
Q

What are the three categories of azotemia?

A
  • Prerenal
  • Intrinsic renal
  • Post-renal
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4
Q

What does prerenal azotemia indicate?

A

A failure of blood supply to reach the glomerulus

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5
Q

Name two classic causes of prerenal azotemia.

A
  • Hypovolemic shock
  • Decreased cardiac output
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6
Q

What is acute intrinsic kidney injury also known as?

A

Parenchymal kidney injury

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7
Q

List the four stages of acute kidney injury (AKI).

A
  • Initiation
  • Extension
  • Maintenance
  • Recovery
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8
Q

What clinical signs may indicate AKI?

A
  • Change in urination patterns
  • Anorexia
  • Restlessness
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Ataxia
  • Seizures
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9
Q

What is oliguria?

A

Pathologic small urine volume with low urine specific gravity (USG)

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10
Q

What can prolonged anuria indicate?

A

Gravest prognosis for the patient

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11
Q

What is post-renal azotemia?

A

Occurs when there is an impediment to outflow of urine from the body

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12
Q

Name two common causes of post-renal azotemia.

A
  • Urinary blockage from neoplasia
  • Ruptured urethra
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13
Q

What is essential for the nursing care of renal patients?

A

Frequent monitoring of vital signs and hydration status

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14
Q

What should fluid therapy aim to maintain in renal patients?

A

Effective renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Urine output for a normally hydrated patient should be _______.

A

1-2 mL/kg/h

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16
Q

What is a common complication associated with urinary catheterization?

A

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)

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17
Q

What is the recommended maintenance for urinary catheters?

A

Cleaning every 6-8 hours with 0.05% chlorhexidine tincture

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18
Q

Why is measuring ‘Ins and Outs’ important?

A

To monitor fluid volume in and out, preventing overhydration or dehydration

19
Q

What is the significance of assessing body weight in renal patients?

A

To quantify hydration and verify accuracy of ‘in and out’ calculations

20
Q

What can frequent cardiopulmonary auscultation help assess in renal patients?

A

Overhydration and potential pulmonary edema

21
Q

What is the traditional therapy for dogs and cats with AKI primarily focused on?

A

Supportive care through fluid therapy

22
Q

What type of intravenous fluid is recommended to avoid in AKI patients?

A

High chloride concentrations (e.g., 0.9% sodium chloride)

23
Q

True or False: Synthetic colloid therapy is generally contraindicated in AKI patients.

A

True

24
Q

What is the role of supportive therapy in managing acid-base status?

A

Supportive therapy normalizes acid-base status based on individual patient needs.

25
Q

Which anti-emetic is mentioned for supportive therapy?

A

Maropitant

26
Q

What types of medications are used for gastroprotection?

A

Proton pump inhibitors and H2 histamine antagonists

27
Q

What should be avoided and treated aggressively in patients?

A

Hypotension

28
Q

What type of therapy may be employed for suspected pyelonephritis?

A

Antibiotic therapy

29
Q

What medications are not proven beneficial for vasodilation of the kidney?

A

Dopamine and fenoldopam

30
Q

Which diuretics can be utilized for medical therapy in patients with anuria?

A

Furosemide and mannitol

31
Q

What are patients who do not respond to diuretics candidates for?

A

Dialysis therapies

32
Q

What advanced therapy is commonly used in veterinary specialty centers for AKI?

A

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)

33
Q

What is less frequently used than CRRT but available at some centers?

A

Intermittent Hemodialysis (IHD)

34
Q

What is considered the ‘gold standard’ for AKI treatment?

A

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)

35
Q

What is the historical method used for dialysis in veterinary medicine?

A

Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)

36
Q

Since what year has peritoneal dialysis been used in human medicine?

A

1923

37
Q

For what conditions is peritoneal dialysis used in human medicine?

A

Acute and chronic renal failure, toxin exposure, extreme volume overload

38
Q

What is the primary mechanism of peritoneal dialysis?

A

Fluid and solute exchange across a semipermeable membrane

39
Q

What substances can be drawn across the semipermeable membrane in peritoneal dialysis?

A

Urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium

40
Q

What property makes the peritoneal membrane ideal for dialysis?

A

Permeable to uremic toxins and has a vascular surface

41
Q

What is infused into the peritoneal cavity to initiate osmosis?

A

Dialysate

42
Q

What skills are required for the placement and maintenance of a PD catheter?

A

Advanced skill

43
Q
A

AVECCTN 2025 (7 decks)

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