2021 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term ‘alveolar bone proper’ as the term relates to periodontal tissues
Describe the function, structure and radiographic features of this bone (4)

A
  1. Alveolar bone proper is the thin lamella of bone which provides attachment for tooth via Sharpey’s fibres
  2. It is perforated to allow ingress of nerves and blood vessels
  3. Appears radiographically as lamina dura
  4. Lends support to the tooth
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2
Q

Outline 3 types of pathogenic synergy which contribute to periodontal disease (3)

A

Any 3 from:

  1. Bacteria can signal each other
  2. Bacteria can transfer genes
  3. Synergy for co-adhesion
  4. Production of ECM
  5. Providing nutrients for each other
  6. Provide attachment to the pellicle
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3
Q

Name 1 periodontal pathogen that contributes to pathogenic synergy and state its role in this process (2)

A

P. gingivalis / F. nucleatum

F. nucleatum binds to plasminogen and P. gingivalis produces proteolytic enzymes which convert it into plasmin, to facilitate evasion of host defences

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4
Q

Name 5 bacterial pathogens associated with periodontal disease (5)

A
  1. Fusobacterium nucleatum
  2. Porphyromonas gingivalis
  3. Treponema denticola
  4. Tanerella forsythia
  5. Prevotella intermedia
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5
Q

Outline the roles of RANK ligand and OPG in regulation of osteoclast activation (5)

A
  1. RANK ligand (member of TNF superfamily) expressed on osteoblast surface
  2. Receptor expressed on precursor for osteoclast cells
  3. Once bound, stimulation of osteoclast activity as it induces differentiation
  4. OPG secreted by osteoblasts and inhibits RANK ligand activity
  5. Osteoclastogenic molecules stimulate expression of RANK ligand and blunt production of OPG
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6
Q

List 4 antibacterial actions of saliva (4)

A
  1. Inhibition of attachment of bacteria
  2. Washing action
  3. Kills bacteria by peroxidase system
  4. Kills bacteria by lysozymes
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7
Q

List 2 causes for xerostomia (2)

A
  1. Drug induced (antihypertensives and antidepressants)

2. Head and neck radiation

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8
Q

Describe the features of WHO probe (2)

A
  1. Tapered probe with ball ended tip

2. Black band from 3.5 to 5.5mm

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9
Q

Outline 3 uses for WHO probe (3)

A
  1. Examine presence of plaque
  2. Detection of sub-gingival plaque
  3. Measure pocket depths
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10
Q

Describe how stage of periodontal condition is determined (2)

A
  1. Amount of interproximal bone loss at worst site as seen on radiograph
  2. Measured from CEJ to root apex
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11
Q

Describe how grade of periodontal condition is determined (2)

A
  1. Ratio of bone loss to age at worst site

2. Calculated by dividing maximum bone loss by age

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12
Q

List 6 factors which can increase plaque retention on teeth (6)

A
  1. Sub-gingival calculus
  2. Dentures
  3. Xerostomia
  4. Dental anomalies / Tooth angulation
  5. Fixed appliances
  6. Poor restoration margins
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13
Q

Describe the Bass technique for toothbrushing (5)

A
  1. Brush placed at 45 degrees to gingiva
  2. Firm but light pressure, slightly under gum line
  3. Use circular movements on each tooth, brushing all surfaces
  4. Brush for 30 seconds in each quadrant
  5. Brush tongue
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14
Q

Name mechanism of action of 2 types of ultrasonic scalers (2)

A
  1. Peizoelectric - Vibrations caused by oscillation of quartz to produce linear tip movement
  2. Magnetostrictive - Vibrations caused by magnets to produce eliptical tip movement
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15
Q

Name 3 mechanisms by which ultrasonic scalers can remove deposits from tooth surface (3)

A
  1. Mechanical energy
  2. Irrigation
  3. Cavitation
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16
Q

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic scalers compared to hand scalers (8)

A

Advantages

  1. Less tiring for operator
  2. Allow quick removal of large deposits
  3. Used to remove overhanging margins on amalgam restorations
  4. Clears away field of debris and blood through irrigation

Disadvantages

  1. Cause sensitivity during and after procedure
  2. Generates large amount of heat
  3. Production of contaminated aerosols, which may obscure vision
  4. Technique sensitive - Can cause damage
17
Q

List stages of management of contaminated sharps injury (7)

A
  1. Stop procedure
  2. Let wound bleed
  3. Wash with soap and warm running water
  4. Apply waterproof dressing
  5. Report incident to supervisor immediately and inform patient
  6. Sharps injury protocol - Risk assessment, and consent for blood tests
  7. Occupational Health - Clean / Dirty need and whether patient has known BBV disease
18
Q

Define the term cross infection (2)

A

Transmission of pathogenic organisms from one person to another

19
Q

Name 6 ways to prevent cross infection in the dental surgery (6)

A
  1. Decontamination of instruments
  2. Zoning
  3. Hand hygeine
  4. Clinical waste disposal
  5. PPE
  6. Sharps Injury Management