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AVECCTN 2025 > Misc. > Flashcards

Misc. Flashcards

Misc. (burns, ophthalmology, envenomation, hyper/hypothermia, procedures/equipment)

1
Q

What is heatstroke in dogs?

A

A nonpyrogenic increased body temperature above 104°F (40°C) with systemic signs.

Heatstroke is life-threatening and can affect dogs of any age, breed, or gender.

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2
Q

What is the role of the thermoregulatory center in dogs?

A

Maintains body temperature within a narrow range or set point.

Located in the anterior hypothalamus.

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3
Q

What differentiates pyrogenic from nonpyrogenic hyperthermia?

A

Pyrogenic hyperthermia involves an increase in the hypothalamic set point; nonpyrogenic does not.

Active cooling is safe in nonpyrogenic hyperthermia.

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4
Q

What are the methods of cooling for dogs?

A
  • Evaporation
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation
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5
Q

How does evaporation help in thermoregulation in dogs?

A

Occurs through panting, dispelling heat via evaporation of water from the tongue.

Most effective when ambient temperature is below 89.6°F (32°C).

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6
Q

What is the definition of heat stress in veterinary patients?

A

Includes discomfort and physiologic strain with normal core body temperature.

It is rarely recognized in veterinary patients.

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7
Q

What are the main clinical signs of heatstroke in dogs?

A
  • Collapse
  • Tachypnea
  • Shock
  • Inappropriate mentation
  • Signs of coagulopathy
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8
Q

What is exertional heatstroke?

A

Occurs during exercise, more common in dogs not acclimated to their environment.

Acclimation can take up to 60 days.

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9
Q

What is nonexertional heatstroke?

A

Results from exposure to increased environmental temperatures without adequate cooling.

Examples include being left in a parked car.

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10
Q

What is the acute-phase response?

A

A coordinated cellular response during inflammatory events to protect tissues from excessive heat.

Stimulated during nonpyrogenic hyperthermia.

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11
Q

What are negative acute-phase proteins?

A

Proteins that decrease by 25% during an acute-phase response, such as albumin.

Levels can decrease due to GI or renal loss or decreased production.

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12
Q

What are positive acute-phase proteins?

A
  • C-reactive protein
  • Serum amyloid A
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13
Q

What is the effect of heatstroke on the central nervous system?

A

Increased susceptibility to cytotoxicity, resulting in injury and death of neurons, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage.

Severity depends on temperature and duration.

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14
Q

What cardiovascular changes occur during heatstroke?

A

Initially increased cardiac output, peripheral vasodilation, and central vasoconstriction, followed by hypotension and shock.

Blood circulation is compromised.

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15
Q

What are the common diagnostic findings in heatstroke patients?

A
  • Increased creatinine
  • Increased lactate
  • Decreased platelets
  • Increased hemoglobin concentration
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16
Q

What is the most important aspect of treatment for heatstroke?

A

Active cooling.

Early cooling efforts significantly improve prognosis.

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17
Q

True or False: Dogs may present normothermic or hypothermic with heatstroke due to prior cooling efforts.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Heatstroke in dogs can be classified as _______ or nonexertional (classical).

A

exertional

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19
Q

What is the most important aspect of treatment for heatstroke?

A

Active cooling

Active cooling may not prevent all deleterious effects of heatstroke but is crucial for treatment.

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20
Q

What is the mortality rate for dogs that are actively cooled before reaching the hospital compared to those that are not?

A

19% for cooled dogs vs. 49% for non-cooled dogs

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21
Q

What should be avoided during the treatment of heatstroke?

A
  • Use of ice
  • Gastric lavage
  • Cold water enemas
  • Shivering

Using ice causes peripheral vasoconstriction, gastric lavage poses aspiration risks, and cold water enemas may damage the GI tract.

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22
Q

What is an effective cooling method for dogs experiencing heatstroke?

A

Directing a fan toward the dog and applying cool or tepid water to the skin

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23
Q

At what body temperature should active cooling be discontinued to avoid rebound hypothermia?

A

103.5°F to 104°F (39.7°C–40°C)

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24
Q

What is the cornerstone of heatstroke treatment?

A

Intravenous fluids

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25
Q

What type of fluids should be administered upon arrival of a heatstroke patient?

A

Room temperature crystalloids

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26
Q

When should colloids be considered in heatstroke treatment?

A

If crystalloids do not adequately maintain intravascular volume or if the patient is hypoalbuminemic

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27
Q

What are some recommended antibiotics for heatstroke patients?

A
  • Ampicillin
  • Cefazolin
  • Enrofloxacin
  • Metronidazole

These antibiotics help prevent bacterial translocation due to GI damage.

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28
Q

What medications are beneficial for GI tract support in heatstroke patients?

A
  • Antiemetics (metoclopramide, dolasetron, maropitant)
  • Proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, pantoprazole)
  • H2 receptor antagonists (famotidine, ranitidine)
  • Sucralfate

These medications help manage nausea and prevent gastric ulceration.

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29
Q

What is mannitol used for in heatstroke treatment?

A

To decrease intracranial pressure and improve cerebral microcirculation

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30
Q

What is the prognosis for heatstroke patients primarily dependent on?

A

Length of time the patient was hyperthermic and the highest body temperature experienced

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31
Q

True or False: The development of ventricular arrhythmias is a negative prognostic indicator in heatstroke patients.

A

True

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32
Q

What are some prevention strategies for heatstroke in dogs?

A
  • Ensure availability of shade and drinking water
  • Exercise dogs during cooler periods
  • Never leave dogs alone in closed vehicles
  • Acclimate dogs to warm temperatures
  • Surgically address upper airway obstructions

Owner education is crucial for preventing heatstroke.

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33
Q

What should be monitored during the hospitalization of a heatstroke patient?

A
  • Neurologic status
  • Heart rate and pulse quality
  • Respiratory rate and effort
  • Blood pressure
  • ECG
  • PT and aPTT
  • Packed cell volume and total protein
  • Blood glucose and electrolytes
  • Lactate and acid–base balance
  • Urine output

Serial monitoring can help assess response to therapy, particularly lactate clearance.

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34
Q

What is the normal urine output for a dog on IV fluids?

A

At least 1 to 2 mL/kg/hour

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35
Q

What is a positive prognostic indicator for dogs that have suffered heatstroke?

A

Return of normal CNS function

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

What is heatstroke in dogs?

A

An acute, life-threatening emergency characterized by nonpyrogenic elevation in body temperature resulting in direct thermal injury to body tissues

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38
Q

What are the key clinical features of heatstroke?

A
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Oliguric renal failure
  • Coagulation abnormalities
  • Neurologic disturbances
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39
Q

What are common clinical signs observed in dogs with heatstroke?

A
  • Excessive panting
  • Hyperemia
  • Hypersalivation
  • Tachycardia
  • Various neurologic signs
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40
Q

What laboratory changes are associated with heatstroke?

A
  • Hemoconcentration
  • Elevated liver enzymes
  • Electrolyte changes
  • Prolonged clotting times
  • Azotemia
  • Hypoglycemia
41
Q

What is the primary goal in managing heatstroke?

A

To rapidly cool the core body temperature while preventing further damage to vital organs

42
Q

What temperature is considered indicative of heatstroke in dogs?

A

A core body temperature higher than 106˚F (41.1˚C)

43
Q

What are some risk factors for heatstroke in dogs?

A
  • Exercise
  • Poor ventilation in enclosed areas
  • Hot weather conditions
44
Q

True or False: Systemic infections with fever usually cause panting and hypersalivation.

A

False

45
Q

What should owners do if they suspect their dog is experiencing heatstroke?

A

Institute cooling measures immediately before transporting to a veterinarian

46
Q

What are some clinical signs that may indicate severe neurologic involvement in heatstroke?

A
  • Ataxia
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Seizures
  • Coma
47
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common clinical sign in patients with heatstroke is _______.

A

excessive panting

48
Q

What are the common clinicopathologic findings in heatstroke?

A
  • Hemoconcentration
  • Low blood glucose
  • Elevated BUN and creatinine levels
  • Electrolyte abnormalities
49
Q

What kind of abnormalities may be present in coagulation due to heatstroke?

A
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Coagulation factor disruption
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
50
Q

What electrolyte imbalance is frequently present in canine heatstroke?

A

Hypernatremia due to pure water loss

51
Q

What should be avoided when cooling a dog with heatstroke?

A

Ice water baths

52
Q

What is a recommended initial fluid therapy for dogs with heatstroke?

A

Crystalloid fluids, such as balanced electrolyte solutions

53
Q

What is the significance of monitoring blood gases in heatstroke patients?

A

To assess for respiratory alkalosis or metabolic acidosis

54
Q

What are some potential causes of hyperthermia that can be confused with heatstroke?

A
  • Eclampsia
  • Tremorgenic toxins
  • Malignant hyperthermia
55
Q

What is the recommended temperature to stop aggressive cooling efforts in heatstroke patients?

A

103˚F (39.4˚C)

56
Q

What clinical findings may indicate disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in dogs with heatstroke?

A
  • Petechial hemorrhages
  • Ecchymosis
  • Tachycardia with thready pulses
57
Q

True or False: Owners should wait to cool their dog until reaching the veterinary clinic.

A

False

58
Q

What are common signs of renal impairment in dogs with heatstroke?

A
  • Elevated BUN and creatinine levels
  • Myoglobinuria
59
Q

What is the initial type of fluid therapy recommended for cardiovascular shock?

A

Crystalloid fluids (e.g., balanced electrolyte solutions)

These fluids are preferred to rehydrate the interstitium.

60
Q

When are colloids typically used during heatstroke treatment?

A

During the initial resuscitation period, but must be followed by crystalloid therapy

Examples of colloids include hetastarch, dextran, and plasma.

61
Q

What is the recommended dose reduction when using both crystalloids and colloids together?

A

Reduce the dose of crystalloids by 40% to 60%.

62
Q

What condition may benefit from the use of colloids in heatstroke treatment?

A

Hypoalbuminemia and decreased colloid osmotic pressure.

63
Q

What type of blood product may be necessary to treat anemia after initial resuscitation?

A

Whole blood or packed red blood cell transfusions.

64
Q

What factors should be monitored to evaluate fluid therapy effectiveness?

A

Heart rate, pulse quality, mucous membranes, capillary refill time, arterial blood pressure.

65
Q

True or False: Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is universally recommended in heatstroke cases.

A

False

It is controversial due to potential resistance and worsening endotoxemia.

66
Q

What should be supplemented in IV fluids if hypoglycemia is present?

A

Dextrose.

67
Q

Which drug is recommended for gastrointestinal protection in heatstroke treatment?

A

Cimetidine or ranitidine.

68
Q

What is the recommended treatment for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in dogs?

A

Fresh-frozen plasma and possibly heparin.

69
Q

How should metabolic acidosis be corrected in heatstroke patients?

A

Sodium bicarbonate can be given if acidemia persists after adequate resuscitation.

70
Q

What is the recommended treatment for hypokalemia?

A

Potassium chloride, no more than 0.5 mEq/kg/hr IV.

71
Q

What should be monitored to prevent acute renal failure during heatstroke treatment?

A

Urine output.

72
Q

What is the first step in treating hypotension after fluid resuscitation?

A

Consider dopamine or dobutamine hydrochloride.

73
Q

What are the potential complications associated with corticosteroid use in heatstroke treatment?

A

Gastric ulceration, immunosuppression, exacerbation of renal damage.

74
Q

Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in heatstroke treatment?

A

They can cause severe hypothermia, gastrointestinal ulceration, prolonged bleeding times, and bone marrow suppression.

75
Q

What is the survival rate reported for dogs with heatstroke in some cases?

A

As high as 64%.

76
Q

List at least three unfavorable prognostic criteria for heatstroke in dogs.

A
  • Coma or progressive neurologic deterioration
  • Persistent hypoglycemia
  • Worsening azotemia despite adequate fluid therapy.
77
Q

What is the key to successful treatment and recovery from heatstroke?

A

Early recognition and treatment.

78
Q

Fill in the blank: To prevent exertional heatstroke, outdoor duties should be scheduled during the _______ parts of the day.

A

[cooler]

79
Q

What is crucial for monitoring during the first 24 to 48 hours after heatstroke treatment?

A

Continuous critical monitoring of acid–base status, packed cell volume, white blood cell count, total solids, BUN, and platelet count.

80
Q

What should owners be educated about to prevent heatstroke in their dogs?

A

The risks of confining or exercising dogs in hot environments.

81
Q

What is the primary goal of treatment for patients with heatstroke?

A

Lower the core body temperature as quickly as possible.

82
Q

Which of the following is not a clinical pathologic finding in canine heatstroke?

A

Decreased alkaline phosphatase

83
Q

DIC is suspected if there is _______.

A

Thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin time, and elevated activated partial thromboplastin time.

84
Q

True or False: Immersing the body totally in ice cold water is an accepted method of cooling during heatstroke.

A

False

85
Q

What are common electrolyte changes that occur during heatstroke?

A

Hypernatremia and hyperchloremia

86
Q

Unfavorable criteria associated with poorer outcomes of dogs with heatstroke include all of the following except _______.

A

Persistently elevated alanine transaminase

87
Q

Heatstroke in dogs can be prevented primarily by _______.

A

Educating owners concerning the risks of confining animals outdoors

88
Q

How long may it take for some dogs to fully acclimate to a hot environment?

A

28 days

89
Q

Which of the following physical examination findings is commonly seen in dogs with heatstroke?

A

Excessive panting

90
Q

Fill in the blank: Patients with oliguric or anuric renal failure are best treated with _______.

A

Dopamine and furosemide

91
Q

What are the common clinical signs of heatstroke in dogs?

A
  • Excessive panting
  • Hypersalivation
  • Hyperemic mucous membranes
  • Tachycardia
92
Q

True or False: Providing adequate ventilation and shade and allowing free access to cool drinking water is a method to prevent heatstroke.

A

True

93
Q

What is the effect of glucocorticoids in rat heatstroke as mentioned in the text?

A

Reduce interleukin-1 concentration and result in neuroprotective effects

94
Q

What is the role of colloids in maintaining fluid balance according to the text?

A

Critical need for colloids: Maintaining fluid balance

95
Q

What are the acute effects of massive transfusion of a bovine hemoglobin blood substitute in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock?

A

Effects described in the study by Harringer et al.

96
Q

What is a common consequence of heatstroke related to coagulation as mentioned in the text?

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

97
Q

Fill in the blank: Malignant hyperthermia in dogs is discussed in the work of _______.

A

Nelson TE

98
Q

What is the significance of the study by Lee-Chiong Jr TL regarding temperature regulation disorders?

A

Disorders of temperature regulation

AVECCTN 2025 (7 decks)

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